Sociological Problems of Digitalization in the Contemporary Russian Society

SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF DIGITALIZATION IN THE CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN SOCIETY

research article

DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-8-20 UDC 316.43 + 316.4.057.2 Examination of the passport of the national program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation” on the checklist of social system engineering Natalia M. Lavrenyuk1, Anyuta S. Tikhonova2

1 Cand. Sci. (Soc.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology and Youth Work, Bashkir State University (Ufa, Russian Federation); Senior Researcher, Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Ufa, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0002-4843-4161; WoS ResearcherID: AAL-1469-2020 [email protected] 2 Undergraduate Student, Bashkir State University (Ufa, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0002-7865-2514 [email protected]

Abstract. Digitalization of society and public life is an objective fact and a challenge for Russia, which is rich in resources and risks. The article provides an assessment of the passport of the national program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”, which is among the 12 national projects on 12 areas of strategic development, established by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation from 7 May 2018 No. 204 “On the national goals and strategic objectives development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024” and contributes to the solution of problems in the field of “Digital economy”. This fact already raises a number of topical questions: Why is the program included in the list of projects?, Why will the national program on the digital economy be implemented within the framework of state programs of the Russian Federation: “Information society” and “Economic development and innovative economy”?, How much does it contribute to the preservation and development of an integral Russia? The authors set a goal — using structural and functional diagnostics to give an expert opinion on the prospects for achieving qualitative and quantitative targets

8 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS of the national program “Digital economy of the RF” and their value. The methodological key for the examination is the modification of the checklist for social system engineering. The introductory part of the work is devoted to the relationship between the categories of integrity and value, social system engineering, which are important for building the desired social reality, as well as an overview of approaches to social design, its goals and purpose. The main part of the work analyzes the passport of the national program “Digital economy of the RF” from the point of view of its structure, the function of their implementation at the level of state administration, and it also considers the coverage of federal and regional programs and projects of elements of the digital economy in terms of the completeness of significant tasks to be solved. In conclusion, a summary is given in the form of responses to the social engineering checklist: Are we building a whole?, Are we building a valuable entity? and Are we building a valuable entity correctly?

Keywords: digital economy, expertise, national program, social engineering, integrity, value.

Citation: Lavrenyuk N. M., Tikhonova A. S. 2020. “Examination of the passport of the national program ‘Digital economy of the Russian Federation’ on the checklist of social system engineering”. Siberian Socium, vol. 4, no. 2 (12), pp. 8-20. DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-8-20

INTRODUCTION The research problem in this article is predetermined by the necessity to build a future with sustainable values, taking into account F. Tiger’s statement: “Your future depends on many things, but, first of all, on yourself.” Everyone is involved in the process of creating a desired version of the future. All of us, in one way or another, are responsible for a “pluralistic and united world” [14, p. 89]. The socialization process is the most objectified process of involvement in formalization through programming and designing a future digital society based on digital economy. “The transition to a new stage in the development of society exacerbates two basic contradictions inherent in the dynamics of human civilization. The first of these, ‘cultural lagging,’ manifests itself in a mismatch between accelerated technological development and a slower transformation of cultural patterns, moral and ethical values in society. <...> The second contradiction, ‘managerial lagging’, is associated with the increasing influence of knowledge on management processes accompanied by the complication of social reality ... ”, which manifests itself in the expansion of opportunities for social action faster at the individual and group levels and much slower at the level of national societies and economies which tend to be more inert [18, p. 52-53]. The term digital economy was introduced by the Canadian expert D. Tapscott in his work “The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intel- ligence” in 1997 [26]. Since then, there has been an increase in research interest in this complex phenomenon. In this article the passport designed for the 2019-2024 Digital Economy of the Russian Federation national program is analyzed.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 9 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 The relevance of this work is explained by the fact that, on the one hand, a significant number of projects and programs for the development of Russia are adopted both at the state and regional levels, and positive forecasts for their implementation are given. For example, Digital McKinsey global expert group claims that the potential economic effect from the digitalization of Russian economy will increase the country’s GDP by 4.1-8.9 trillion rubles by 2025 (in 2015 prices), which will amount to 19 % – 34% of the total expected GDP growth [5]. On the other hand, de facto the indicators of the quality of life and the indicators of innovative development and competitiveness of Russia tend to decrease. The rankings of global development indices serve as proof. Russia’s position on the Global Innovation Index list for the period from 2016 to 2019 changed by three points. In 2016, Russia ranked the 43rd, in 2019 — 46th out of 129. The country’s positions noticeably reduced in terms of the impact of scientific, technical and innovative activities on Russian economy and society — from the 49th to the 59th [4]. According to the results of the World Digital Competitiveness Ranking (IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking) for 2019, Russia takes the 38th place out of 63 positions. If we consider the factors that make up this index, the greatest problems in Russia are associated with technologies, which includes the general state of information and communication technologies, the financial capital in the IT industry, as well as its regulatory environment (the 43rd place out of 63) [11]. One can also add the inefficiency of the projects and programs being implemented, which is caused by a number of factors, one of which may be an initially incorrect approach to the development of projects and programs, the setting of inadequate goals, as well as the choice of inadequate tools for their implementation. This confirms the timeliness of the authors’ interest in the topic. Let us assess the passport of the “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” national program for its compliance with the requirements of social engineering through methods of analysis and comparison. Achieving the goal involves performing the following tasks: 1) to determine how the integrity of the implemented national program and federal projects can be ensured; 2) to analyze the program from the point of view of its implementation at all govermental levels; 3) to analyze the program in terms of its goals and the value of these goals.

METHODOLOGY In this work, by the system we will understand, firstly, a means to an end, and secondly, a set of interrelated elements, isolated from the environment and inter- acting with it as a whole. Essential features of the system include: — integrity, cohesion, and relative independence from the environment; — the presence of subsystems and connections between them; — the possibility of isolation or abstraction from the environment;

10 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS — subordination of the entire organization of the system to a common goal [21, p. 49]. The integrity of the system can be ensured due to its vertical and horizontal connectivity. If the subject of the analysis is a national program, its vertical integrity can exist on the following conditions: the interconnection of projects and programs at the federal and regional levels (which implies the setting of a goal at the federal level of a particular sphere of human life), target indicators, and expected results. At the same time, at the regional level, appropriate regional projects and programs which do not contradict the federal level should be adopted. With regard to horizontal integrity, national projects and programs should cover and modernize all spheres of human life. Integrity must also be within each of the projects, which implies the coverage of all elements of this area and their interconnection at the stage of project development, ensuring the interdependence of the structural units of the project. The system should have a structure that includes: 1) an entry through which resources are received; 2) external environment as a set of factors affecting the system (natural conditions, foreign policy situation, trade conditions, etc.); 3) elements of the internal part of the system involved in creating values; 4) an exit as a result of its activity.

“... The only way to keep a super-complex whole in interdisciplinary projects is to use a systems approach, in which the term system is used in a special sense and which implies a special way of thinking for people applying a systemic approach” [25].

In fact, we are talking about people with systemic consciousness. From the standpoint of spiral dynamics, models of understanding the dynamic forces of human interaction allow building a whole and determine in this whole the place and role of representatives of all “lower” types of consciousness. “Each next level includes the previous one. The levels depend on the living conditions, i.e. on the environment and context” [23].

In this model, the key to overcoming the barrier, the condition for the viability of the project is “the coincidence of the intention and design of both the designer and the user of this structure” [20, p. 48]. The importance of social engineering is manifested in different aspects: from reduction to a specific engineering factor to abstraction of the cultural factor. S. V. Pirogov distinguishes between the categories of “social engineering” and “sociocultural design”. In social engineering, the engineering factor is viewed as a “morphological form”, i.e. as a unit of object construction. In sociocultural design, such units are “schemes for analyzing situations and scenarios for organizing joint actions for the implementation of a plan” [20].

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 11 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 “The main difference between a socio-engineering project and a sociocultural project is that the latter contains a semantic component of the model of the future. Here, the technical structure is just an infrastructural component of the project, a device for the embodiment of meaning. Sociocultural design is based on design philosophy, the main principles of which are: 1) reflection on the values and consequences of projects; 2) the doctrine of public participation: participation of the population in the development and adoption of projects”[20].

In their work, E. B. Koritsky, G. V. Nintsieva and V. Kh. Shetov [15] note that in the 1920s A. K. Gastev, the founder of the concept of social engineering, with colleagues from the Central Institute of Labor put forward an idea of pro- active activity with a wide range of possibilities for the manifestation of freedom of personal initiative to change a norm or a standard. This technique “... aims to inspire people to become inventors ... to constantly try to adapt, to be active and alert under all conditions” [15, p. 47]. According to CIT, the concept of work ethos is designed to embrace general culture. E. B. Koritsky at al. quote A. K. Gastev as saying: “... even when we leave the gates of the plant, we still think about manufacturing, we already react to everything around us which in our mind transforms into beliefs out of which we can sometimes create temporary standards. In any case, this method of thinking allows us to do only one thing — to continuously revo- lutionize everything that stands outside the plant. Be it everyday life or general culture, we will have to come up with a system of so-called cultural attitudes, which obliges us to build a certain kind of ranks” [15, p. 47].

Thus, the value of social engineering is expressed in the following quotation: “There is an objective tendency in the history of the development of mankind: with the development of production, physical labor is replaced by technology, and intellectual labor as part of material production acquires, on the one hand, intellectual automation; on the other hand, it triggers deep creative abilities in each worker ”[12, p. 16].

Formalization procedures (disclosure of uncertainty, problem solving), together with the procedures for studying and constructing systems, are included in system genesis. According to K. A. Kirsanov, formalization is one of the main attributes of system genesis. Its main functions are cycle formation and intellectual resources’ economy. One of the main elements of formalization is a set of norms that “determine what reality should be” [3, p. 367]. “A holistic, calculated inclusion of people in the system of mechanisms may be called social engineering” [15]. One of its basic functions is the complementarity of the normative and cognitive in social reality. Normative definitions of reality assess what it should be like, and cognitive ones what reality is [3]. By social

12 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS engineering we mean, firstly, the activity of constructing, creating and changing organizational structures and social institutions, the toolkit of which is a set of applied sociological and social methods; and, secondly, we include management activities aimed at changing social systems and social institutions in accordance with a given goal, using science-intensive technologies and engineering [13, p. 34]. Today in the analysis of social reality, a project form is widely applicable, and this is typical both of the initiatives of individual citizens, of organizations, institutions, and of the governmental level. The popularity of this form is explained by its integrity, complexity and logical coherence of the elements that make up the project. There are several approaches to understanding and de- fining social design. Among them one can name primarily the objective-oriented approach proposed by T. M. Dridze [6], G. A. Antonyuk, N. A. Aitov, N. I. Lapin, and Zh. T. Toshchenko. From the point of view of this approach, social design is the activity of creating a new object or reconstructing an existing object that performs an important sociocultural function. The second approach to social design is a problem-oriented one. It was formulated in the 1980s on the basis of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences by a research team led by T. M. Dridze. This approach is characterized by a balanced consideration of objective and subjective factors of social reproduction and by understanding design as a final stage of sociodiagnostic work. This approach is also characterized by emphasis on the feedback between the diagnostic and constructive stages of the decision-making process [6, p. 5]. In his book, titled “Social Design”, V. A. Lukov offers another approach to understanding social design: it is a subject-oriented (thesaurus) approach. It “is based on the recognition of the thesaurus of the project creator as the main source of the project idea” [16, p. 29]. A significant place in the framework of social reality construction is taken by values which are significant for a person, group or community. It is the creation of values that is the subject of social design and the main goal of management. When designing social reality, the designer must pose three important social engineering questions: Are we creating a whole (a system)?, Are we creating a valuable whole? and Are we creating a valuable whole correctly? These questions lead to important requirements for any social project: to create a whole, to create a valuable whole, and to correctly create a valuable whole. Neither individual citizens, nor institutions should forget about these requirements. A particular danger here is the neglect of the aforementioned issues at the governmental level in national and regional projects and programs. Bodies of state executive power are responsible for the entire state and its population. The living standard and the quality of life in the country, as well as the position of the state in the world arena and the attitude of other countries towards this state will depend on the decisions they make [24, p. 18-26]. Therefore, the method of peer review was applied to the passport of the national

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 13 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 program, as well as to the model of digital economy, which has already changed, is changing and is capable of dramatically changing the life of Russian society. The elements of the passport are diagnosed for compliance with the agenda of systemic social engineering, into which a value component has been introduced.

RESULTS The Digital Economy of the Russian Federation national program is designed for the period from October 1, 2018 to December 31, 2024. It is included in the list of 12 national projects and contains 6 federal projects. Goals and objectives. In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation “The Strategy for the Development of the Information Soci- ety in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030”, digital economy is understood as “economic activity in which the key production factor is digital data and processing of large volumes of information. Comparison of analysis results with traditional forms of management can significantly increase the efficiency of various types of production, technologies, equipment, storage, sale, delivery of goods and services” [1].

The goals of the program include: 1) to increase in internal costs for the development of digital economy (in terms of GDP) by at least three times compared to 2017; 2) to create of a stable and secure information and communication infrastructure for high-speed transmission, processing and storage of large amounts of data accessible to all organizations and households; 3) to use of predominantly domestic software by government agencies, local authorities and organizations. Clause 6 of the passport contains an “Additional information” section which indicates that the program’s activities are aimed at implementing the following key ideas of transforming the economy and social sphere: — “new regulations between citizens, businesses and the state arising with the development of digital economy”; — “creation of a modern high-speed infrastructure for storage, processing and transmission of data”; — “ensuring the stability and safety of its functioning”; — “development and implementation of a training system for personnel involved in digital economy”; — “support for the development of ‘end-to-end’ digital technologies and projects for their implementation”; — “improving the efficiency of public administration” [9]. A number of conclusions based on the analysis of the national program provide a critical overview of its main ideas.

14 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Conclusion 1. A lack of agreement between decision-makers and experts on the development of digital economy, which is manifested in the difference in target priorities. Let us analyze the goals of the project under study. The first goal here is to increase internal costs for the development of the digital economy from all sources (in terms of GDP) by at least three times compared to 2017. Hence, logical questions arise: why in the first place is there an increase in funding, and not the development of digital economy? An increase in funding in the Russian Federation does not yet mean an increase in efficiency and competitiveness in the global market. An example of this situation is the Innovative Russia — 2020 project [10], which ends in 2020. Official statistics from 2011 to 2017 show that, despite the increase in funding for this area in the period under review, there is a decrease in the level of innovative activity of organizations and enterprises from 10.4% to 8.5%, as well as a decrease in innovative goods and services (from 7.8 to 6%) [8]. The second goal is to create a stable and secure information and communication infrastructure for high-speed transmission, processing and storage of large amounts of data accessible to all organizations and households. This is a meaningful goal. Digital economy, which is an important element of an information society, can only develop on the basis of a modern information and communication infrastructure. It performs such crucial functions as sustainability, security, as well as the level of development and functioning of digital economy. The third goal is the use of predominantly domestic software by government agencies, local governments and organizations. This goal is significant and relevant in terms of supporting domestic manufacturers and ensuring safety. However, this raises the following questions: will the product of the Russian manufacturer be of a sufficiently high quality and what conditions in the country are available for manufacturing such products? A more appropriate goal here would be not to use mainly domestic software, but to maintain and develop production in this area, to create the most favorable conditions, as well as to develop the competitiveness of the Russian manufacturer in the field of software and digital technologies, and to support the sphere of innovative developments. One of the federal projects of the Digital Technologies program involves the creation of such a support system for applied research in the sphere of digital economy which would provide technological independence in the sphere of end-to-end digital technologies, competitive at the global level [19]. Thus, the question arises about the likelihood of limiting the scope of digital production to software production. The goals set should be broken down into tasks in accordance with the key areas of transforming the economic and social spheres, and not in accordance with the three goals declared in the national program. The tasks are manifested in the form of federal projects which include regulation of digital environment,

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 15 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 information infrastructure, personnel for digital economy, information security, digital technologies, digital management at the governmental level [9]. There is a lack of coherence between goals and objectives, which, in turn, brings about disunity within the national program. Therefore, it is highly likely that this will not allow designing an efficient and smoothly functioning system. Conclusion 2. The objectives are coordinated with the key areas of economic and social development, and not with the goals set in the national program. Prioritization of the stated tasks. In the logic of the tasks being solved, their prioritization depends on the amount of funding. Table 1 shows data that reflect the importance of projects in the program. Half of all resources are allocated for the regulation of the digital environment (51.0%). Information infrastructure takes the second place — almost a quarter of the funding (23.2%). Digital technologies take the third place (13.6%). The training of personnel for digital economy takes the fourth place (4.3%) after the project of public administration digitalization (7.0%). The last one is digital security (0.9%). Taking into account the interconnectedness of all 12 national project documents, value prioritization, which depends on the significance of financial investments in the development of digital economy, requires the redirec- tion of financial flows towards information security and the development of digital competencies. Conclusion 3. According to certain priorities expressed in the national program, people work and depend on digital economy, not the other way around.

Table 1. The volume of funding for Federal projects of the “Digital economy of the Russian Federation” national program Financing volume, Share in the financing Project name RUB mln volume, % 1. Digital environment 1,697,000 51.0 regulation 2. Information infrastructure 772,402 23.2

3. Digital technology 451,809 13.6

4. Digital government 235,705 7.0 5. Human resources for digital 143,088 4.3 economy 6. Information security 30,204 0.9

Total 3,330,207 100.0

Source: [9].

16 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Another critical remark concerns structural hierarchical decomposition. If we consider the interconnectedness of the federal and regional levels in the case of the Republic of Bashkortostan, then in accordance with the national program, regional projects are now being implemented which coincide in name [2] with the federal projects. These regional projects are aligned in hierarchical subordination with the federal targets and their parameters. We can say that the vertical integrity of the national program is ensured. Conclusion 4. This structural decomposition is transferred to the regional level in a holistic version. Elements of digital economy as an ecosystem. Federal projects, as well as the parts of digital economy that they affect, are elements of the system, but are these elements exhaustive? The Russian Association for Electronic Com- munications (RAEC) identifies the following elements of the digital economy ecosystem on the basis of the annual all-Russian study of the Russian high-tech market (2018): state and society, marketing and advertising, finance and trade, infrastructure and communications, media and entertainment, cybersecurity, education and personnel [22]. As one can see, federal projects definitely touch upon the “supporting” elements of the digital economy ecosystem (infrastructure, personnel, technology, cybersecurity, public administration), but this is not an exhaustive list of subsystems and elements. Conclusion 5. The program is not aimed at creating digital economy as an ecosystem, but only at reproducing and maintaining its important elements.

CONCLUSION Summarizing, we will attempt to answer a number of questions. 1. Are we creating a system? If we consider integrity in terms of the hierarchy of governmental levels (vertically), then definitely yes, since regional programs reflect federal programs; but if we consider it from the point of view of covering the elements of the system (horizontally), then no. The program does not embrace the system in its integrity and interconnectedness. The program itself does not represent a whole system, since some elements are not related to each other and do not follow from each other. 2. Is this whole valuable? The system of digital economy currently being created is of great importance to modern society. Digital economy in the very near future will be one of the pillars of the existence and normal functioning of any state. The level of its development will determine the country’s competitiveness, the weight of its opinion in the international arena, the stability of the state as a whole, as well as how safe and comfortable the situation in the country is. This is one of the requirements, non-compliance with which can lead to a situation that the state as an institution will cease to exist. Therefore, this national program is valuable both for the state as a whole and for the individual.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 17 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM N. M. Lavrenyuk, A. S. Tikhonova, pp. 8-20 3. Are we creating a valuable whole correctly? If we apply this question to the passport of the program with its goals, targets and results, we can say that partly we are. In some cases, performance is reported to be improving. In particular, the share of socially significant infrastructure facilities with broad- band Internet access is growing: in the basic value, this share was 30.3%; it was supposed to reach 34.1% in 2018, and according to the data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service (FSSS) in 2018, this share amounted to 36.1%, which exceeded the stated goal. Other indicators show that some other goals have not been achieved. Let us take, for example, the cost of domestic software purchased and / or leased by government authorities. It was planned that in 2018 this figure would be less than 50%; de facto, according to the FSSS data for 2018, it turned out to be 65.2% [7]. This suggests that the construction of the valuable whole is not entirely correct. We are building a valuable whole ineffectively, which is due to the initially incorrect setting of goals and objectives which do not fully cover all the elements of digital economy.

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20 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS research article

DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-21-31 UDC 316.776

Contemporary models of a social dialogue: the regional dimension Olga Yu. Golub

Dr. Sci. (Soc.), Professor, Head of Department of Social Communications, The N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University (Saratov, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0002-6280-9011 [email protected]

Abstract. The radical transformations caused by the Internet have affected primarily the sphere of social communication. E-technologies have become not only the foundation for production, storage, distribution, and management of information, but also a means of maintaining social connections, and thus radically changed the basic structure of communications within the modern media space and caused a technological inversion of public processes and phenomenon. The Internet provided population with an opportunity not only to receive information, but also to be an active participant of numerous social processes, including political power relations. The research actualizes the problem of improving a mechanism of digital democracy based on the formation of a new model of social dialogue between power structures and society. The aim of this article is to reveal the indicators representing the convergence level of power and population by means of e-communication channels. The analysis of practice of the online communication of the officials and population was carried out within the research. Based on accessible online content, the feedback tools between power and society were analyzed as well as goals and motivation of social networking practices of Saratov regional and municipal administrations. The research shows that the realization of the social dialogue potential is impeded by a number of institutional, legal, and socio-communicative barriers. Received data gives evidence of low spread of innovative forms of open social and political interaction between public authorities and population, which can be described as insufficient and passive. The authos conclude that public governance should take into account the expectations, interests, and opinions of different communities. The scientific novelty of the presented study lies in drawing attention to the previously insufficiently studied aspects of the problem of improving the partnership between the authorities and the population, in raising the question of the need to increase the level of communicative competence of subjects of social dialogue as a condition for the effective use of electronic communications when implementing democracy, and strengthening the civil society institutions.

Keywords: Internet communication, communicative competence, social dialogue, social networks, instant messengers, public opinion, civil society.

Citation: Golub O. Yu. 2020. “Contemporary models of a social dialogue: the regional dimension”. Siberian Socium, vol. 4, no. 2 (12), pp. 21-31. DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-21-31

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 21 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 INTRODUCTION In modern democratic states, information and communication technologies are more and more often used as a socio-political resource in the processes of civil society formation and implementation of democratic principles. The introduction of innovative forms of digital democracy is designed to increase public activity and boost citizen engagement in the political decision-making process. It also offers citizens new tools for direct and effective participation in public administration processes. The rapid development of information and communication technologies has profoundly changed the way most social institutions function and radically trans- formed the basic structure of communications in the modern world. Expansion of the Internet space has replaced the traditional system of information dissemination, which was based on one-way mediated transmission of information from state structures to the public, with a polymorphic communication system. In addition to providing information, it lets them become active participants in multiple social and political processes and enter into a dialog with governing bodies. Free social and political interaction is not only a fashionable trend but also a necessity and indicator of government effectiveness. In terms of power politics, the dominant role of communication and information technologies in the virtual- ization of the decision-making process by government bodies as well as understanding of their effectiveness, conditions and boundaries determine the vector of construction of global governance. With the opportunities provided by modern means of mass communication, society as a recipient of political information can more quickly respond to the incoming information flows. This serves as an inter- active indicator of ongoing changes.

METHODS Regarding the methodology, this study draws extensively on the classic scholarly works by J. Mead, B. Skinner, D. Watson, K. Jaspers, E. Munier, A. Schutz, D. Bell, F. Dance, K. Larson, D. McQuayle, J. Murdoch, E. Toffler considering the general problems of communication phenomenon. Critical mass communication studies by Russian authors, S. Borisnev, E. Dugin, M. Nazarov, L. Zemlyanova, V. Konetskaya, G. Pocheptsov, V. Terin, F. Sharkov and others, contributed to the introduction of foreign research paradigms and the concept of communication as a specific social phenomenon. The spread of the Internet and other forms of electronic social communications promoted scholarly research including sociology. A number of Russian researchers studied the new ontology of interaction in the Internet space and new methodological approaches in M. Castells, M. McLuhan, P. Sztompka, and R. M. Emerson. T. I. Zaslavskaya, A. I. Soloviev, R. F. Abdeev, D. P. Gavra, V. P. Kolomiets, O. V. Kryshtanovskaya, V. V. Petukhov, V. K. Le- vashova, E. N. Davyborets, and I. N. Trofimova analyze the social dynamics of political communication and its features in the online environment, examine communicative discourse of government structures and society, the influence of

22 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS informatization and democratization processes on the interaction between the governing bodies and public opinion. This article focuses on the assessment of the effectiveness of networking platforms for the government and society in the public administration system. The aim of the study is limited by the description of the practices of the online open multilateral public dialogue.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Currently, the media serve the essential role in building a dialogue between the authorities and society. Modern mass media determine the coordinates of ensuring effective interaction between government institutions and society. Media reality acts as a construct to display virtual realities modeled through the prism of the social and psychological factors in the information space [4, p. 363]. To carry out a dialogue between the authorities and the population, it is necessary to meet the two fundamental needs: 1) ensure transparent governance including communication of information; 2) offer people an opportunity to provide feedback and increase interaction with target audiences. Nowadays, there are various means and channels of communication between the authorities and the population. But the forms of this communication are mainly individual. It is cor- respondence by mail or telephone calls through a secretary which hampers the establishment of trusting relations between government institutions and society. The need to intensify the processes of using information and communication technologies for the purpose of organizing a dialogue between the people and government is enshrined in law: Decrees of the President of the Russian Federa- tion, Federal Law No. 8-FZ of February 9, 2009 (amended December 28, 2017) “On providing access to information on the activities of state bodies and local self-government bodies” [5], the Federal Law “On the organization of the provision of state and municipal services” of July 27, 2010, No. 210-FZ [6], the main activities of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period until 2024 [8], as well as the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation in 2017-2030 [7]. Free use of Internet technologies helps structure a dialogue between the people and their representatives and build mutual trust between them. That being said, despite the great potential of Internet communication between society and government officials, it is still poorly realized. On the one hand, citizens are extremely interested in this kind of dialogue. I agree with O. V. Krysh- tanovskaya that

“high rates of Internet use by the population, development of mobile Internet, presence of a pronounced civic position and social activity create an opportunity and an objective need for feedback from government officials. On the other hand, government authorities have not yet shown sufficient activity, significantly lagging behind in promoting their policies via new technologies. Decision-makers do not often adopt transparency and sociability” [3, p. 10].

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 23 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 There are barriers hindering the development of electronic communication between the people and political authorities. Let us highlight only two points. First, the low efficiency of cooperation between state structures and the population is determined by people’s low trust in government and their specific representatives, which significantly reduces activity of a large part of the population. Secondly, the majority of federal and regional bureaucracies display lack of communicative competence, inability and unwillingness to work in a new format. In the available scholarly literature, the ability to establish and maintain contacts is most often declared as the primary skill within communicative competence. Meanwhile, it has a deeper meaning. “We understand communicative competence as a complex of knowledge, abilities and skills, including the communicative process components; types of communication and its main characteristics, verbal and non-verbal means of communication; psychological and communicative types of partners, the specifics of interaction with them; forms and methods of business interaction; technologies and methods of influencing people; methods of integration and generation of ideas for constructive communication, etc.” [1, p. 39].

It is important to emphasize that “communicative competence has a complex multidimensional structure. Its most essential elements include motivational, cognitive, personal and behavioral. The motivational component is the need for positive contacts, meaningful attitudes for the purpose of successful interaction, values and goals of communication. The content of the cognitive component includes: social perception, imagination and thinking; reflexive, evaluative and analytical skills as well as knowledge of personality psychology. Fundamentally important cognitive characteristics of communicative competence are the ability to gen- eralize and systematize multidimensional perception of the environment, adequately assess the “status of language”, and to understand semantic and evaluative information” [1, p. 282].

In our opinion, personality traits, perceptual abilities, including perception of communication partners, and behavioral components are also fundamentally important in the structure of communicative competence. Digital communications based on Internet platforms can significantly increase the efficiency of interaction between citizens and political authorities. In Russia, the Internet is rapidly developing penetrating faster and deeper into all spheres of our life. Social networks, mobile messengers, video hosting sites have become common attributes of our life. Nowadays, the Internet is the main force shaping public opinion and socio-political trends. In accordance with the Federal Law of February 9, 2009 No. 8-FZ (as amended December 28, 2017) “On providing access to information on the activities of state bodies and local self-government bodies”, state bodies and local self-government

24 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS bodies must have official websites to post information about their activities. Article 13 of the Law contains a complete list of information mandatory for publication [5]. In 2019, the Infometr project center conducted a study aimed at assessing the openness of government and regional administration websites as seen by citizens: ease and convenience of navigation, receiving and using information posted by the highest regional executive authorities [2]. They analyzed the following: 1. The ease of searching for provided services and information. The websites of regional administrations and governments should contain information about the tasks and functions of the local government, the services it provides, as well as vacancies one can apply for; 2. The ease of searching for what is needed and what needs to be done or what one needs to have in order to receive a service or information, what conditions, requirements, procedures, and forms there are to meet and complete; 3. The ease of searching for when and where a service or information can be obtained. For example, navigation elements such as the legislative map, information about the time and place of the meeting, meeting schedules of elected officials, agendas and announcements; 4. The ease of getting a service or information through the website. The website should contain information and offer e-services as well as the elements which help citizens get them. For example, access to the meeting calendar of the head of the municipality and his/her deputies as well as an option to make an appointment online after authorization in one’s personal account through Gosuslugi; 5. The ease of tracking the stage at which a service or information provision is. The website needs indicators of the processes of submitting, waiting for an answer, and receiving notifications via special portals or a personal account; 6. The ease of assessing the government institution by its website. Users should be able to evaluate the work of the political entity both on the basis of their experience by comparing expectations with the actual result of receiving information or services and objective indicators obtained from comparing plans and reports and results of the latest meetings presented on the website. The study has shown that information openness in the regions varies from 14.5 to 100%: those closer to the bottom are barely open and are located at the end of the rating. The sites at the top of the rating are open to citizens: they offer access to complete information. The leaders are: Rostov region, Khanty-Mansi Auton- omous Okrug, Tomsk region, Kaluga region, Vologda region, and Republic of Bashkortostan. They demonstrate 90% openness (convenient format, up-to-date information) [2]. The websites of regional administrations and governments are on average only half-open (57%).

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 25 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 Only 34 out of 85 regional administrations and governments fully meet at least one of the six requirements of the open interface. Only eight government websites are half open (meet three out of six requirements): Tomsk, Kaluga, Vologda and Ulyanovsk regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Kras- noyarsk Territory, including the leaders of the rating: the Rostov region and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, whose sites meet all six requirements. The Government of the Saratov region ranks 55th (48.934%), and the Government of Moscow ranks 60th (46.152%) [3]. Official websites lack many important features. Internet users are rapidly developing a need not only to draw information from news feeds and official pages, but also to express criticism and communicate with authorities in the format of electronic discussion. Various instant messengers often replace e-mail and SMS; video calls over the Internet are becoming more common than mobile telephone calls. Mobile Internet lets exchange messages more efficiently without any geographical barriers. I believe that governments should also communicate to people using these innovative digital channels. One of the main modern trends is the fastest-growing popularity of social networks, which are most used Internet resources. Recently, representatives of the political establishment, regional politicians, and other state employees have begun to use social media more actively. As O. V. Kryshtanovskaya notes, studying social media behavior of political leaders one can obtain “information about the emerging agenda, people’s reaction to it, the legitimacy and effectiveness of government. Such sociological analysis is able to predict problems that can emerge through discussions in social networks, the tone of comments and trolling” [3, p. 6].

The findings of the sociological study of the Russian political elite and its activity in the social networking service Twitter led by O. V. Kryshtanovskaya “testify that the most open elite group today is the governors’ corps which is four times larger than the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation... and the Government of the Russian Federation... and twice as large as the deputies. The most popular social media among the Russian elite is Twitter, which is preferred by more than 40% of the officials active in the social network sites. Facebook (23%) is second, followed by LiveJournal (16.3%) and VKontakte (16.8%). The popularity of Twitter in the elite environment is due to the fact that Twitter provides an opportunity to communicate directly with those people who are of interest and to customize newsfeed in accordance with the changing needs. In Twitter one can instantly respond to events. Its brevity prevents development of conflict and unwanted dialogue” [3, p. 8].

“Among the accounts of state institutions, the President of Russia (@Kremlin- Russia) ranks first with over a million followers. The account is managed by the President’s press service. It is read by 54% of the elite” [5, p. 9].

26 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Findings of many other studies confirm that social media platforms are the most visited websites. More than half of Russian adults use at least one of them almost every day. Nowadays, such channel of communication between the government and its public is mandatory and preferable since it has many advantages over other channels: it provides easy access to information about the work of the government and fast communication with different population groups through appropriate SMM tools. It helps political authorities to be closer to public, to study behavior of information consumers, target groups of the audience, to understand their needs and expectations and build adequate channels of communication with each specific target audience. On the social media sites, politicians can conduct either group discussions and online surveys to test their communication campaign or a new project, to study people’s opinions on many pressing issues concerning the life of municipalities and the activities of the government. To study how municipal administrations use social networking sites and their openness as the main and most important indicator of government efficiency, the author monitored the social media of the administrations of 18 cities of the Saratov region (Arkadak, Atkarsk, Balakovo, Balashov, Vol’sk, Ershov, Kalin- insk, Krasniy Kut, Krasnoarmeisk, Marks, Novouzensk, Petrovsk, Pugachev, Rtishchevo, Saratov, Khvalynsk, Shikhany, and Engels) by analyzing the data containing information about accounts, subscriptions and audience size, as well as the content and frequency of published materials. As of February 6, 2020, only five out of 18 administrations of the Saratov region cities are represented in social media, that is their official pages have links to social networking platforms. The Saratov administration is represented in the well-known networks (Twitter, Facebook, VKontakte, Instagram, and YouTube). The Engels administration is on Facebook, VKontakte, Instagram, and Odnoklassniki. The Khvalynsk is in VKontakte, Instagram, and Od- noklassniki. The Balakovo and Vol’sk administrations follow. The official portal of the Government of the Saratov region has a link to the social networks VKon- takte and Odnoklassniki. The official page of the Saratov region in VKontakte has 6,879 subscribers; there is an option of writing messages. As for the heads of municipalities’ presence in social media, the mayor of Saratov M. A. Isaev is leading with accounts in VKontakte and Instagram. The head of the Balashov district P. M. Petrakov is also active. The personal VKon- takte page of the Governor of the Saratov region V. V. Radaev is less active with the latest post as of May 21, 2018. However, he has the largest number of friends (940) but fewer subscribers than M. A. Isaev (348 against 540). He leads the rubric “Public polls” with the latest poll dated February 5, 2017. There are 196 subscriptions. The head of the Balashov district P. M. Petrakov has the most photographs (905). Several posts are published daily in the “News” section on the official pages of most municipalities. Official websites offer users to send messages or make

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 27 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 a request and receive a response by e-mail. Authorized users leave their comments almost under each post. There are no responses from official bodies, but users are engaged in dialogues with each other. Photo albums and videos are updated irregularly and chaotically. The data we obtained correlate with the findings of other sociological studies: political authorities in a number of regions of the Russian Federation do not actively use the mechanisms and procedures of online interaction with the population. Important information concerning any changes in the life of the city is published on social networking platforms, city events are advertised online; users express their opinions in the comments on the topic of the post, but there are no public opinion polls as such. Local officials fail to use Internet resources as a platform for discussing management decisions and initiatives of the municipal government [9, p. 49]. Thus, I conclude that government officials give no feedback, do not engage in any dialogue or display interest in activating communication processes. Mean- while, it is obvious that free and open interaction with officials on the widest range of everyday problems, both personal, municipal and even federal, could help the parties to understand each other better and to reach compromises more easily. It is deemed especially important to develop this type of communications at the level of small regional government institutions (city districts, small towns, urban-type settlements, etc.) where people are interested in improving their living conditions, ready to promptly provide information about their problems, and support local authorities in solving them. Local governments can increase community loyalty and simultaneously improve their own image by receiving feedback from their residents and adjusting their activities and programs in accordance with the received comments and suggestions. In the process of building trust, one cannot overestimate successful online communication and responding to subscribers on the part of a government body of any level. In recent years, Telegram channels have been rapidly developing becoming an increasingly fashionable platform. Experts identify several key reasons for this popularity. First of all, Telegram channels combine the features of a newsfeed and a thematic blog. In Telegram, the author receives no feedback, except for the number of views of one message; subscribers cannot comment and rate the posts. Nevertheless, some authors of popular Telegram channels argue that the lack of feedback is illusionary, since it exists only not in a public form. “Any post calls up to 10 people in private messages who have something to say on the topic and are interested in discussing it with me; as a result, everyone learns something. I publish them from time to time,” says a journalist [12]. In addition, Telegram channels compress information making it easy to digest and thus increase trust in the personal information source. At the same time, these channels effectively combine both personal communication and news streams. The findings of the platform audience research, conducted in the spring of 2019 by the TGStat channel, show that Telegram has been gaining popularity

28 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS over the past three years and targeting new age and social groups. This is a predominantly male audience with various interests, mainly from Moscow and St. Petersburg. Seventy percent of respondents choose Telegram because of the presence of channels that they like more than the publics in VKontakte or Face- book. Half of the respondents use group chats because they are more convenient than other services. Every third user confessed that they choose Telegram because of the policy of other social networking platforms to share their users’ personal data. Half of the audience switched to Telegram for security reasons. Telegram channels are also popular among users because they have little advertising. A typical Telegram user is subscribed to 10-15 channels [11]. Currently, the use of information technologies cannot be avoided, even by government structures. These processes are only gaining momentum. During the implementation of the National Program “Digital Economy of the Russian Fed- eration”, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications together with the regions are developing a project for the implementation of a cloud-based standard workplace of a civil servant. Its testing is scheduled in pilot regions in 2020. “With its help, it will be possible to receive an integrated cloud suite of applications at the regional and municipal levels. The package of applications for officials should include: a directory of employees with profiles by specialization and contacts, software for working with an e-mail, messenger, and video con- ferencing system, document and task management collaboration software. The cloud platform will enable exchange of experiences across communities. It is planned that in 2021-2022 the regions will have all their employees transferred to work on a single platform. In addition, in 2021-2022 all regions will be obliged to move the existing websites and webpages to the Gosweb and structure their content in accordance with a single standard. Gosweb is a Russian unified information platform for the Internet portals of government bodies” [10].

CONCLUSION The findings of the analysis of the official websites of municipal administrations in the Saratov region and the personal pages of the heads of municipalities correlate with the findings of other similar studies. The network interaction between the authorities and the population of the region through an open and multilateral dialogue in the public administration system is clearly insufficient and ineffective. Social well-being, expectations, value orientations and opinions are the most important condition for a successful social dialogue between government institutions and the people. The use of modern information technologies and communication models causes expansion and improvement of the efficiency of a wide range of communication channels between local authorities, residents of the region and its municipalities. Communications in the “government — society” system reflect the objective distribution of social and political forces. Regular communication with the help of new Internet resources and mandatory monitoring of moods

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 29 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 and expectations in society helps to more effectively influence public opinion, quickly solve urgent problems of citizens and ultimately form a positive image of government officials who are open to dialogue. In the current situation, trust without social dialogue is impossible. The degree of convergence of the government and society can be judged by the activity and effectiveness of the use of electronic communication channels by representatives of both sides. There is no doubt that studies of the practical models of social media usage by political authorities and general public and special features of political communication in the online environment should be continued. Sociological analysis of the practices of open and multilateral public dialogue in the online environment, the study of transformations of the discourse space, the development of criteria for the productive use of various forms of networking democracy depending on the nature of the problems to be solved and the socio-communicative type of audience as well as the level of development of communicative culture will create a basis for the mechanism of identifying, forming and expressing public opinion as an indicator of civilization, legitimacy, and effectiveness of political power and institutions of civil society.

REFERENCES

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30 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 O. Yu. Golub, pp. 21-31 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS 9. Salova I. A., Alekseyenko A. I. 2019. “Diagnostics of possibilities of the social networking potential to organize the space of public communications”. Science of Communication, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 41-52. [In Russian] 10. Shadaev revealed new priorities of the Ministry of Communications: clouds for officials, “state web” and digitalization. Accessed 4 April 2020. https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2020-02-11_rossijskih_gossluzhashchih_sovsem [In Russian] 11. Telegram 2019 in numbers. Accessed 4 April 2020. https://www.iguides.ru/main/other/telegram_2019_v_tsifrakh [In Russian] 12. Telegram Channels: why everyone creates them and who it is worth subscribing to. Accessed 14 February 2020. https://tvrain.ru/news/kanaly_v_tele- gram-402820 [In Russian]

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 31 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SOCIAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

research article

DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-32-47 UDC 314.44

Research of features of statistical accounting of primary disability of the adult population in Russia Leila N. Natsun

Researcher, Vologda Research Center of RAS (Vologda, Russian Federation) [email protected]

Abstract. Disability of the population is one of the most topical challenges to society in the context of demographic aging of the population. To ensure the most effective response to this challenge, reliable information is needed about the health status of the population and the actual extent of disability in the main socio-demographic groups. In Russia, the study of disability issues is devoted to the works of many researchers, performed in the framework of medical, sociological and economic disciplines. Special attention is paid to the structure and dynamics of disability in the country as a whole and in its regions. At the same time, a special feature of the Russian system of statistical accounting for the number of disabled people is its focus on registering recipients of pensions and disability benefits, as well as on data on citizensʼ requests for identification of a disability group. This makes it difficult to assess the real extent of disability, because a part of the population is not included in the number of disabled. At the same time, the extent of accounting errors depends, inter alia, on the rules and criteria for determining disability established by the state. Taking into account these theses, the purpose of this study is the evaluation of the impact of social policy on the dynamics and structure of primary disability in the adult population of the Russian Federation. The information base of the study was made up of research data on similar topics, data from international organizations, and data from Russian state statistics. The paper summarizes and analyzes information about the number and structure of the disabled population, the dynamics of primary disability indicators, and the populationʼs requests for identification of a disability group. The main changes in the legislation regulating the procedure and criteria for recognizing citizens as disabled are analyzed. It is shown that a sharp increase in primary disability in 2005 was due to an increase in the number of applications for disability by citizens of retirement age. The main incentives were the monetization of benefits, changes in disability criteria and rules for pension provision for disabled people. It is proved that the registered indicators of primary disability depend on the reaction of the population to the social policy of the state, and this reaction is differentiated by socio-demographic groups of the population.ʼ

Keywords: public health, primary disability of the adult population, structure of disability, factors of disability of the Russian population.

32 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Citation: Natsun L. N. 2020. “Research of features of statistical accounting of primary disability of the adult population in Russia”. Siberian Socium, vol. 4, no. 2 (12), pp. 32-47. DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-32-47

INTRODUCTION Disability of the population is a process of increase in the proportion of people with disabilities in the population, caused by the spread of disabling pathologies and external influences that lead to disability [10]. The World Health Organization (WHO) attributes the growth of disability in the population to the rising percentage of older people in the population [4]. In addition to demographic aging, negative socio-economic living conditions (poverty and social exclusion) contribute to disability [20]. The high socio-economic significance of the disability problem in the context of demographic aging [15] determines the interest of researchers in studying the factors that determine the dynamics of this process, its territorial and gender peculiarities. In Russia, specialists of HSE University (S. A. Vasin, T. M. Maleva, A. V. Demyanova, etc.), representatives of higher education institutions (E. R. Yarskaya-Smirnova, P. V. Romanov, D. V. Zaitsev, E. K. Naberushkina, etc.) and academic science (E. A. Tarasenko, O. A. Aleksandrova, E. V. Kulagina, A. E. Ivanova, etc.). carry out systematic research on the problem of disability. Researchers also note that the number of disabled people will grow in the coming years [19]. At the same time, experts expect to realize the potential for disability in the older age groups because of the increase in the retirement age and the significant delay in the achievement of healthy life expectancy (HALE) [1]. The number and composition of the total population of persons with disabilities in the country are determined by two different processes — primary disability and the loss of their status because of natural causes (mortality) or the withdrawal of the current status of “disabled” after re-examination by the Medical-Social Expert Commis- sion (MSE). Studies by Russian authors show that the total contingent of people with disabilities in Russia (initial disability) comes mainly from the older age groups of the population [17]. Consequently, this is the main category of adults with disabilities [9]. This situation is due, among other things, to the health of elderly citizens [5]. The tools used in statistical accounting and population surveys influence the assessment of the disability extent in the country and its regions. Thus, the work by A. Burdyak and A. Tyndik [2] shows that a combination of Russian and international approaches to disability accounting in Russian conditions would lead not only to an increase in the total number of disabled people, but also to significant changes in the structure of disability itself. In particular, the share of the elderly in the contingent of the disabled would increase by 1.5 times, and the share of women would grow from 69% to 72%. The conducted comparison of these approaches by the above authors demonstrates that the Russian approach to records of the number of disabled leads to a significant underestimation of the level of female disability and disability in the population in older age groups. In Russian conditions, only the international approach is accompanied

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 33 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 by undercounting of male disability cases [2]. The latter circumstance may relay to the fact that men unlike women tend to give more positive self-assessment of health [8, 13]. At the same time, there is a gender differentiation of the factors determining the heterogeneity in health self-assessment. Thus, M. A. Kaneva and V. M. Baidin show in their research that there is a tendency to underestimate health self-assessment by women influenced by age, while no such pattern has been revealed for men. At the same time, an objective poor state of health affects the reduction of self-assessment in men’s health [7]. The study by I. A. Nazarova based on the materials of the Russian Monitoring of the Economic Situation and Health of the Population (RMEH) for the period 1994-2004 demonstrates that “being unemployed for at least a year has a positive relationship with the self-assessment of physical health in men”. Women’s share of good self-assessment of health is 37%, which is higher among those with a high level of education, but this advantage is lost when taking into account behavioral factors [11, p. 142-143]. It is necessary to take into account these peculiarities when assessing the extent of disability of the population using sociological tools. In spite of the fact that questions for identifying respondents’ disabilities are more specific than a simple sug- gestion to assess their health on a five-step scale, it is necessary to formulate them as unambiguously as possible, so that a person does not have difficulties in understanding the meaning of the question and the options for answering it. In this study, I will dwell on the peculiarities of accounting for primary disability of the population. In particular, I will consider the problem of the influence of the social policy pursued by the state on the level of this indicator. The hypothesis of the study is formulated as follows: primary disability grows at the expense of those representatives of the population who have health disorders, resulting in limitations of their activity, when the comparative benefits of the second or third groups of disability noticeably outweigh the benefits of work for them. The objective of the study is to assess the impact of social policy on the dynamics and structure of primary disability in the adult population of the Russian Federation. The research objectives are: 1) to analyze the dynamics of primary disability of the adult population of Russia during 1995-2018; 2) to examine the structure of the disabled population from 1995 to 2018 (in the context of disability groups); 3) to compare the dynamics of primary disability and the dynamics of the number of persons who applied to medical and social expertise (MSE) institutions for certification and the number of persons who were repeatedly recognized as disabled; 4) to highlight the main changes in legislation regulating the procedure and criteria for declaring citizens disabled that occurred during the period under review. The object of the study is the adult population of the Russian Federation (aged 18 and older). The subject of the study is disability of the adult population of the Russian Fede ration.

34 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS MATERIALS AND METHODS According to by-census data (2015), 303,626 people in the Russian population who participated in the survey had chronic diseases limiting their vital functions. Among them, more than 60% (185,900 people) were aged 60 years and older (Fig. 1). In total 474,2 thousand people at the age of 60 and older took part in the by-census, i.e. practically 39,2% of them had chronic diseases limiting their vital activity. Since the by-census data are also representative of the entire population of the country (at the time of its conduct), 39% of the then elderly could potentially have been included in the contingent of the disabled, provided they had undergone examination in an MSE institution. The poor health status of the population is also confirmed by data from a sample survey by Rosstat (2019). Ac- cording to this data, the value of the HALE in the country in 2018 was 60.3 years, but in 53 regions, the values of the indicator were significantly lower than the all-Russian [14].

Fig. 1. Age distribution of people with chronic diseases that restrict their life activity, %

11,300; 4% 11,965; 4%

94,453; 31%

185,908; 61%

aged 0-17 aged 18-29 aged 30-59 aged 60 and over

Source: [18].

Russian Government Decree No. 95 of February 20, 2006 regulates the frequency of re-evaluations [12]. The document defines the cases in which a disability group is established indefinitely separately. Due to the absence of the necessary statistical data, it is impossible to track the dynamics of all the processes mentioned. For example, there is no accessible data on mortality specifically among persons with disabilities; only for selected years, the information is presented on the number of people who were repeatedly declared disabled and those whose status was not confirmed (or was confirmed with a change

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 35 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 in disability group). Statistical data are available for analysis on primary disability of the population and the number of citizens examined by the MSE Bureau (the total number and the number of confirmed cases of disability, without distin- guishing those who were repeatedly declared disabled). The highest-quality statistical data, forming a long series since 1995, are available on the indicator of primary disability of the adult population. However, these data have been given since 2000 for the population aged 18 and older; previously they covered all disabled people from the age of 16. Taking into consideration these limitations, when analyzing the processes that determine the number and composition of the contingent of adults with disabilities in Russia, we focused on examining the indicators of primary disability in their connection with the criteria for establishing disability. In addition, we solved the task of identifying the factors that influence the population’s appeal to the MSE offices to establish disability. We do not consider primary disability with the -es tablishment of the first disability group, since (as it will be seen from the following analysis) its dynamics during the entire period under consideration were uniform and had no “extreme” fluctuations, which indicates that external factors had no influence on it.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Until 1995, there was a continuous increase in primary disability in Russia [16]. Between 1995 and 2018, the rate of primary disability in the adult population was decreasing, except for a surge in 2004-2005, when this trend was broken (Fig. 2). In this study, I will try to establish what was the reason for the appearance of this peak: in particular, I will consider whether the social policy of the state during this period could have contributed to the fact that the population began to apply for the establishment of disability more often. Between 1999 and 2018, the total number of people with disabilities did not undergo significant fluctuations: there was no peak in primary disability. The curve of the indicator is smoother: there was indeed a gradual increase in values from 2004 to 2009, the trend took a reverse character after 2010 (Fig. 3). There are two main reasons for this change: a decrease in primary disability among the adult population and stricter criteria for recognizing persons as disabled, which result- ed in a dropout in the retesting procedure at the MSE bureau. Consideration of the performance indicators of the MSE bureaus allows us to assert that in the period after 2005 and up to 2017, the proportion of persons recognized as disabled annually as a result of an examination gradually decreased. Nevertheless, at the same time, this indicator was not at its maximum in 2005 — it peaked in 1996-2000, when its value was 97% (Fig. 4). It means that at that time practically everyone who applied for the establishment of a group was recognized as disabled. At that time, pension provision was designed to mitigate the negative consequences of market reforms and the crisis, so such an approach was justified [7].

36 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 641 662 666 695 729 754 805 842 893 934 966 thousand people 96 . 1 83 . 5 80 . 6 76 . 6 . 2 72 69 . 1 . 8 64 62 . 7 59 . 0 56 . 8 56 . 5 54 . 9

1 , 109

103 . 4 1 , 474

1 , 799 125 . 7 1 , 463 101 . 7 per 10 thousand population 75 . 5 1 , 092 82 . 5 1 , 184 82 . 2 1 , 200 76 . 2 1 , 109 72 . 3 1 , 050 Dynamics of primary disability the Russian adult population (in absolute and relative terms) 77 . 2 1 , 131 Fig. 2. 77 . 7 1 , 142 79 . 9 1 , 170 91 . 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1 , 347 [6]. data up to 2000 cover the population aged 16 and over. 0 800 600 400 200 , 600 , 400 , 200 , 000 2 , 000 1 , 800 1 1 1 1 Note: Source:

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 37 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 Fig. 3. Dynamics of indicators of the number of disabled people in Russia (the total number and the number of people recognized as disabled for the first time per 10 thousand people of the population)

1,000 140 900 120 800 700 100

600 80 500 400 60

300 40 200 20 100 0 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total number of disabled persons by the end of the year (for 1 January, the following year) per 10 thousand population aged 18 and over Number of persons first recognized as disabled per 10 thousand population aged 18 and over

Note: data on the total number of persons with disabilities are available since 1999. Source: [6].

Fig. 4. Indicators of the work of medical and social examination institutions: the number of applicants, persons who have passed the medical examination and recognized as disabled (thousand people; %)

5,000 98% 97% 97% 97% 97% 97% 4,500 96% 96% 96% 96% 4,000 3,500 94% 93% 94%

93% 3,000 92% 93% 92% 93% 92% 92% 2,500 91% 91% 92% 2,000 90% 1,500 1,000 88% 500 0 86% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Percentage of persons recognized as disabled out of the total number of persons who applied to MSE for disability assessment, % Number of persons aged 18 and over first recognized as disabled, thousand people Number of persons examined at MSE and recognized as disabled, thousand people Number of persons examined at MSE to determine their disability, thousand people Number of persons examined at MSE repeatedly recognized as disabled, thousand people

Note: data up to 2000 cover the population aged 16 and over. Source: [6].

38 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS There was an uneven change in primary disability by separate groups from 1995 to 2018. Primary disability with the establishment of the first disability group in Russia during the entire period under consideration had the lowest prevalence, as compared to “milder” disability groups. Periods of significant growth in the indicator were during 2003-2005, in 2010, and in 2015-2017. The number of persons first recognized as disabled in the third group increased rapidly in 2005, and began to decline gradually from 2006. The most dramatic changes in values were record- ed for the indicator of the number of persons first recognized as disabled with the establishment of the second disability group. A gradual growth of values was registered during 1999-2001, and a very rapid one was from 2003 to 2005. Consider- ing that in the period 2003-2005 the dynamics of disability with the assignment of the first and third groups was similar, we cannot say that there was a re-distribution of the contingent of persons undergoing examination in the MSE towards the second group of disability. Consequently, an increase in the number of citizens applying for a disability group caused this peak. In the following years (beginning in 2006), there was a continuous tendency toward a decrease in the primary release for disability with the assignment of the second group (Fig. 5). The consequence of this process was a change in the ratio of disability groups among those first recognized as disabled. Disabled people of the third group ac- counted for the largest share already since 2011 (Fig. 6). As I mentioned above, in addition to the state of health, people’s considerations about the comparative economic benefits of the “disabled” status can also influence the population’s appeal for a disability. This circumstance to a certain extent explains the fluctuations of the indicator of the initial disability [9]. The economic motivation to obtain disability gives the state the opportunity to regulate the formal level of disability through the necessary changes in the criteria for establishing disability and for disabled pension rules. Regulatory documents regulating the criteria for establishing a disability changed in 2005, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2019: 1) Order No. 535 of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated August 22, 2005; 2) Order No. 1013n of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2009 (ed. January 26, 2012); 3) Order No. 664n of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the RF dated September 29, 2014; 4) Order No. 1024n of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Rus- sian Federation dated December 17, 2015; 5) Order № 585n of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated August 27, 2019. Prior to 2015, regulations, when listing the criteria for establishing disability groups, included such a notion as “restrictions on categories of vital activities”, and provided a list of these categories. The 2015 and 2019 orders use a different approach, through the establishment of “the severity of persistent disorders of human body

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 39 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 Fig. 5. Dynamics of primary disability by individual groups (thousand people)

1,200 1,077 999 1,000 935 829 780 806 800 742 767 745 702 655 672 594 600 504 465 392 353 400 329 303 290 262 247 243 229 152 193 200 135 139 138 140 143 153 141 165 139 137 141 107 101 109 131 128 124 121 125 126 129 128

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

The 1st Disability Group The 2nd Disability Group The 3rd Disability Group

Note: data up to 2000 cover the population aged 16 and over. Source: [6].

Fig. 6. Structure of primary disability by separate groups (thousand people; %)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2008 2013 2018 2001 2014 2015 2016 2017 199 9 2000 2004 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2006 2007 1995 199 6 1992 199 7 199 8 2003 The 1st Disability Group The 2nd Disability Group The 3rd Disability Group

Note: data up to 2000 cover the population aged 16 and over. Source: [6].

40 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS functions”, and the evaluation of this measure uses percentage terms. The state of disability corresponds to the degree of severity of persistent impairments of bodily functions from 40% to 100%. There are three disability groups within this interval. If the degree of impairments is between 40 and 60%, then the person gets the third disability group, and if it is between 70 and 80%, then the person gets the second group. If the degree of impairments is 90-100%, then the person has the first group of disability. New classifications and criteria used in the implementation of medical and social expert assessment came into force since January 1, 2020. They provide a quantitative system for assessing the degree of severity of persistent impairments of the functions of the body both for citizens aged 18 and older, and for children under the age of 18, approved by Order No. 585n of the Russian Ministry of Labor of August 27, 2019. According to the research by Russian scientists, in addition to changes in disability criteria, the main legislative changes that influenced primary disability were the expansion of the concept of “disability” itself (1996), the introduction (2005) and subsequent cancellation (2010) of the link between the right to a disability pension and the degree of limited working capacity, monetization of benefits (2005), and the cancellation of the right to indefinite disability for persons of retirement age (2006) (Table 1). The above-mentioned data show a sharp increase in primary disability in 2004- 2005, which involved changes in the criteria for disability and the procedure for assigning disability pensions, as well as monetization of benefits. These measures had an uneven impact on different age groups of the population. In particular, primary disability of persons of working age did not show the same significant growth during this period, while the share of able-bodied persons in the disabled population sharply decreased during this period. This indicates that the increase in primary disability was predominantly caused by the increase in applications to MSE by persons of retirement age. After their right to an indefinite disability was abolished in 2006, the share of disabled persons of working age in the contingent of disabled persons began to grow again (Fig. 7).

CONCLUSION The study leads to the following conclusions: — The growth of primary disability in 2005 was caused by an increase in the number of citizens of retirement age applying to MSE institutions, connected with monetization of benefits, changes in the disability criteria and the rules of pension provision for disabled people; — Disability indicators for the adult population within the current statistical accounting reflect to a greater extent socio-economic well-being and protection of the population than serve as criteria for assessing public health; — In conditions where some regions are behind with the value of HALE because of the rising retirement age, we can expect the existing potential for disability among the population of older age groups to be realized.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 41 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47

4 Result Growth in primary and general disability Loss of employment opportunity for people with the third disability group; Increased disability due to expanded definition of disabilities and changes in granting pensions on disability Positive relationship between pension and work experience: the attractiveness of work for disabled people has increased; Inflow of persons retirement age into the contingent of disabled people and growth in total disabled people; Step growth of primary disability due to persons of retirement age; reduction in the proportion of persons with disabilities who are able to work

— — — — — —

3 Changes Bureaus of medical social expertise (MSE) based on medical labor commissions appear; The definition of disability has been extended When assigning disability seven categories of life activity Three degrees were assessed. of restriction abilities were singled out (from the first, the “lightest”, up to third, the most “difficult”) There are three types of pensions state and social; on disability: labor, The formula for calculating the pension began to include the basic, insurance and funded parts

— — — — —

2 Regulatory Act Legal The main changes in the legislation Federal Law of November 24, 1995 “On social protection No. 181 ‑ FL of disabled people in the Russian Federation” Decree-order of the Ministry Labor of the Russian Federation and Ministry of Health the Russian Federation of January 29, 1997 No. 1/30 (on the classifications and criteria used by MSE) Federal Law dated December 17, 2001 “On labor pensions No. 173 ‑ FL in the Russian Federation” 1 Table 1. Table Year 1995 1997 2002

42 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS 4 The system of granting benefits to disabled persons has been simplified; Increase in primary disability Reduced motivation of people with disabilities to work; People with disabilities without established degree of working capacity (mostly the third disability group) lost their right to a pension on disability; People with disabilities began to move to groups with lower degree of working capacity Increase in the proportion of persons of working age among the first time recognized as disabled; Decrease in employment of disabled people; Growth in the number of refusals to establish permanent disability; Review of the disability group towards its decline in determining rehabilitation potential

— — — — — — — — — ; 1

3 Replacement of part benefits by cash payments; Combining part of the benefits to the social package (a set of services) Disability pension payments are linked to the degree of disability and degree of limited working capacity if a disabled person worked, the disability group was given with no establishing degree of limited working capacity Changes in the procedure for determining permanent disability (including its abolition for persons older than retirement age); Introduction to the practice of the definition rehabilitation capacity of persons with disabilities

— — — — —

2 August 22, 2005 No. 535 (on classifications 122-FL August 22, 2004 No. 122-FL Federal Law of (in part, concerning monetization of benefits) Order of the Ministry Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of and criteria used by MSE) Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation February 20, 2006 No. 95 “On the procedure and conditions for recognizing a person as a disabled person” 1 Ability to work is a person’s ability to reproduce specific professional knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as the ability to perform work activities work perform to ability the as well as abilities, and skills knowledge, professional specific reproduce to ability person’s a is work to Ability in a workplace that does not require change, and to interact wi th other people social labor relations, comply with the work schedule, etc. Table 1 (continued) Table 2005 2006 1

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 43 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 4 Decrease in the number of recipients of pensions on disability; Decrease in expenditures on disability pensions Increased objectivity and transparency of the procedure determination of disability Increased objectivity and transparency of the procedure determination of disability

— — — — 3 Reinstatement of pensions depending on the disability group, not degree of limited working capacity; After reaching the retirement age, disabled people, if their length of service was not less than 5 years, was assigned an old-age pension (earlier they could make a choice on their own). If the length of service was less than 5 years, then a pension on disability was appointed for another 5 years, after which they replaced it with a social old-age pension Percentage assessment of the degree of severity persistent impairments of bodily functions has been introduced (from 40% to 100%) New MSE classifications and criteria provide a separate quantitative system for assessing the degree of severity of persistent impairments of the functions body both for citizens aged 18 and older, and for children under the age of 18; Simplified examination at MSE

— — — — — 2 August 27, 2019 No. 585n compiled from research materials [3, 9, 19]. Federal Law of July 24, 2009 No. 213-FL Order of the Ministry Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation of December 17, 2015 No. 1024n (on the classifications and criteria used by MSE) Order of the Ministry Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation of (on the classifications and criteria used by ITU) 1 Table 1 (end) Table 2010 2015 2020 Source: Source:

44 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Dynamics of primary disability persons working age in 1995-2018 Fig. 7. [9]. Source: Source:

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 45 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM L. N. Natsun, pp. 32-47 The results allow us to conclude that economic motives may indeed influence the number of citizens applying to disability assessment. Moreover, the dynamics of primary disability in terms of its groups indicates that this factor has a stronger impact on the disabled with “milder” disability groups that have retained their ability to work. Consequently, the hypothesis proposed in the paper finds its con- firmation. The registered indicators of primary disability depend on the population reaction to the social policy of the state, and this reaction is differentiated by socio-demographic groups of population. Representatives of pre-retirement and retirement age are the most dependent on these changes. As studies by other scientists confirm, their inclusion in the composition of disabled population is the least ac- curate. In combination with the effect of the phenomenon of “heterogeneity of responses in health self-assessment” [7], which has a gender differentiation, these features must be taken into account when developing methods of assessing the extent of disability with the help of sociological surveys.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The article was prepared as part of the work under state assignment No. 0168-2019- 0011 “Demographic development of territories”.

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vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 47 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 research article

DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-48-75 UDC 81ʼ42; 168.522; 340.130.53

The official rhetoric and legal construction of the phenomenon of cultural industries in Russian regions Ekaterina I. Pashinina1, Inna V. Babayan2, Kristina V. Kozlova3

1 Cand. Sci. (Soc.), Associate Professor, Department of Commerce and Business Process Engineering, Deputy Director, Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov (Saratov, Russian Federation) [email protected] 2 Cand. Sci. (Soc.), Associate Professor, Department of Humanities, Head of the Center for Strategic Initiatives, Saratov State Conservatoire named after L. V. Sobinov (Saratov, Russian Federation) [email protected] 3 Master Student, The N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University (Saratov, Russian Federation); Sociologist, Center for Urban and Regional Studies, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov (Saratov, Russian Federation) [email protected]

Abstract. The article presents a study of the peculiarities of legal regulation of the development of the regional creative industry cluster in the Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions through the analysis of materials of federal laws, strategic documents for the development of regions, regulatory and legal acts aimed at supporting socio-economic development, regulation of investment and innovation, entrepreneurship in the cultural sectors based on data obtained by content analysis. The concept of creative industries has not been fixed in the Russian legal field, although it is embedded in the rhetoric of the executive branch of individual regions in software solutions for the development of their innovative potential, urban comfortable environment, small and medium-sized businesses. The study is based on an analysis of categories such as creative industries, creative clusters, and spatial development. The purpose of the study is formulated at the intersection of the problem field, including the representation of the concepts in question in official documents, programs, regulatory acts as management mechanisms and systemic support for the sphere of culture and art, creative entrepreneurship. To achieve the goal, content analysis was used. In the framework of this method, legal and strategic documents of the federal, regional and municipal levels in the field of cultural policy,

48 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS culture and art, socio-economic development, outlined by the time interval from 1991 to 2019, were selected. The units of content analysis are culture, creativity, creativity, entrepreneurship, social and economic security, innovative development, investment activity, spatial and regional development. The selected categories were analyzed taking into account the specifics of territorial management and regulation of the sphere of culture and art. During the analysis of official documents, thematic areas were identified that determine the semantic field of creative industries, including the legal field of culture, spatial and innovative development of regions as a potential for the development of clusters of creative industries, regional features including creative industries in the agenda of socio-economic development of Russian entities. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn that the institutionalization of creative practices related to economic activity is gradually acquiring formal relations, making the segment of creative industries visible to regional entrepreneurs and governments. At the same time, the concept of creative industries at the moment has not received due attention from the legislative and executive authorities. Outside of discussions are questions of the development of creative clusters and the conditions for their functioning within the framework of cluster policy. This, in turn, makes sustainable discussions about the residual principle of financing the sphere of culture and art, maintaining the discourse on culture and art in the aspect of preserving traditions, values, social norms and expectations of the state and population.

Keywords: creative industries, cultural policy, culture, content analysis.

Citation: Pashinina E. I., Babayan I. V., Kozlova K. V. 2020. “The official rhetoric and legal construction of the phenomenon of cultural industries in Russian regions”. Siberian Socium, vol. 4, no. 2 (12), pp. 48-75. DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-48-75

INTRODUCTION Creative industries are a sphere of social reality at the intersection of economy and culture, that determines conditions and principles for the development of entrepreneurship in the field of culture, art, information and communication technologies (ICT), fashion, design, and crafts. The concept of a creative industry can present a business-oriented dimension of culture through the dynamic economic processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of cultural goods, and through the phenomenon of creative entrepreneurship and innovation. Creative industries consideration implies an appeal to the economic forms of cultural practices, as well as to the semantic field of culture through the prism of maintaining social security through the retranslation of cultural codes. However, values and knowledge, which help to achieve social cohesion, remain and the economic cycle of creative product reproduction and intellectual property accumulation makes it possible to reorient from a resource-based economy to the development of knowledge economy. In many regions of the post-Soviet space, there is still a tendency to reduce the volume of real production base, but at the same time, there is a bet on the

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 49 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 development of innovative nature-saving technologies, digitalization of the service sector, and the production of goods in a creative cluster. In this paper, the context for identifying the legal construct of cultural industries is the idea that the regions’ interest in attracting investors and increasing production, as well as in the distribution of products within the region and for export includes the development of non-resource sectors. Among them are knowledge-based industries, authentic crafts and goods, tourist infrastructure and services, branded products of cultural and artistic industries (performing arts groups’ promoting, theatrical performances, local film industry products, etc.). The legal regulation of the creative industry development is based on the norms of intellectual law in view of the underlying intellectual labor and intellectual property. This area is regulated by the introduction of patents, trademarks and copyright protection based on the exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity and means of individualization. The aim of the work is to analyze the official rhetoric and legal construction of regional cultural industries: culture and arts; state cultural policy; social, economic, innovative development; conceptual documents; strategic planning documents; programs, projects in different areas of creative activity; state and federal targeted programs; the existing system of public administration and support for the creative sphere; creativity of state institutions and non-profit public associations that carry out activities in the socio-cultural sphere of crea tive entrepreneurship. The objects of study are socio-cultural conditions and legal framework of regional development in the field of creative entrepreneurship and cultural industries. The subjects of study are official rhetoric and legal regulation of creative entrepreneurship, creative industry activities, including culture and arts (music and theater included), arts and crafts, ICT, programming, publishing, fashion, design, etc. The research hypothesis is that there is a relationship between the frequency acts of the studied indicators (culture, creativity, innovation, investment, entrepreneurship, and security), which will reveal the degree of the official and regulatory rhetoric formation in relation to the phenomenon of cultural industries at the junction of cultural and economic policies. The objectives are: — to determine the specifics of the regional level of creative industries development on the basis of legal acts selection, indicators identification affecting creative industries, and legal documents analysis; — to identify regional development paths in strategic documents, taking into account the creation of conditions for the creative industries development; — to identify support measures for creative entrepreneurship, innovative technologies in the regional context, as well as to assess the prospects for commercialization of cultural practices.

50 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical frame for understanding the phenomenon of creative industries is constructed at the intersection of economics and sectorial sociology — sociology of culture, economic sociology, sociology of management, and sociology of city and space, which highlight different aspects of the discourse on creative economy (knowledge economy), creative activity and creative practices, and the link between creativity and entrepreneurship. There is a tendency in Russian academia to separate the notions of cultural industries and creative industries. The interpretation of creative activity in the context of preserving values and traditions, historical and cultural heritage and classical arts and their integration with modern market conditions is possible through the inclusion of the cultural industries concept. Creative industries are considered in connection with the economic dimension of creative activity potential, with the nature of creative products production and consumption and distribution, with intellectual property, the economic effect of creative entrepreneurs’ activities. A critical approach to the analysis of trends in the development of the cultural industry was proposed by the Frankfurt School representatives, T. Adorno and M. Horkheimer. They defined culture in a consumerist society as a tool for manipulation mass consciousness and profit-making [21, p. 149‑210]. Creative practice seen as an economic resource in the development of cities, as well as creative people as the core of a new class find a theoretical basis in the theory of the creative class of R. Florida [19]. The creative class are workers engaged in the following areas: IT and mathematics, architecture and engineering, natural, physical and social sciences, arts, design, music, entertainment, sports, media, business and finance, law, health and education; such people are the key link in the development of human capital in the urban space [20, p. 253]. One of the classification approaches to the creative economy is proposed by J. Hawkins, who presented cultural heritage, media, art, and functional crea- tions in the form of consolidated groups [68]. A significant aspect of the analysis of creative industries in the legal field is the identification of creative clusters in the regions considered in the context of spatial and infrastructural development of territories. The working definition of a creative cluster in this paper is the definition by S. Evans, who defines a creative cluster as “a community of creatively oriented entrepreneurs who interact in a closed territory” [10]. The infrastructure of creative clusters functions through the inclusion in the creative field of non-profit organizations, cultural and art institutions, cultural services, academic and media centers, in which we fix the chain of actions to produce cultural values in the form of creative products and benefits, consumer practices [54]. Е. Zelentsova typol- ogizes creative clusters by size and compactness, location [69, p. 190‑199]. This should be accompanied by the interpenetration of social, cultural and

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 51 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 economic fields with the subsequent disclosure of the creative potential of actors involved in creative production. The concept art cluster is used in the works by V. A. Fieraru, who considers it as “a set of geographically lo- calized economic entities in the region”, integrated on the basis of getting “economic effect from the concentration on the territory of the creative space” [3, p. 242‑252].

METHODS The principal manifestations of legal regulations of the phenomenon of cultural industries, creative entrepreneurship were studied by the use of the method of content analysis of legal and strategic documents of regional development. To conduct a content analysis of the legal framework for the formation and regulation of the creative industries sphere we selected documents from the local version of the Grant information and legal system as well as those in free access in the Internet. The materials of federal, regional and municipal levels of official rhetoric were taken into consideration. The research was focused on the period from 1991 to 2019, since the formation of the Russian post-Soviet statehood significantly affected the changes of the sources of Russian law. In addition, the formation of research indicators was influenced by taking into account the legal acts hierarchy by legal force and determining the areas of legal regulation relevant to the research topic, within which the following units of analysis were identified: culture, creativity, entrepreneurship, socio-economic security, innovation development, investment activity, spatial and regional development. These categories were examined through linear and statistical analysis according to the parameters of regulation, territory of distribution and temporality.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Legal framework of cultural development The Constitution of the Russian Federation and a number of federal laws adopted in the post-Soviet period reflect the fundamental norms for culture regulation and the prerequisites for the development of Russian cultural industries and creative entrepreneurship [11-18, 22-23, 34]. In general, we should say that the spheres of culture, education, health, and science were in a rather difficult situation in the early post-Soviet period. The formation of a new legal field helped to set value priorities, which changed the existing way of life, alleviated the state of anomie in society and reoriented to a new course of market development. The starting document in the post-Soviet cultural policy can be considered as “Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture” [22], which reveals the essence of such notions as cultural and creative activity,

52 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS cultural values, cultural heritage and identity. This law represents entrepreneurship in the field of culture in a rather limited way. The corresponding lexical basis is mentioned only four times in relation to the information openness of the activities of creative agents (physical persons represented as entrepreneurs without legal entity and individual entrepreneurs) — considered along with cultural organizations. It does not reflect the real dynamics of cultural economy development and commercialization of cultural products. The lexical unit “culture” and its derivatives appear 239 times in this law; derivatives from “creativity” appear 41 times and characterize creative activity and creative workers (Table 1). The use of lexemes with the base “culture” is revealed through the use of the definition “cultural” in relation to the description of heritage, monuments, patrimony, territories, centers, policies, activities, development, values, exchanges, identity, cultural and historical habitat, cultural and national autonomy. In addition, the law abounds in such expressions as, for example, folk culture, cultural studies, equal dignity of cultures, rights and freedoms in the field of culture, ownership in the field of culture, cultural institutions, cultural organizations, and cultural statistics. However, this law does not reflect the indicators creativity, innovations, investments.

Table 1. Analysis of the text of the law of the Russian Federation of 9 October 1992 No. 3612-1 Frequency Lexical Units Context of Use Culture (c*) 239 C* heritage, c* patrimony, c* territory, c* centers, c* policy, c* activity, c* development, c* values, folk c*, c* studies, c* exchange, equal dignity of c*, rights and freedoms of c*, c* ownership, c* identity, c* and historical habitat, c* and national autonomy, c* centers, c* monuments, c* institutions, c* statistics, c* organizations

Creativity (cr*) 41 Cr* activity, c* employee

Entrepreneur (п*) 4 E*, IE*

Security (s*) 0 —

Investment (inv*) 0 —

Innovation (i*) 0 —

Arts (a*) 0 —

Source: compiled on the basis of [22].

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 53 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 Let us pay attention that according to the definitions presented in the considered law, the creative activity creates and interprets the cultural values, and the cultural activity is aimed at their creation, preservation, distribution and mastering. Creative workers not only produce benefits, but they acquire their subjectivity as creators and innovators in the process of activity. The results of creative and intellectual work are protected by copyright and are intellectual property. Article 10 of “Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation on Culture” defines the right to creativity, regardless of the degree of professionalism of the creative subject, which can be any person in accordance with his interests and abilities. This article notes the equality “in the field of copyright and related rights, rights to intellectual property, protection of secrets of mas- tery, freedom to dispose the results of their work, State support” [22]. In addition, it establishes the rights to cultural identity (Art. 11), the attaching to cultural values (Art. 12), aesthetic education and art education (Art. 13). The legal regulation of cultural products commercialization can include: “the right of ownership in the field of culture” which “extends to objects of historical and cultural significance, collections, buildings and structures, organizations, institutions, enterprises and other objects” (Art. 14); “the right to establish cultural organizations, institutions and enterprises” “to produce, circulate and distribute cultural values, goods, mediation in the field of cultural activities” (Art. 15); “the right to take abroad the results of their creative activity” including for the purpose of exhibition and sale (Art. 17) [22]. Taking into account the importance of the legal regulation of culture, many researchers, art critics and legal scholars believe that the law reflects neither current needs for process management in culture and arts any longer nor emerging practices of commercialization of creative products and services, expanding the intellectual property base under copyright. The work by A. P. Lyubimov raises questions about the insufficient regulation of cultural processes, the need to reconcile cultural legislation with individual norms of civil and tax legislation, and the law on competitions, copyright and its relationship to intellectual property [31, p. 10-16]. The adoption of the new law “On Culture in the Russian Federation” aims at solving the problematic issues. However, the difficulties lie in the multidirectional attitudes, on the one hand, to the reduction of budget expenditures on culture and transfer to the autonomous status of its institutions, and on the other hand, to the need for state support of classical culture. In addition, the special status of creative artists is also recognized at the international level: it is established by the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the Rome Convention for the Protection of Artists’ Rights (performers, producers of pho- nograms and broadcasters). It is also reflected in the provisions of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child, which take into account the specifics of children’s creative activities.

54 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS During the first decade of the new millennium, a number of strategic national development objectives were formulated and national projects were launched to overcome acute crises in education, medicine, agriculture and affordable housing. The concept of the long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2008 set the direction of development until 2020 [66], proclaimed the country’s transition to an innovative, socially oriented development path. In this Concept, the policy goal in the sphere of culture is defined as “development and realization of the cultural and spiritual potential of each individual and society as a whole in the conditions of Russia’s economy transition to an innovative way of development”.

This transition includes not only the preservation and popularization of cultural objects, education in the sphere of culture and art, but also the vector of qualitatively new development of different branches of culture (library, museum, exhibition and archival, concert, theatre, cinematography, traditional folk culture). In keeping with the growing needs of the individual and society, the focus is on improving access to cultural goods and on enriching the cultural environment through new technological solutions and innovations. Turning to identification of the indicators expression of our research, we note that the following lexical units are vividly represented in this Concept: “innovations” (230), “investments” (122), “culture” (117), “security” (65), “protection” (44), “entrepreneur” (39) (Table 2). Cross-cutting concept “innovation” for the document is used in the context of innovative potential and development in relation to the sphere of economy (innovative socially oriented type of economic development, innovative model of economic growth), with innovation of systems, companies, infrastructure, products, social and technological innovations, innovative high-tech clusters. The document focuses on the development of investment activity and risks, the attractiveness of projects and the setting of investment goals, investment in retirement savings, investment in human capital, innovation and modernization. The Investment Fund of the Russian Federation and the Russian Invest- ment Fund for Information and Communication Technologies are specified as investment subjects, and as tools — investment turnover growth, investment of insurance reserves, investment credit rating, the method of return on invest- ed capital, preferential investment agreements, long-term and foreign investments, mutual investments of EAEU countries. The context of the use of “culture” phrases outlines a wide range of meanings, including interpretations: access to cultural goods as an element of welfare standard, access to national and world cultural values as a direction of human development, the link between entrepreneurial risk and low corporate and professional culture. There is also a high share of references to this lexical unit

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 55 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 Table 2. Analysis of the text of the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17 November 2008 No. 1662-r Frequency Lexical Units Context of Use Innovation (i*) 230 — I* development, i* economy, i* systems, i* companies, i* potential, i* production, i* infrastructure; — I* socially oriented type of economic development, i* model of economic growth, i* high-tech clusters; — Social i*, technological i* Investment (inv*) 122 — Inv* credit rating, inv* risk, long-term inv*, foreign inv*, mutual inv* of EAEU countries; — Inv* activity, inv* projects, inv* goals, inv* attractiveness, inv* климат, inv* in human capital, inv* in retirement savings; — Inv* Fund of the RF, the Russian inv* Fund for Information and Communication Technologies, inv* turnover, inv* insurance reserves, the method of return on inv* capital, preferential inv* agreements; — Inv* in innovation, inv* in modernization Culture (c*) 117 — Low corporate c* and entrepreneurial risk; — Access to c* benefits as an element of welfare standard; — Access to national and world c* values as a direction of human development; — Physical c* and sport Security (s*) / 65/44 — S* national, individual, ecological, food, fire; protection (p*) comfortable and s*social environment; s* audit, s* working conditions; s* technologies; s* operation of planned units; s* of information and telecommunications infrastructure, etc.; ensuring s* from “culture of reaction” to “culture of prevention”; — P* of rights (physical person, individual entrepreneur, legal entity, ownership), p* from emergency situations, social p*, environmental p* Entrepreneur (e*) 39 E*entrepreneurship, e* activity, e* freedom, e* risks, e* communities, e* initiative, youth e*, IE*, Small and Medium-Sized E* Creativity (cr*) 10 Cr*, cr* contests, cr* societies, cr* potential, cr* self- expression, cr* socially oriented person, cr* activity, support for cr* and youth entrepreneurial activity Industries (ind*) 8 Ind* of tourism and leisure, means of rehabilitation, waste disposal, space-based and so on Arts (a*) 0 — Source: compiled on the basis [34].

56 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS in the context of measures to support physical culture and sport. The lexical units associated with creativity (10) are represented through the references to creative activity, competitions, associations, creative potential and self-expression, support of creative and entrepreneurial activity of young people, creative and socially responsible personality. The lexemes containing the “creativity” component are not found in the presented document. The concept of entrepreneurship is mentioned in the context of entrepreneurship, activity, initiative, freedom, entrepreneurial risks, as well as the formation and development of entrepreneurial communities, support for the individual and youth entrepreneurship, small and medium-sized businesses. Thus, the Concept lays the foundations for innovation and investment, redefining the role of culture in national security strategies, but they do not still overlap meaning- fully as economic factors for creative entrepreneurship and creative industries development. The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 808 dated Decem- ber 24, 2014 “On the approval of the Principles of State Cultural Policy” presents a contemporary view of the role of cultural policy and a qualitative shift in creative entrepreneurship and cultural industries [6]. This document gives a new approach to the regulation of the cultural sphere as the basis of “economic pros- perity and state sovereignty”, and cultural policy is considered as a structural element of “national security strategy”. Besides, the “creative industry” notion is defined as “companies, organizations and associations that produce economic values in the process of creative activity, as well as activities to capitalize cultural products and their presentation in the market”. According to this decree, the creative industries include industrial design, fashion and film industry, music industry, television and video game production, gallery and publishing business, book trade, advertising industry, mass media. The numerical analysis of such indicators as “culture” (165) and “creativity” (27) correlate only with single mentions of “investments” (investments in human beings) and “security” (the national security strategy of the Russian Federation) in the absence of concepts “entrepreneurship”, “innovation”, “creative” in this document. The semantic range of meanings of new word combinations with the definition of “cultural” in this document includes the following concepts: policy, development, heritage, activity, tradition, originality, education, potential, space, environment, activity, cooperation, links, benefits, experience, landscapes, products, organizations, communities, national and cultural self-awareness, cultural institutions, cultural (creative) industries, traditional and modern Russian cultures, cultural houses, ethnic diversity, cultural and cognitive tourism, domestic and world culture. “Creativity”, in turn, is revealed through the following phrases: freedom of creativity, folk and modern artistic, architectural, literary creativity; and as a definition is connected with the words: potential, personality, activity, amateur activity, projects, skills, personnel, industry, public organizations (Table 3).

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 57 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 Table 3. Analysis of the text of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 24 December 2014 No. 808 Frequency Lexical Units Context of Use Culture (c*) 165 — C* policy, development, heritage, activity, tradition, originality, national and c* self-awareness, education, potential, space, environment, activity, cooperation, links, benefits, experience, landscapes, products, organizations, communities, c* institutions, traditional and modern Russian c*; — C* houses, c* (creative) industries, domestic and world c*, ethnic diversity, c* and cognitive tourism Creativity (cr*) 27 — Freedom of c*, folk and modern, architectural, literary c*; — Cr* potential, personality, activity, industry, public organizations, personnel, amateur activity, projects, skills; — Cultural (cr*) industries Industries (ind*) 8 “Creative ind*” — “companies, organizations and associations that produce economic values in the process of creative activity, as well as activities to capitalize cultural products and their presentation in the market”. The creative ind*s include ind* design and fashion ind*, music ind* and film ind*, television and video game production, gallery and publishing business, book trade, advertising ind*, mass media. Security (s*) 1 National s* strategy of the RF Investment (inv*) 1 Consistent inv* in a human being Entrepreneur (e*) 0 — Innovation (i*) 0 — Arts (a*) 0 — Source: compiled on the basis [6].

Thus, at the legal level, the document reflects the phenomenon of cultural and creative industries (considered as synonyms), as well as the phenomenon of cultural institutions as formations and communities. The concepts of “cultural industries” and “creative industries” are identical to each other [65, pp. 10-12], emphasizing that it is a social phenomenon, a form of innovative cultural development, as well as the economic branch producing “creative intellectual property”. As M. S. Solovyov notes, the branding of the region and the filling of urban and regional territories and spaces with cultural meanings fall within the scope of the cultural industries.

58 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS According to this Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, a wide range of tasks of State cultural policy in the field of the implementation of all types of cultural activities and the development of related industries have been defined [67]. The study drew attention to a number of decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation on the consistent adoption of federal targeted programs “Culture of Russia” in 2006-2011 and 2012-2018 and orders of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation [37-39, 41-43, 49, 50, 52], representing in- struments of executive power for the preservation of objects of cultural heritage, museum and library funds. In addition, among the tasks of State cultural policy are the creation of conditions for the activities of non-state cultural institutions, and support for char- itable work and patronage. The phenomenon of patronage examined by N. G. Shchitova [64, pp. 98-101] is very significant when it comes to the identification of forms of support for culture by entrepreneurs. The author emphasizes the role of the State in stimulating philanthropic activities of patrons, creating incentives in the form of tax and other preferences, status markers, as well as in maintaining spiritual and moral principles that have historically per- meated traditional Russian charity. Thus, the concept of creative industries is just beginning to be developed in cultural policy, largely out of the connection between the cultural sphere and economic development. This can act as a deterrent to the production of new cultural facilities and forms based on creative clusters, the integration of commercial and cultural practices, and self-sustainability of some cultural organizations. However, it should be emphasized that a certain amount of cultural institutions can exist only with the State financial support, classical music and art, museum and archival collections, in particular, and cannot be fully com- mercialized to avoid the risk of loss of national heritage.

Development of creative industries in the regions In order to analyze the official rhetoric of the regions for the conceptualization of creative industries and the measures to support it, we shall refer to legislation and regulations aimed at the strategic development of the Ulyanovsk and Sara- tov regions. Let us consider the experience of developing creative industries in the Ulyanovsk region. Among the measures for the investment and innovative development of priority clusters in the region, reflected in departmental acts of the federal executive authorities, we note the establishment of the Fund for the Promotion of Investments in Small and Medium-sized enterprises in the Ulyanovsk region (2011) [28], the successful competition practice in the Ulya novsk region as a pilot region [4, 30], the creation of the Nuclear Innovation Cluster of Dimitrovgrad Town of the Ulyanovsk region and the Ulyanovsk-Avia Scientific Education and Production Center consortium (2015) [46, 47].

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 59 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 The Law “On the Development of Investment Activity in the Territory of the Ulyanovsk Region” [24] provides informational, organizational and legal, me- thodical and consulting assistance to investors, including priority and especially important investment projects selection, maintenance of investment projects database and a database of free production and land plots and relevant infrastructure. Support for innovation activity in the Ulyanovsk region [26] manifests itself in exemption from or reduction of regional taxes, subsidies from the regional budget, budget investments and state guarantees of the region, providing property or equipment free of charge or on favourable terms, assistance in obtaining necessary educational services, organizational and consultative support for the organization of exhibitions, fairs and similar events. At the same time, normative legal acts and programmes supporting innovative regional development are developed and adopted, the register of innovative subjects is kept, contests and examinations of innovative projects are carried out, the information on innovation development in the region is analyzed. Simultaneously with the support of investment and innovation activity, the efficiency of use of funds directed to its subjects is checked. Spatial development of territories at the regional level on the example of the Ulyanovsk region involves not only the formation of territories for priority socio-economic development (TPSED) and special economic zones (SEZ), but also support of single-industry settlements [27]. Such measures include the establishment of criteria and a list of such places, subsidies from the regional budget for co-financing of the implementation of municipal plans and programmes, for infrastructure development to promote economic diversification, as well as legal, organizational and informational support to local authorities for sustainable development of these territories through the activities of the Governor’s Coor- dinating Council. The development of creative industries in the form of clusters formed on the basis of small and medium-sized innovative businesses symbolizes in a modern society the transition from a commodity economy to a knowledge economy, to the accumulation of intellectual capital, which can be exported. Transnational economic processes link production and trade chains, establish special conditions for export of goods, customs regimes. However, as for a number of objects of intellectual property, it is necessary to apply existing norms of intellectual law, and to form new norms as well. At the same time with the spread of information and communication technologies, a new view is being developed of the processes of production and distribution of categories of benefits related to intellectual property, taking into account the ease with which they can be rep- licated and modified, and, consequently, finding ways to protect the rights of their authors and owners. Let us pay attention to some examples of support for creative industries and material and technical base of culture in the Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions. At the level of the Government of the Russian Federation, a number

60 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS of resolutions have been adopted on the allocation of funds for the restoration and repair of historical and cultural heritage objects in the Ulyanovsk region. While in the Saratov region such works are practically not funded at the federal level, although a number of architectural monuments are in critical condition due to the limited regional budget. An exception may be the building of the Saratov Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre, the reconstruction of which is designed at the expense of federal funds. An example of the concern of the Saratov region Government for cultural heritage objects of regional significance can be the regime of the protection zone for the The A. I. Slavin House (1895, architect V. A. Vladykin) [8]. Speaking about one more example in the Ulyanovsk region, we can point out the documents regulating the funds allocation for repair and restoration works in the building of the Lenin Memorial Autonomous Regional State Cultural Institution (2019) [15] and for the preservation of the cultural heritage object of federal significance “Building of the Memorial Center, erect- ed in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” [55] (2019). Among the directions of legal regulation of property relations in the sphere of culture on the example of the Ulyanovsk region we note the following: — approval of the list of cultural heritage objects of federal significance in the Ulyanovsk region (2012) [40], organization of the XI All-Russian Congress of Bodies for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture in Ulyanovsk (2012) [29]; — identification and registration of objects of cultural heritage of the Uly- anovsk region and their inclusion in the relevant register of federal or regional significance and peoples of the Russian Federation (orders of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation 2017-2012, 26 objects); — transfer to the State ownership of the Ulyanovsk Region of a part of State-owned cultural institutions (1995, The Lenin Historical and Cul- tural Centre, Ulyanovsk) [5]; — the right of gratuitous use of premises at the disposal of a cultural institution (State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve “The Lenin’s Motherland”) [44, 45, 53], and their lease for use in accordance with their intended purpose and the conduct of statutory activity; — transfer of museum objects and exhibits [32, 35, 36] for gratuitous use in accordance with the orders of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation and the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography. The analysis of legal acts identified a segment of documents that characterize the development of interregional links between the Government of the Ulyanovsk region and the Government of Moscow. According to these documents, in 2006 the emphasis was placed on trade and economic, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation [56] and on holding the Days of Moscow

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 61 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 in the Ulyanovsk region [33]. The ongoing cooperation is reflected in the Action Plan for 2015 — 2017 for the implementation of the Agreement [1] on coope ration in these areas. Let us consider the state program of the Ulyanovsk region “Development of Culture and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Objects in the Ulyanovsk region” for 2014-2021 [60]. The word “culture” (323) took place in the following lexical combinations: cultural heritage, cultural policy, “Cultural environment”, “Digital culture”, cultural institutions, cultural values, cultural life, Interna- tional cultural forum, conducting of historical and cultural expertise. The frequency of the indicator “creativity” is 43 mentions and is disclosed in the context of references to folk and traditional creativity, amateur activity, creative events, projects, potential, activity, groups, unions, laboratories, self-realization, initiatives, orientation, the Creative People project. The lexeme “creative” (4) occurs in the context of creative spaces “The Third Place”. This document is one of the few that defines the phenomenon of creative industries that becomes the subject of regional management measures. The document notes a rather rare lexical representation of such units of analysis such as “investment” (5), “entrepreneur” (3), “security” (3), “innovation” (1). Thus, in the document, investments were mentioned in the sphere of tourism, in the presentation of successful urban projects of Ulyanovsk to create a modern film studio VolgaCinemaLocation and in A Book Nearby — a chain of book pavilions — within walking distance. In addition, there is a focus on maintaining business activity and potential in tourism, on ensuring security in the use of amusement rides and fire security, the need to move to an innovative and socially oriented type of economic development of the country has been identified (Table 4). The regulatory sphere of creative (cultural) industries, at both the federal and regional levels, is still at an early stage, forming the very first outlines and norms of their regulation. Against the background of infrastructural and ideological difficulties in the cultural sphere in the Ulyanovsk region, there is the decrease in the level of professionalism of cultural workers, the fragmentation of creative subjects and societies, lack of funding, high deterioration of the material base of cultural institutions. On the other hand, there has been successful innovative work in the form of mixed financing projects, public-private and municipal-private partnership. There is a high degree of reliance on the joint development of culture and tourism spheres as a factor determining the quality of “human capital”. Due to the absence of the concept of creative industries in the official rhetoric of the Saratov region, the selection of legal and public sources for the analysis of the prerequisites and conditions of support for creative entrepreneurship is carried out on the basis of the goals and objectives to develop innovation, investment in support of entrepreneurship and commercialization of cultural products.

62 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Table 4. Analysis of the text of the resolution of the Government of the Ulyanovsk region of September 11, 2013 No. 37/414-P Frequency Lexical Units Context of Use Culture (c*) 323 C*, c* heritage, c* policy, “C* environment”, “Digital c*”, c* institutions, c* values, c* life, International c* forum, historical and c* expertise Creativity (cr*)/ 43/4 — Folk cr*, cr* amateur activity, traditional cr *, Arts (a*) “Cr* people”; — Cr* projects, cr* groups, cr* events, cr* unions, cr* projects, cr* activity, cr* potential, cr* self-realization, cr* initiatives, cr* orientation, cr* laboratories, cr*/a* space “The Third Place” Investment (inv*) 5 Inv* in tourism, inv* urban project “Ulyanovsk” — creation of a modern film studio “VolgaCinemaLocation”; the Governor’s inv* project of creation of Ulyanovsk’s network of book pavilions within walking distance “A Book Nearby” Security (s*) 3 Ensuring s* in the use of amusement rides, fire s* Entrepreneur (e*) 3 E* activity and potential in tourism, IE* Innovation (i*) 1 The need to move to an i* and socially oriented type of economic development Source: compiled on the basis [60].

Let us analyze the Resolution of the Government of the Saratov region from May, 23, 2008 No. 213-P “On the Strategy of Preservation of Cultural Her- itage of the Saratov region” [57]. The most frequently used lexical unit there is “culture” (109). When using the term “culture” the resolution refers to cultural heritage, cultural capital, cultural values, modern culture, the cultural center of Russia, cultural monuments, cultural tourism, the population’s cultural mentality. The concept of “investment” (7) refers to the context of cultural and historical heritage, as well as the investment attractiveness of the city and the region. The indicators “creativity” (3) and “security” (3) are presented less frequently. Thus, when mentioning creativity, the document states that the active and creative participation of the inhabitants of the region, the public consciousness formation in an atmosphere of understanding the value of historical urban space, is an essential condition for the success of the cultural heritage. And lack of harmony, ignoring traditions, overburdened space can generate perception problems, loss of sense of security and comfort.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 63 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 Let us consider the Government order of the Saratov region from February 19, 2018 No. 40-Pr “On Approval of the Strategy for the Development of Culture in the Territory of the Saratov region up to 2030” [51]. The use of the word “culture” (123) is most often noted in such combinations as cultural policy, cultural development, cultural education, cultural fields, cultural benefits, cultural values, cultural institutions, cultural houses and cultural heritage. The concept of “creativity” (27) refers to creative groups, skills, arts and folk arts, creative activity, industries, communities, events, projects, risks, creative self-actualization and potential. The festival of creativity “Khvalynsk etudes by K. S. Petrov-Vodkin” was paid particular attention. The term “investments” (5) is used much less frequently in the context of the investment activity level, federal investments, increase and attraction of corporate and private investments (2). “Innovations” (3) and “creativity” (2) are mentioned when it comes to the use of innovative technologies and the development of creative industries, as well as the creation of conditions for their promotion. The lexeme “security” (1) is used when referring to the national security strategy of the Russian Federation. In recent decades, the Saratov region has witnessed not only an increase in the number of theatres, concert organizations and museums, but also a reduction in the number of leisure centers and libraries. It happens due to the rapid development of information technologies and due to “the processes of optimization of the budget network within the reform of the budget sector” according to the Strategy of the State Cultural Policy for the period up to 2030 [48]. At the same time, the tendency to increase the number of employees in the field of culture and arts indicates the important role of culture in the life of people and society as a whole. A number of projects under the brand “the Saratov region is the center of culture of the Volga region” significantly contributed both to the development of culture and to the development of tourism in the territory of the Saratov region. Let us analyze the Resolution of the Government of the Saratov region from November 20, 2013 No. 642-P “On the State program of the Culture of the Sara- tov Region” [61]. Among the indicators under consideration, the maximum number of references in the document is to derivatives of the word “culture” (560). The term is most commonly used in the following combinations: cultural heritage, cultural and leisure institutions, cultural traditions, life, the sphere of culture, ethno-cultural development of the peoples of the Saratov region. “Creativity” (130) occurs in such word combinations as creativity, creative development of children, folk art center, creative events, groups, societies, risks, schools, universities, creative activities, arts, folk art, freedom of creativity, creatively gifted children. “Investment” (4) takes place more in the context of increasing investment activity. “Security” (2) in the text draws attention to national security in the sphere of culture, information security, preservation and security of museum objects and library funds. “Innovation” (1) occurs when it comes to the use of innovative technologies in the educational process (Table 5).

64 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Table 5. Analysis of the text of the resolution of the Government of the Saratov region of November 20, 2013 No. 642-P Frequency Lexical Units Context of Use Culture (c*) 560 C*, c* heritage, c* and leisure institutions, c* traditions, c* life, the sphere of c*, ethno-c* development of the peoples of the Saratov region Creativity (cr*) 130 Cr* potential, cr* development of children, folk cr* center, cr* events, groups, unions, risks, schools, high schools, cr* activity, artistic cr*, folk cr*, freedom of cr*, cr* gifted children Investment (inv*) 4 — Increasing inv* attractiveness; — Inv* activity Security (s*) 2 National s* in the sphere of culture Innovation (i*) 1 The use of i* technologies in the educational process Arts (a*) 0 — Entrepreneur (e*) 0 — Source: compiled on the basis [61].

We shall point out the law of the Saratov region “On Culture” from July 28, 2010 No. 118-ZSO [25]. The term “culture” (87) in the document is most often used in such combinations as cultural heritage, culture of the Saratov region, development of culture, cultural sphere, cultural institutions, cultural values, cultural and leisure activity, interregional cultural cooperation, national and cultural identity of peoples. The lexical unit “creativity” is mentioned 16 times in the text, describing most often creative groups, creativity and art creativity in general. There are also isolated cases of “creativity” use when describing creative groups, employees of creative development and creative intellectuals. The indicator “innovations” (2) takes place in the context of investment projects implementation, and “investments” occurs when it comes to development and realization of investment programs in culture. It is worth emphasizing that the state program “Culture of the Saratov region” indicates the specific risk associated with the predominance of “commercial interests of the society before interests on preservation of cultural values of the region” [61]. This statement of the issue is aimed at preserving valuable objects of cultural heritage in the State ownership in order to preserve it for future generations. We believe that for the development of creative industries, the combination of creative initiatives and the possibility of their commercialization with the reasonable State control will contribute to the development of competitive cultural and intellectual products.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 65 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 Spatial and innovative development of regions as a potential for the development of creative industries clusters The formation process of clusters of creative industries in Russian regions occurs at different pace and in different forms, in accordance with historical-cultural and socio-economic background, available resources and development priorities. The concepts of innovative territorial clusters, special economic zones and territories for priority socio-economic development (SEZ and TPSED) differ from the legal point of view, but at the same time, their common feature is the concentration of enterprises and organizations, engaged in special economic activities in one or more interrelated industries in certain territorial boundaries. These production segments are characterized by the introduction of special measures to support their activities and create conditions for the development of entrepreneurship and investment attractiveness. At the federal level, the regulation of regional development in the Ulyanovsk and Saratov regions has led to the development of the state measures to support spatial and innovative social and economic development and support of entrepreneurship through the introduction of SEZ and TPSED. It is reflected in the decrees of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation of 2017 and 2019, the decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation on the establishment of SEZ and TPSED [7, 62, 63]. At present, the Saratov and Ulyanovsk regions have SEZ and TPSED with their own economic specializations. In the Saratov region, the status of the territory for priority socio-economic development was given to Petrovsk as a single-industry town. Petrovsk TPSED has such approved economic types of activity as [58, 59] production of clothing, wood processing and production of wood and cork products (except furniture), production of straw products and weaving materials, supply of temporary accommodation. All this contributes to the development of the creative industries cluster activities as fashion, arts and crafts, and, partially, tourism. When creating TPSED, the regional government should introduce this special territory in the region’s socio-economic development strategy and report on the successful implementation of significant investment projects, attract investors, and provide them with the opportunities to obtain land, property, and human resources. In addition, in 2019 it was planned to set up a SEZ on the industrial sites of enterprises in Saratov, Engels and Balakovo districts to improve these enterprises. For comparison, in the Ulyanovsk region a draft decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the creation of a territory for priority socio-economic development ‘Inza’ is being developed (prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia on July 11, 2019). At the same time, the project of the Government of the Russian Federation from July 19, 2017 No. 848 “On the creation of the territory for priority socio-economic development ‘Dimitro- vgrad’” is being implemented [7]. The special legal regime of entrepreneurial

66 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS activity is determined in Dimitrovgrad TPSED: the amount of minimum capital investment is 10 million rubles in total and not less than 5 million rubles per each resident and not less than 20 created jobs. The economic activities of Dimitrovgrad TPSED [2] include, in particular, activities in the field of telecommunications, development of computer software, consulting services in this field and other related services, research and developing, activities in the field of sports, recreation and entertainment, activities to provide places for temporary accommodation, which can be potentially referred to the cluster of creative industries. Thus, the development of special economic zones and territories for priority socio-economic development can become the basis for the development of certain applied sectors of creative industries and knowledge-based industries. However, entry conditions and commitments, which are difficult for start-ups in the creative sector, can be restraining factors.

CONCLUSION The results of the present study of the Russian official federal and regional rhetoric have shown the initial level of formation of ideas about cultural and creative industries and mechanisms of their support, which are implicitly dissolved in the directions of socio-economic, social and cultural policy. At the same time, the phenomenon of creativity is highly appreciated in innovation management, becoming the basis for the development of knowledge-based industries and clusters, ICT and media sphere, as well as the basis for creative activity in culture and arts. Commercialization of creative activity as a basis for creative industries formation is conditioned by the growth of demand for unique goods and novelties with possibilities of replication of intellectual labor results and legal mechanisms of intellectual property protection. The priorities of regional development bet on the creation of special economic zones and territories for priority socio-economic development, which support rather sustainable organizations, in particular, in such sectors as crafts, fashion, design, and IT, where new creative entrepreneurs could potentially prove themselves. The ideas of supporting the development of cultural industries are penetrating at both the federal and regional levels, and are presumably borrowed from foreign practices, where this sector occupies a significant share in the replenishment of GDP. At the level of the Russian official rhetoric cultural/creative industries are formulated in the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, at the regional level they are in the Strategy of socio-economic development of the Ulyanovsk region until 2030, but are not reflected in a similar document of the Saratov region. The criteria for selection of legal acts and indicators, determining the formation of creative industries, were the representation in them of the categories of security, protection, entrepreneurship, innovation, and investment. These categories characterize the all-Russian vector of cultural policy development and its projection on the regional basis of socio-economic and cultural development.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 67 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 Identification of regional development vectors in the strategic documents, taking into account the creation of conditions for the development of creative industries, has shown that the regions largely rely on attracting investment and development of innovative industries. The regional specifics of the Ulyanovsk region are characterized by the reliance on the federal support of cultural objects as the basis for the development of domestic tourism and excursion activities, support of creative clusters of crafts, creative and design profile, creating the basis for the support of creative entrepreneurship. The Saratov region, although it has many organizations of creative and craft profile, has not yet formed the rhetoric of creation and support of creative industries. Common trends for both regions may be a reliance on education and intellectualization of industries, development of knowledge-based industries and formation of territories of economic growth. The prospects for commercialization of cultural practices in the regions under consideration are still rather vague and poorly formulated. The creation of the first clusters of creative industries in the Ulyanovsk region shows only the starting experience and desire of the subjects to develop in this direction, forming an appropriate image and branding the territories. In our opinion, staff training and support of creative workers and highly qualified personnel, development of entrepreneurship and self-employment in the creative sector, promotion of creative clusters and infrastructure, integration of productions with research centers can serve as resources for the development of creative industries prospects for the near and distant future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The article was prepared with the support of the grant of the President of the Rus- sian Federation “Comprehensive model for assessing the effectiveness of the economic and management strategy for the development and financial support of creative industries as a principle for ensuring the socio-economic security of Rus- sian regions” MK-2019.

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vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 71 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 40. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2012 No. 1494-r “On approval of the list of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, which until December 27, 1991 were immovable historical and cultural monuments of state (Union and republican) significance, which are necessary to ensure the exercise by the Ulyanovsk region of the powers established by federal laws”. [In Russian] 41. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2013 No. 460 “On approval of the Administrative Regulations for the provision by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of the state service ‘Licensing of activities for the preservation of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation’” (with amendments and additions). [In Russian] 42. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2013 No. 491 “On approval of the Administrative Regulations for the provision by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of a state service for the coordination of project documentation for the conservation of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation of federal significance” (with changes and additions). [In Russian] 43. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of November 22, 2013 No. 1942 “On approval of the Administrative regulation for the provision of state services for the coordination of project documentation for the conservation of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation of federal significance (with the exception of certain objects cultural heritage, the list of which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation) by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising powers in the field of preservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects” (with amendments and additions). [In Russian] 44. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of May 20, 2014 No. 847 “On the approval of the transfer for non-residential use of non-residential premises with a total area of 2 816.91 m2 assigned to the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture the State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve “Rodina V. I. Lenina” located in the building at the address: Ulyanovsk region, Ulyanovsk, Karamzin lane, house No. 3/2, for conducting statutory activities”. [In Russian] 45. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of October 27, 2014 No. 1820 “On approval of the lease of non-residential buildings with a total area of 4271.9 m2, located at the address: Ulyanovsk region, Ulyanovsk, Lev Tolstoy street, 97 the State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve ‘Rodina V. I. Lenina’, assigned to the right of operational management by the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture, for use in accordance with its intended purpose”. [In Russian] 46. Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation of August 27, 2015 No. 604 “On approval of the list of measures that will be taken into account when determining the amount of subsidies from the federal budget to the budgets of the constituent entities

72 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS of the Russian Federation for the implementation of complex investment projects for the development of innovative territorial clusters”. [In Russian] 47. Order of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation of August 27, 2015 No. 605 “On approval of the list of activities selected for co-financing from the federal budget for the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the implementation of complex investment projects for the development of innovative territorial clusters”. [In Russian] 48. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 29, 2016 No. 326-r “On approval of the Strategy of the State Cultural Policy until 2030”. 49. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated July 21, 2017 No. 1225 “On approval of the Administrative Regulations for the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation to exercise the state function of exercising state control over the state of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and the activities of non-state museums in the Russian Federation, observance of the special storage regime and the use of the national library fund, in compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in relation to cultural property moved to the USSR as a result of World War II and located on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as for the safety of displaced cultural property and their consideration” (as amended and supplemented). [In Russian] 50. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2018 No. 140 “On approval of the Administrative Rules for the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation to exercise the state function to carry out federal state supervision of the state, content, preservation, use, popularization and state protection of certain objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, the list of which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation”. [In Russian] 51. Order of the Government of the Saratov region of February 19, 2018 No. 40-Pr “On approval of the Strategy for the development of culture in the territory of the Saratov region for the period until 2030”. [In Russian] 52. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2019 No. 121 “On approval of the Regulations on the territorial body of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation”. [In Russian] 53. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation of June 14, 2019 No. 771 “On approval of the transfer for non-residential use of non-residential premises with a total area of 2 816.91 m2 located in the building — object of cultural heritage at the address: Ulyanovsk Region, Ulyanovsk, Leninsky District, Karamzin Lane, building No. 3/2, assigned to the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture the State Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve ‘Rodina V. I. Lenina’, for use in accordance with their intended purpose”. [In Russian]

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 73 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 54. Potts J. 2007. “Art & innovation: an evolutionary economic view of the creative”. UNESCO Observatory, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne Refereed E-Journal. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43520391_Art_innovation_ An_evolutionary_economic_view_of_the_creative_industries 55. Project of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On approval of the Rules for the provision of other inter-budget transfers from the federal budget to the budget of the Ulyanovsk region for the preservation of the object of cultural heritage of federal significance ‘The building of the Memorial Center, built in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lenin Vladimir Ilyich’”. [In Russian] 56. Protocol to the agreement between the Government of Moscow and the Government of the Ulyanovsk Region on trade, economic, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation (Moscow, August 10, 2006). [In Russian] 57. Resolution of the Government of the Saratov Region dated May 23, 2008 No. 213-P “On the Strategy for the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage of the Saratov Region”. [In Russian] 58. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 27, 2017 No. 1166 “On the creation of the territory of advanced social and economic development ‘Petrovsk’”. [In Russian] 59. Resolution of the Government of the Saratov Region of October 2, 2017 No. 504-P “On ensuring the functioning of the territory of priority social and economic development ‘Petrovsk’” (with amendments and additions). [In Russian] 60. Resolution of the Government of the Ulyanovsk region of September 11, 2013 No. 37/414-P “On approval of the state program of the Ulyanovsk region ‘Development of culture and preservation of cultural heritage sites in the Ulyanovsk region’ for 2014-2021” (as amended on July 17, 2019). [In Russian] 61. Resolution of the Government of the Saratov region of November 20, 2013 No. 642-P “On the state program of the Saratov region ‘Culture of the Saratov region’”. https://minfin.saratov.gov.ru/budget/pasporta/pasporta- gosudarstvennykh-programm/gosudarstvennye-programmy/kultura-oblasti [In Russian] 62. Resolution of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of October 9, 2019 No. 443-SF “On state support for the socio-economic development of the Saratov region”. [In Russian] 63. Resolution of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of February 27, 2019 No. 44-SF “On state support for the socio-economic development of the Ulyanovsk region”. [In Russian] 64. Shchitova N. G. 2010. “Patronage as an economic and legal resource to support culture”. In: Lyubimov A. P. (ed.). The Actual Problems of Economics, Management and Law: Collection of Scientific Papers (annual), pp. 98-101. Moscow: Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. [In Russian]

74 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 E. I. Pashinina, I. V. Babayan, K. V. Kozlova, pp. 48-75 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS 65. Soloviev M. S. 2017. “Creative industries as a cultural sector”. International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences, no. 5, pp. 10-12. [In Russian] 66. The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 17.11.2008 No. 1662-r. [In Russian] 67. The development strategy of folk art crafts for 2015-2016. and for the period until 2020, approved by order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia of July 20, 2015 No. 2011. [In Russian] 68. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2010. Creative Economy Report 2010: Creative Economy — A Feasible Development Option. Accessed 4 April 2020. https://unctad.org/en/Docs/ditctab20103_en.pdf 69. Zelentsova E. V. 2009. “From creative industries to a creative economy”. Management Consulting, no. 3, pp. 190-199. [In Russian]

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 75 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 research article

DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-76-89 UDC 316.346.32-053.6

Corporate employee health management system Galina B. Kosharnaya1, Elena A. Danilova2, Kira M. Marakaeva3

1 Dr. Sci. (Soc.), Professor, Head of Department of Sociology and Human Resource Management, Penza State University (Penza, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0003-2425-4155 [email protected] 2 Cand. Sci. (Soc.), Associate Professor, Department of Sociology and Human Resource Management, Penza State University (Penza, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0001-6834-1328; WoS ResearcherID: AAP-1222-2020 [email protected] 3 Master Student of Human Resource Management, Institute of Economics and Management, Penza State University (Penza, Russian Federation) [email protected]

Abstract. As known, the main goal of any organization is to make a profit, build financial capacity and maximize income. In this process, the work of the company’s management is important in finding any ways to reduce the company’s costs. But, nevertheless, the functioning of the organization is impossible without the use of human resources, their development in the future. Statistics show that often an ill employee costs the organization much more than the savings on working conditions that many organizations are trying to realize in order to reduce staff costs. The article emphasizes the need to implement a corporate employee health management system, discloses how it can be cost-effective for organizations and useful for employees. In Russian companies, caring for employees, developing corporate policy as a strategy for the future has not yet become widespread. Many are looking for benefits in reducing the number of employees, in reducing wages, in making temporary employees, in the effectiveness of managerial decisions. Objectively, companies want instant results without long-term and mixed investments. According to Rosstat, in Russia, about 30% of the employees of all the companies surveyed work in conditions that simply do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. Meanwhile, in foreign countries, health management programs are reaching a new, progressive level, which includes not only improving working conditions, but also holding Health Days, changing the lifestyle of employees (promoting a healthy lifestyle, adjusting nutrition programs, increasing physical activity, etc.), as well as regular monitoring and health monitoring of employees. The main research methods were: review method, which allows to obtain accessible and complete information on the topic of the article; cross-cultural analysis used to compare the attitude of employers to the health of employees in Russia

76 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS and abroad and to identify the degree of similarity and difference in the modality of health values in different countries, as well as a method of secondary analysis of the results of sociological studies on the topic of research.

Keywords: health, corporate culture, health prevention, wellness programs, self-healing, burnout at work.

Citation: Kosharnaya G. B., Danilova E. A., Marakaeva K. M. 2020. “Corporate employee health management system”. Siberian Socium, vol. 4, no. 2 (12), pp. 76-89. DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-76-89

INTRODUCTION HR and senior management pay a lot of attention to systematic corporate health management. Companies understand that corporate health management is one of the most important methods that helps motivate employees to work efficiently, and minimise staff costs. Corporate health programmes have received legislative support in the US since the 1970s. First they were anti-alcohol; later, the list of such programmes expanded and concerned new areas, including good nutrition, smoking cessation, weight control, stress management, and pregnancy care. In the 1990s, health programmes were no longer just about ergonomics, but also included exercise in the workplace, postnatal support, etc. In Japan, healthcare management has been more widely used than in other countries. Japanese companies have actively introduced and used corporate wellness programmes, with sporting events, fitness or workout programmes, occupational medicine among popular ones [10, p. 23]. The Russian corporate health management system is different from that of other countries. The term health management appeared in Russia only in the 2010s, and its essence was not recreational but medical. Earlier in Russia, much attention was paid to occupational hygiene and psychophysiology, and occupational health and safety. This ambivalent attitude towards health programmes was due to the harsh working conditions, which led to strict state control in the workplace. Thus, the issue of corporate health management is becoming more relevant as corporations seek to develop systematic health management in order to maxi mise the use of human resources and actualise the potential of their staff.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Systematic corporate health management today is a set of various specific programmes and activities aimed at maintaining employees’ health [7, p. 7]. Companies benefit from sustaining systematic corporate health management and promoting a healthy lifestyle, in several important aspects.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 77 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 1. Strong motivation. Research shows that systematic corporate health management has a direct impact on work performance and employees’ health. Employee health care, which includes programmes within the organisation, is part of the benefits package, and this is one of the most attractive features of a company as an employer. Also, systematic corporate health management helps to increase the loyalty of both employees and their families to the company, which is strategical- ly important for motivation and long-term cooperation. Since employees spend about one third of their life at work, it must be safe, comfortable, and approved by their close environment [10, p. 58]. HeadHunter interviewed job applicants to find out what incentives they find most attractive and what they think should be part of the benefits package (Fig. 1). According to HeadHunter surveys in 2020, one of the most popular ways of motivating job applicants is the benefits package (54% of respondents). 2. Distinctive corporate culture. Systematic corporate health management creates a distinctive organisational culture that is different from others. Various programmes and activities implemented as part of systematic corporate health management provide for team-building, creating a good social and psychological climate in the team, establishing friendly relationships and effective communication within the company. Health days, sports events and clubs create a community of friends rather than colleagues in the working team, help to increase employees’ motivation and interest in the life of the company, and also make it possible to maximise employees’ potential. 3. An attractive employer image of a company. Those companies that grant special importance to managing their employees’ health and healthy lifestyle will be more attractive for job applicants compared to other appropriate organisations. Many experts and professionals are looking for a company where they are most comfortable

Fig. 1. The most popular ways of motivation

Bonuses 90%

Training expenses 59%

Benefits package (VHI, gym membership, paid meals) 54%

Appreciation and recognition 31%

Extra days off 25%

Corporate events 15%

Equipped breakrooms 12%

Other 1%

Hard to say 1%

Source: [12].

78 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS to work and actualise their potential, to take care of their health and wellness far beyond their primary needs. It is important to note that creating their own HR brand is one of the most interesting and important branches of HR management. Many companies invest much money to gain the image of an attractive employer who doesn’t have to search for personnel. People join such companies willingly, on their own initiative [8, p. 15]. 4. Social responsibility of employers. By promoting the idea of corporate health care, a company undertakes a long-term responsibility. But such efforts are necessary because employees develop certain habits that depend on the corporate culture and traditions. By assuming social responsibility, companies seek for long-term effects, such as reducing sick leave days. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US economy incurred $2 billion loss due to employees’ sickness in 2016. A number of studies have confirmed the long-term cost-effectiveness of corporate health management programmes. For example, RAND analysed employee data over a 10-year period and concluded that corporate health management programmes help organisations save up to $30 per employee a month and reduce employee hospital stays by 30%. Johnson & Johnson saved estimated $250 million in just six years by implementing such programmes. And by introducing the idea of its employees’ health care, SAS Institute was ranked one of the UK’s best workplaces [10, p. 27]. The benefits package that the company provides to its employees is also very important. It serves as a benchmark for the idea of corporate health management and reflects what advantages a company has as an employer that cares about its employees’ health. Fig. 2 shows which forms of incentives, based on the HeadHunter survey, are of most interest to job applicants in the benefits package that they can receive.

Fig. 2. The predominant components of the social benefits

VHI policy 65%

Commuting expenses 42%

Compensation for meals expenses 41%

Paid mobile service 34%

Memberships (gym, sports club, swimming-pool, etc.) 34%

Holiday tours for employees and their families 31%

Accomodation for non-residents 25%

Hard to say 5%

Other 1%

Source: [12].

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 79 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 65% of respondents said that the benefits package must include a VHI (vol- untary health insurance) policy, 41% of respondents said that it must include paid meals, and a third of respondents said that the benefits package must include gym memberships. Thus, company management should pay proper attention to drawing an efficient employee-oriented benefits package. There- fore, the content of the benefits package is directly related to the systematic corporate health management of a company and influences employees’ job satisfaction and motivation. Most important in systematic corporate health management is the concept of ‘To treat or to teach?’ Many well-known corporations have recently started using the ‘wellbeing’ philosophy, the essence of which is to reach a balance between physical, emotional and financial wellbeing, as well as to create their employees’ conscious attitude to their own health. Companies strive to establish such key values as promoting a healthy lifestyle, developing mass sports, introducing good nutrition, as well as giving up bad habits, taking care of employees’ health in general and employees’ self-health management [8, p. 17]. It is important to emphasise that companies benefit from teaching their employees to “be healthy” rather than paying for medical treatment. So, it is necessary to develop employees’ conscious desire and commitment to take care of their health and wellbeing. This idea should be implemented in several stages. 1. Corporate preventive healthcare. This includes promoting and enforcing standards for quitting bad habits, for healthy eating, for exercising, etc. It should be clear that corporate preventive healthcare measures enable companies to preserve considerable financial resources, and are designed to have a long-term effect. These initial actions will help employees find interesting extra activities and become health-conscious. According to RAND, prevention programmes save about $6 per employee a month. 2. Taking care of the family. Company management encourage employees to maintain their health, either through additional bonuses to their existing benefits package or through intangible incentives. It is important for the employer to show this concern and look for the most effective systematic incentives and rewards that work for this type of employees. “For example, Lowe’s has had an anti-smoking programme for seven years, and employees get additional $50 off health insurance premiums if they just promise not to smoke. At Chevron, HR managers organise daily ‘warm-up breaks’ and competitions among employees on the number of steps they walk each day.” [12].

3. Entertainment as a way to improve health. Leisure time has always been an integral part of corporate health management programmes. Companies deal with this issue in different ways. It is important to integrate sports and recreation into employees’ leisure time. For example,

80 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS “the Russian representative office of Coca-Cola Hellenic has set up its own running club. Airbnb pays its employees extra $2,000 annual travelling holiday expenses, and Yandex has a free massage therapist coming three times a week” [12].

It should be kept in mind that human character is dual: interests, aptitudes and skills can be influenced and changed, but psychophysiological features are almost impossible to change [3, p. 52]. Therefore, corporate health management programmes are mainly divided into two types: — aimed at setting up healthy lifestyle, — aimed at managing sickness. They reflect different concepts of health management — the concept of prevention and the concept of treatment [10, p. 39]. Ideally, a company should implement both, ensuring its employees’ wellbeing.

Programmes implemented under systematic corporate health management 1. Physical fitness (fitness programmes). People need at least 30 minutes a day of physical activity to keep fit. Experts say it is equivalent to a 5-7 km walk. The amount and quality of physical activity depends on people’s age and work conditions, and this should be taken into account when designing corporate fitness programmes. These programmes enable a company to protect its employees and reduce their risks of such diseases as obesity, stroke, cancer, high blood pressure, depression, and diabetes. Practice shows that it can help to establish friendly relations within the fitness groups and increase employee loyalty to the management and the company in general. It is necessary to motivate employees who previously were not keen on sports and did not lead an active lifestyle [1, p. 18]. Fitness programme options are as follows: — corporate fitness rooms, — gym memberships and various sports clubs, — recreational programmes, — offsite sporting events, — memberships in sports associations and weekend leagues, — hiking and biking tours, — camping trips, etc. To involve employees in fitness programmes, a company should: — issue information brochures to encourage employees; — start sports classes within the company, for example: yoga, pilates, stretching, aerobics or athletics; — set up a system of rewards for participating in fitness programmes;

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 81 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 — provide necessary conditions for doing sports and participating in fitness programmes (fitness equipment, tools, gyms); — create a system of benefits and/or discounts for gym memberships; — support motivation and active promotion of a healthy lifestyle [9]. 2. Personalised support (coaching). This type of programmes is implemented through mentoring (coaching), characterised by individual support and aimed at maintaining a good physical and psycho-emotional state. Most often a coach guides an employee, shares personal experience and provides psychological support. 3. Healthy eating habits (corporate weight management programmes). Many organisations are actively implementing these wellness programmes, the essence thereof is to sustain healthy eating habits and reduce health risks, as well as to promote responsible consumption. For example, Yandex provides healthy food for breakrooms, thereby promoting good nutrition. Healthy Food Days are also often organised, where one can learn a lot about different foods and their bene fits. It is advisable for companies to apply weight control to some employees through such programmes. Various devices can be used to help determine the percentage of body fat, of bone content or muscle mass, etc. Usually, a certain plan is drawn for employees who are in a high-risk zone, including a set of recreational activities [1, p. 19]. 4. Occupational gymnastics (corporate programmes to control and prevent musculoskeletal disorders). These programmes are easy to implement. They are aimed at keeping employees physically fit in the workplace. They include a short course of various exercises designed to keep fit and prevent fatigue during working hours [9]. 5. Quitting bad habits (corporate smoking cessation and alcohol treatment programmes). The government has been implementing the anti-smoking policy for quite some time now — the statistics show that the number of addicts has decreased by about 15%. While there are fewer employees with bad habits, this still means that such programmes need to be further developed. Corporate smoking cessation and alcoholism treatment programmes include many options, such as: — setting up smoking cessation and alcoholism treatment groups aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles; — individual support for addicted employees; — supplying medical patches, etc.; — distributing special corporate manuals with clear information on the harm of bad habits and the opportunities the company offers to combat them; — setting up a helpdesk, etc. [9]. 6. Health and hygiene programmes. These programmes are implemented through clear, legally enforced hygiene regulations that help to create a healthy

82 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS work environment and reduce sickness. The problem is that many employees are negligent in cleaning their work places, so bacteria may accumulate there [11, p. 80]. To prevent negative consequences, it is necessary to: — regulate occupational hygiene standards and rules; — have a sufficient supply of necessary personal hygiene products (soap, antiseptics, wipes) and other handy items (dishwashing utensils, sponges, etc.); — carry out general cleaning and use a cleaning service; — create a cleaning plan for workplaces; — clear indoor air, i.e. ventilate and use germicidal lamps; — introduce strict hygiene measures during periods of mass sickness. 7. Stress management (corporate stress management programmes). Today, the problem of stress is crucial. Tension and fatigue are increasing. Employees are suffering from professional burnout. The task of systematic corporate health management is to control the level of stress in order to avoid the risk of various chronic diseases and ensure corporate health [10, p. 112]. Such programmes often include: — time management (aimed at controlling and planning one’s time so as to avoid unnecessary stress and reduce tension and dissatisfaction); — financial wellness; — stress assessment; — teaching stress reduction techniques; — teaching acute stress management techniques; — psychological aid; — anti-stress training sessions; — meditation, positive thinking practice, breathing exercises, etc. [8, p. 14]. 8. Family health (corporate programmes aimed at taking care of women’s and children’s health). Some of the latest and most necessary health programmes are those aimed at managing the health of women and children. These programmes are often implemented with government support and aim at preventing childhood diseases, at promoting family health, at supporting pregnant women, at ensuring proper working conditions, etc. It is considered prudent for such programmes to educate working parents on how to take care of themselves and their children, and how to create a healthy future for them. Health screening is recommended for mothers and their children, who should be given handouts with theory and advice on relevant healthcare topics [10, p. 117]. 9. Chronic disease management programmes. Practice shows that chronic diseases are highly prevalent in Russia and affect a huge number of employees. Often this issue is underdeveloped, but it does require special attention so that employees can be engaged in their working activities rather than dealing with health problems. Chronic disease management programmes include:

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 83 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 — screening for chronic diseases; — identifying most common types of chronic diseases and creating a plan to counteract the possible negative effects; — organising Health Days and encouraging employees to participate; — organising a “health school” event, involving a doctor and a patient, with an audience watching the patient telling about a chronic disease and the doctor giving recommendations and prescribing an appropriate course of treatment (this is considered to be highly motivating); — providing medical care, support and supervision of sick employees. 10. Self-help. This trend is widespread among Russian employees. Its relevance is largely determined by living conditions and culture. Since many corporate programmes are not yet developed in Russian companies, it is becoming popular to know how to monitor your own health. Self-awareness helps to reduce the risk of sickness, such as ARS, asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, allergies, sports injuries, exhaustion, depression, etc. It is important to prevent and avoid sickness. It is challenging for companies to encourage employees to lead healthy lifestyles, monitor their health and give up bad habits [7]. It is important to emphasise that it is not enough only to understand the principles of corporate wellness programmes used by many large corporations. An employer who is about to embark on systematic corporate health management must understand the responsibility following such an important decision. Therefore, it is necessary to outline some trends which should be known and remembered not only by the HR Department, but also by the company management.

Future HR trends in corporate health management 1. Take care of your employees today so you don’t have to pay for their treatment tomorrow. Employers have already assessed the effectiveness of preventive corporate health management, to quote N. Gurov, the founder of “Arctica”. It is expected that companies will try to minimise expenses for employees’ medical treatment, focusing on the long term. This trend will be seen in a variety of “little things”, including everyday hygiene in the workplace. Experience shows, for example, that employers most often see automatic mouth fresheners not as an “aesthetic” addition, but as a way to avoid subsequent dental treatment costs for their employees, and to freshen their breath before business meetings [12]. 2. Employees’ psychological health is the company’s concern. According to a well-known entrepreneur,

“while physical ailments among employees result in absenteeism at work, depression and psycho-emotional ailments are now the main causes of lower productivity at work. Thus, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), depression among employees in American companies leads to an average of 12 days of reduced productivity a month. The cost in absolute numbers is up to $44 billion annually” [12].

84 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Large companies are implementing psychological support and assistance tools for their employees. At PwC, for example, employees are able to receive psychological counselling around the clock. 3. Burnout at work is a widespread problem. According to a Forbes study, about half of employees in large companies are affected by burnout each year. The main reasons are the imbalance between the effort put in and the compensation received, as well as workload and pressure at work and out of work. Large companies are expected to include burnout prevention in their systematic corporate health management. The HeadHunter Research Service survey [2] conducted online from 20 Novem- ber to 22 December 2019 among 2 727 representatives of Russian companies showed that most respondents believe that a company should offer healthcare programmes, raise awareness of preventive healthcare measures, risk factors and measures to reduce the risk of sickness and injuries, etc. Fig. 3 shows the percentage of responses to the question What should employers care about? These results show employees’ needs for corporate health programmes. The following principles and activities should underlie corporate health manage ment: 1) identifying risk factors (surveys, questionnaires, medical examinations which help to provide employees with information on the risk factors and allow them to understand the necessity, priorities and directions of systematic corporate health management); 2) promoting a healthy lifestyle and conditions for pursuing it (promotion through corporate announcement boards, corporate websites, leaflets and memos; individual conversations, presentations and conferences; introduction of Health Days, corporate sporting events, etc.); 3) improving corporate health and well-being (providing corporate discounts for medical treatment, psychological support, etc.); 4) conducting activities and programmes aimed at combating the most common problems; 5) mentoring (using mentoring as a motivational incentive and role model, identifying employees’ health problems and supplying support) [10, с. 129]. All these features can enable HR managers to integrate the idea of corporate health and wellness as a company value. The following effective methods will help to promote corporate health programmes as part of a company’s systematic corporate health management: — encouraging employees to learn more about the company’s wellness programmes via regular corporate mailings to employees’ personal emails; — distributing brochures and leaflets with information on wellness programmes, healthy lifestyles and recommendations; — conducting and distributing promotional and preventive presentations and videos on health, proper diet and sleep, stress and physical activity;

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 85 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 3% 3% 11% 15% 85% 83% 66% 58% No / Rather What employers should take care of? are effective Fig. 3. in preventing sickness the risk of sickness and injuries The existing smoking cessation Medical examination is effective and alcoholism treatment measures management introduced and developed The company should invest in increasing Yes / Rather the employees’ awareness of preventive healthcare The company should have systematic corporate health measures, of health risk factors, measures to reduce [12]. Source: Source:

86 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS — creating mini-libraries with sections on self-health topics, etc; — campaigning through corporate social networks by publishing posts and articles on relevant topics [6, p. 58]. According to HeadHunter Research Service data for 2019-2020, almost half of the interviewed employees rated their employer’s corporate care as quite low [2]. Such surveys are sure to highlight the need for developing and implementing systematic corporate health management. The task of the employer is to create all necessary conditions for comfortable work environment. It is beneficial both for the employees and for the employer because it is the care for employees that makes a company successful in the long term [13, p. 135]. According to the survey titled Care about employees, 47% of respondents said that employers do not care about their employees at all, and only 5% of respondents said that they care a lot [2]. From the data presented, it can be concluded that many employers do not care about their employees and do not implement health and wellbeing programmes. Conse- quently, employees’ motivation and loyalty are significantly reduced, and so is their productivity. To sum up, senior company management must recognise the importance and effectiveness of a “healthcare programme” philosophy to deal with the current employee issues of today’s companies.

CONCLUSION Systematic corporate health management is a critical component of organisational work with human resources, the key point for company development. Efficient HR managers today have to understand the basics of corporate health management, how to design corporate health programmes, identify risks and provide a comprehensive and targeted approach to creating a “healthy” organisation. Health is the most important human resource, and people are the most valuable company resource. When it comes to health management, the company’s goals are directly aligned with those of its employees. Companies gain from reducing personnel costs and increasing productivity, which, of course, can be achieved by implementing corporate health programmes. Employees want to work in comfortable conditions, with a good social and psychological environment where they can take care of themselves and their health. This is achieved by promoting corporate healthcare programmes (systematic corporate health management) and wellbeing programmes, which aim at creating corporate health programmes and achieve a balance between physical, emotional and financial wellbeing, as well as at developing employees’ health-consciousness. In Russia, the healthcare programme is a new unfamiliar philosophy that should be introduced and developed. HR managers can make HR work more appreciated in Russia by promoting the idea of corporate care and health. Corporate health management leads to long-term effects that determine the stability and success of a company. The programmes used help employers to boost their image, promote their HR brand, and create their distinctive corporate culture.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 87 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 Unprecedented competition and market conditions are challenging for companies today. The labour market is changing fast, job applicants have plenty to choose from and are now demanding better conditions, modern personal development and health programmes, looking for companies in which they feel most comfortable developing their potential and advancing their careers. That’s why what an employer has to offer becomes so important. That’s why directors, top managers and HR managers should develop a management strategy that will attract and keep highly qualified staff, making the most of their potential. Corporate health is a promising investment in a company’s future, and such investments reduce company costs and do not waste company financial resources. Systematic corporate health management is designed to help employers to deal with important workforce issues. Modern corporations have long been implementing and developing systematic corporate health management, recognising that employees do not only need getting medical treatment but, more important, they need teaching to be healthy.

REFERENCES

1. Bukhtiyarov I. V., Yushkova O. I., Matyukhin V. V., Shardakova E. F., Rybakov I. A. 2016. “The formation of a healthy lifestyle for workers to prevent overstrain and maintain health”. Public Health and Environment, no. 6 (279), pp. 16-19. [In Russian] 2. Caring for employees: results of a survey of applicants. HeadHunter Research Service. Accessed 8 May 2020. https://penza.hh.ru/article/research [In Russian] 3. Danilova E. A., Sinelnikova Yu. S. 2019. “The problem of choosing leadership styles in the process of forming organizational culture”. Proceedings of the 3rd International Research Conference “Sociocultural Factors of the Consolidation of the Contemporary Russian Society”, pp. 51-55. [In Russian] 4. Karpov A. V. 2016. “Organizational culture in the theory and practice of domestic management”. Journal of practical psychologist, no. 4, pp. 28-36. [In Russian] 5. Kosharnaya G. B., Tolubaeva L. T. 2012. Organizational culture. Penza: Publishing house of Penza State University. 204 pp. [In Russian] 6. Naumov A. I. 2018. “Organizational culture as a factor in long-term competitiveness”. Company management, no. 7, pp. 52-60. [In Russian] 7. Rybakov I. A. 2015. “Corporate Culture and Corporate Health Programs for Remote Workers”. Corporate Culture Management, no. 3, pp. 258-263. [In Russian] 8. Rybakov I. A. 2015. “Cost-effectiveness of corporate health promotion programs, as well as preventive programs at the workplace for employees with short-term temporary disability”. Biosafety and biosafety, no. 1 (22), pp. 10-17. [In Russian]

88 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 G. B. Kosharnaya, E. A. Danilova, K. M. Marakaeva, pp. 76-89 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS 9. Rybakov I. A. 2015. “Health management programs in quality management”. Quality management, no. 2, pp. 156-161. [In Russian] 10. Rybakov I. A. 2018. Corporate health: how to motivate to increase labor productivity and save using well-being programs. LitRes: Samizdat. 140 pp. [In Russian] 11. Rybakov I. A., Losev O. E. 2015. Experience in implementing Health Management in Russia. FirstGull Coaching Review, no. 4. [In Russian] 12. Social package and methods of motivation: the results of a survey of applicants. HeadHunter Research Service. Accessed 5 June 2020. https://penza.hh.ru/article/research [In Russian] 13. Vasilenko S. V. 2013. Corporate culture as a tool for effective personnel management. Moscow: Dashkov and K. 136 pp. [In Russian] 14. World Health Organization. 2015. Global health risk factors. Mortality and disease burden due to some major risk factors. 70 pp. https://www.who.int/publications/list/2015/globa-health-risks/en/ [In Russian] 15. Zorina M. S., Kolesnikov A. A. 2019. “Corporate culture: world experience of formation and development on the example of IBM”. Proceedings of the 4th International Research Conference “Actual Issues of Economics and Management: Theoretical and Applied Aspects”, pp. 110‑123. [In Russian]

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 89 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND WAYS FOR MODERNIZATION

research article

DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-90-107 UDC 316.662.23

The dynamics of a small social group: sociometric analysis development of a temporary children’s team Anna V. Maltseva1, Marina-Victoriia D. Grudkovskaia2

1 Dr. Sci. (Soc.), Associate Professor, Department of Social Analysis and Mathematical Methods in Sociology, Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0003-1322-6255; WoS ResearcherID: K-2094-2013 [email protected] 2 Undergraduate Student, Department of Social Analysis and Mathematical Methods in Sociology, Saint Petersburg State University (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) ORCID: 0000-0002-5374-7541; WoS ResearcherID: AAO-7074-2020 [email protected]

Abstract. The article is devoted to a sociometric study of the development stages of a temporary children’s group. A comparison of their features in the modern children’s health camp and the So- viet pioneer camp is made. The analysis of development stages among modern teenagers is based on empirical data collected by Marina-Victoria Grudkovskaya at the children’s health camp in the Leningrad region during the winter shift from 28 December 2018 to 10 January 2019. Data on the processes of collective development in the pioneer camp were obtained from the works of Soviet researchers. The purpose of the study is to determine the independent constants of the stages of social dynamics of temporary children’s groups and their variables determined by the historical period of development of society. In this study, a temporary children’s group is understood as a small social group of adolescent children formed by age and existing during the next shift of 12 to 14 days. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was structuralism and the theory of sociometry by Jacob Moreno. The empirical object of research is adolescent groups of children, the age of teenagers is 14-16 years. Method: the sociometric experiment. Data processing and visualization was performed in the SociometryPro environment. The scientific novelty consists in obtaining new relevant data on the social dynamics of temporary groups of modern teenagers. The development of a temporary children’s group is also considered taking into account the socio-historical period that determines the socio-cultural and socio-economic conditions of personal development of adolescents. Conclusions are made about the features of functioning, the process

90 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS of acceptance and evaluation of social roles and behavior. In particular, it is established that the temporary children’s group goes through constant stages that are repeated in all generations of children, regardless of the historical period of development of society and changing socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions of growing up of new generations. According to the authors, in the future, in the process of studying the social dynamics of a temporary children’s group, it is advisable to develop names and characteristics of stages of its development that are relevant for modern children, children’s subculture and the sociology of childhood.

Keywords: small social group, childhood sociology, sociometric method, interpersonal relations, temporary children’s collective, children’s health camp, pioneer camp, social roles and behaviour.

Citation: Maltseva A. V., Grudkovskaia M. D. 2020. “The dynamics of a small social group: sociometric analysis development of a temporary children’s team”. Siberian Socium, vol. 4, no. 2 (12), pp. 90-107. DOI: 10.21684/2587-8484-2020-4-2-90-107

INTRODUCTION Within several days a temporary children’s team in a resort camp creates its own micro world, which forms value orientations and behavioral patterns in its participants. This world determines the concepts and meanings of social interactions for children not only for the period of a camp shift, but it influences further personality development and the worldview as well. The conditions of a camp create a special space to form the awareness of social functions necessary for children in their future life. Researchers focused on these processes in the middle of the 20th century, and now temporary children’s groups are on the periphery of sociological science. At the same time, comparative studies on the impact of large-scale social processes on small social groups and the world of childhood are relevant today. This study is relevant as the matter of children’s upbringing is one of the national priorities, reflected in the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 [3]. In this study, a temporary children’s team in a resort camp is a small social group that actively communicates and exists for a limited period of time in specific conditions. These conditions are determined by the tasks of the camp to form versatile social qualities of a person necessary for their future social interactions. This research aims at studying the social dynamics of a temporary group of ado lescents from 14 to 16 years of age and the links between the stages of group development. These stages derive from the stages of a pioneer team development identified by A. N. Lutoshkin. The stages reflect the group cohesion rate and are figuratively named as follows: “Scattered Sand”, “Soft Clay”, “Shimmering Light”, “Scarlet Sail”, and “Burning Torch” [12, 13]. The study on the dynamics of a temporary children’s team was carried out by the sociometry method using the Socio metryPro program [12, 13].

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 91 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 RESEARCH THEORY AND METHODOLOGY The sociology of childhood is an integral part of modern sociological knowledge [1, 17]. Childhood is, on the one hand, an age period, a special phase of psychophy sical and social growth, and, on the other hand, a social category, the existence of which is supported by social institutions, traditions, and practices, which is important for the life of society as a whole [20, p. 356-362]. Scientific interest in childhood is sustained by the fact that childhood is similar to a special subculture that is incomprehensible to adults. Researchers focus on a certain social space of childhood and the relationship between a child’s status, their involvement in social life, and their future social status. In general, the child in modern sociology is perceived as a social subject, and childhood and a child’s world create a versatile image [18]. The main approaches to the study of childhood in sociology are based on the- ories such as structural functionalism, the sociology of Marxism, the theory of socialization, and phenomenology [8]. From a structural standpoint, childhood is analyzed in the context of social structure. Thus, childhood is a separate block, which is protected from external impacts, which functions and accumulates knowledge to move on to a new adult stage. Within the structural-functional approach, childhood is a transitional stage, that is, in the process of certain social influences the child is getting ready to live life to the full. Before the transition to adulthood takes place, children are to go through the final social participation circle, as well as to acquire certain skills to adapt to social roles [2, 16, 23]. A Soviet pioneer camp was one of the most attractive forms of temporary children’s groups for the 20th century researchers and is among most striking examples of the phenomenon. Group members were bound by various activities, the daily and long-term process of communication and, thus, implemented various internal connections [4]. At present, this form of a camp, having undergone some changes, still remains a way to organize children’s leisure time. At the moment, pioneer camps do not exist in the full sense, however, modern children’s camps in leisure terms practically do not differ from their predecessors (except for the absence of communist ideological propaganda among children and adolescents), since the main criterion, namely, interactions within a temporary children’s group, have not changed. A temporary children’s group can be defined as a successfully organized short- term association of children. Such a small social group has some specific features. In particular, a temporary children’s group implies a relative isolation of children from external habitual communication. The group ensures a constant, varied and intensive activity aimed at solving creative and developmental tasks and providing everyday communication and interaction throughout the day. All these components of a temporary children’s group form special communicative conditions that accelerate emotional and instrumental connections among

92 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS children who were not previously familiar with one another [11]. As a rule, there are psychological and pedagogical approaches to the analysis of stages in the transformation of a temporary children’s group. This work gives priority to a model of group dynamics by A. N. Lutoshkin, who was one of the most famous and brilliant researchers of children’s groups dynamics in pioneer camps in the 20th century. A. N. Lutoshkin proposed a description of the stages of group dynamics, dis- tinguished by imagery and metaphor. The author clarifies that there is no clear definition, as well as a set of exact characteristics for each stage, and this is due to the fact that the group is a very ambiguous phenomenon: it can exit both at a certain stage and at stage borders. The first stage in the development of a temporary children’s group is called the “Scattered Sand”. The group is compared to sand as it lacks unity, clear distribution of social roles among participants, and proper organization of everyday behavior. At first glance, it may seem that a group functions as a whole, but everyone in the group is on their own. This is the initial stage of interaction in a group as its members still do not know each other well, they do not have common interests and goals to interact for. The next stage in the development of a temporary children’s group is “Soft Clay”. Micro-interest groups begin to appear within the group, but, at the same time, they are very unstable: their members do not often communicate with one another, and quarrels can occur among them. The third stage in the formation of a temporary children’s group is called “Shimmering Light”. Such a group stands out for its individuality, its members have a desire to help and support each other, but often a mere desire is not enough. The initiative is not always manifested in a sufficient amount — most often in bursts and not in each of the children. The fourth stage is “Scarlet Sail”. A temporary group is considered here as a close-knit group that functions as a single organism, united by common victories, as well as failures and defeats. Children often assist their mates; many have a sense of pride in one another. The last, fifth stage, that completes the stay of children in the camp, is called “Burning Torch”. A. N. Lutoshkin’s “Burning Torch” is a metaphor of unity: the fire will burn only due to friendship, mutual understanding, and collaboration. Members of such a group are responsible not merely for themselves, but also for everyone standing next to them. The group at this stage is truly cohesive, its members do not know peace and well-being when others feel bad, and, without waiting for calls for help, strive for selfless support of one another in any situa tion [13, p. 87‑107]. The experience of going through these stages of group transformation is important for every child. This is an integral stage of social participation, that makes a significant contribution to the formation of basic personal qualities and the experience of social interaction. However, this ideal model of group dynamics is not always successfully implemented. O. S. Gazman states that a necessary breakdown in primary relations, on the one hand, satisfies an adolescent’s needs

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 93 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 for independence, for the destruction of permanent fixed rules, restrictions and prohibitions, yet, on the other hand, puts them into uncertainty and makes them unprotected [4]. Thus, teenagers must voluntarily accept and establish certain ties with the rest of the temporary group, consolidating their positions and roles, which to some extent imitate the roles of adults. Taking into account all the factors, an adult member of such a group (a counselor, a mentor, a tutor) has to replace the parent for a certain period of time, taking on this social role and creating a family environment in which each member of the children’s group would be comfortable. The downside is that not all children, and especially adolescents, consider the temporary group synonymous with the family. They either do not accept or even reject certain attitudes and moral values. In a company with previously unfamiliar peers, the teenager tends to break rather than to follow the rules. In this situation, personal qualities of tutors, their positions and authority are of particular importance. O. S. Gazman formulated a number of conditions for the successful functioning of temporary children’s groups. These include the formation of common guidelines and goals, an active pace of life, a clear rhythm of the group’s work, a high frequency and variety of activities, an emphasis on such functional aspects of a group as self-government, setting goals and achieving results, creating and maintaining a positive emotional atmosphere [4]. V. D. Ivanov [5] and A. G. Kirpichnik [6] studied a temporary children’s group as well. The survey of their work and the research by O. S. Gazman [4] provide us with main features of a temporary children’s group: 1) operational duration of a temporary group: it is short-term — in a camp, a shift lasts on average 21 days; 2) primarily children are not acquainted with one another: as a rule, camp units form from children who were not previously familiar with one another; 3) a certain autonomy meaning that habitual impact factors such as friends, a family, or a school class become weaker; 4) a specific nature of interaction and communication, that is in public and as a team; 5) a completed development cycle, when a group goes through a certain circle from beginning to end, being born, developing and approaching the final stage.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The sociometric method is one of most popular ways to assess interpersonal relationships through the description and analysis of the types of social networks among social actors (both individuals and groups). The theoretical framework of the method was developed by various authors, therefore it is multidimensional

94 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS and includes several different elements: socionomy, sociodynamics, sociometry, and sociatry. One of the key ideas is that the entire set of social processes can be explained by analyzing internal interactions and structures of such elements as a body, a social atom, and a sociometric network [7]. The sociometric method is a method of collecting primary social information about interpersonal relationships in small social groups [19, 21]. This method helps solve such important tasks as the improvement and modernization of interpersonal and group relations. It allows the organizer to understand the nature and structure of small groups and to get closer to the study of informal relations within the group. The method allows a sociologist to assess social networks of members of such groups and to see the specifics of implementing social roles and obtaining sta- tuses. Sociometry allows a researcher to solve the following tasks: — to identify the structure and dynamics of intragroup relationships; — to determine the level of recognition of an individual in a group; — to measure the level of group cohesion; — to identify the presence or the absence of outsiders and outcasts in the group; — to detect leaders and informal associations inside the group, i.e., to analyze the role that the leader or the so-called sociometric star plays in the group; — to check the adaptation process of new group members; — to identify the features of the socio-psychological climate; — to discover both intergroup and intragroup causes and driving forces of conflicts. As a result, it is possible to assess the status and the role of each member of the group. The empirical object was a temporary children’s group, defined as a teenage association of 22 people, in a children’s resort camp in the Leningrad region during the winter shift from December 28, 2018 to January 10, 2019. The main hypothesis of the research is that a temporary children’s group goes through different stages of development from beginning to completion. These stages, despite the changing socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions of growing up children, contain some constant indicators reproduced in different historical conditions, as well as variables that can change depending on current events [22]. A sociometric criterion is a criterion that allows researchers to select group members in the course of sociometric research. Most often, researchers present this criterion to the respondents in the form of a sociometric question, in which it is proposed to choose one or more group members for one or another group activity [10]. In the current research the sociometric criteria are the following questions: Who of group members would you invite to your birthday party?, Who would you like to see as the head of the group? In total, there were two criteria (2 questions) in the sociometric card.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 95 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 According to the degree of significance, sociometric criteria (questions) can be weak and strong. A strong criterion, as a rule, affects the more significant aspects of the relationship, and the weak — less significant. In this study, the criterion Who would you like to see as the head of the group? was strong, and the criterion Who of group members would you invite to your birthday party? was weak. In addition, sociometric criteria in the form of presentation can be positive and negative. A negative criterion is described through unwillingness to interact with some- one from the group, and a positive one is on the contrary. According to the form of presentation, the selected criteria are positive. In our study, the subjects an- swered the questions of the sociometric card without being limited in the number of choices. This method of collecting data made the researchers use a special mathematical apparatus of the graph theory [15].

Data collection conditions and procedure The collection of data took place in three stages. In total, there are three key periods (stages) of the shift, thus, let us consider the development of the stages of the temporary children’s group according to A. N. Lutoshkin in the conditions of three periods of the shift. The first stage is the organizational period, or, as it is also called, the adaptation period, which lasts for the initial two to three days of the shift, if we consider a short shift of 14 days. The next stage is the main period; its duration is approximately from 10 to 12 days. The final stage lasts for the last two or three days of the shift. It is important to note that this work surveys the winter shift, the duration of which is 14 days: the winter shift is shorter than the full summer shift. The researchers collected the data in the following way: in periods between different activities the children were given questionnaires and a certain time to fill them in. Then, the questionnaires were handed in. The number of participants comprises all team members. These are 22 people (10 boys and 12 girls). The analysis consisted of the following steps: — identifying sociometric criteria and combining them into a sociometric card; — compiling sociometric matrices (using the SociometryPro program); — compiling a sociograph and calculating sociometric indices (using Socio metryPro); — describing, visualizing, and evaluating the results (names of children given in data analysis and interpretation are fictitious). When interpreting the data, we relied on the values of the indices, calculated in the SociometryPro package environment: — cohesion — a degree of mutual attraction among group members; — sustainability –the minimum group part: when it disappears, the whole group breaks up into subgroups not related to one another; — tension — a degree of dissatisfaction of group members with emotional relationships in the group;

96 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS — weight — a group part that considers the i-th member of the group to be significant in the context of the group; — emotional expansiveness — a characteristic of a part of the group that is significant for the i-th member of the group in the context of the group; — satisfaction — a characteristic of mutual choices made by the i-th member of the group; — status — a characteristic of the attractiveness of the i-th member of the group [9].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The first stage of sociometry of a temporary children’s group (the organizational period of group development) The organizational stage (the adaptation period) lasts for the first three days from the beginning of the shift (from the moment the children arrive at the camp). The organizational period is necessary in order to set the foundations of discipline, the initial rallying within the temporary children’s team and its further development. This is the period when a child is acutely experiencing adaptation to a new team and new conditions of life [14]. Now let us consider the presented results according to the weak sociometric criterion: Who of group members would you invite to your birthday party? (Fig. 1, 2). At the first stage of the study, sociometry was carried out during the organizational period of the shift, when the participants did not know one another well enough. These conditions explain their unwillingness to both trust and invite strangers to a birthday party. However, at the same time, for internal interactions, at this stage, children tend to choose roommates (rooms are highlighted by circles) or children who they were previously familiar with. These results characterize the first “Scattered Sand” stage in the development of a temporary children’s group. In general, the behavior of the group corresponds to the description given by A. N. Lutoshkin. Let us turn to the results of the strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? (Fig. 3, 4). In this case, the sociometric criterion reflects not just relationships within a group, but identifies leaders. Most recognized leaders at this stage are Lisa and Tima. The group tutor explains this in the following way: “Lisa is the eldest in the group and she is the leader in the equestrian sports team”. Concerning Tima, there was no obvious reason why she could have been chosen a leader; perhaps the emergence of an internal leader, or this is how old acquaintances work. As a result, the criterion confirms that the team at this stage of development is similar to “Scattered Sand” meaning that the choice of a leader is difficult and typical alienation is noticeable.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 97 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 Fig. 1. Sociograph according to a weak sociometric criterion Whom from the group would you invite to your birthday? during the organizational period

Alina Misha

Lisa Nikita

Marina Olya Andrei

Egor

Timofei Grisha Lena Sasha

Dasha Maksim Tima

Anya Alisa Alina B.

Pasha Katya Milana Vova

Fig. 2. Histogram and graph characterizing group and individual indices according to a weak sociometric criterion Whom from the group would you invite to your birthday? during the organizational period

Group indices a l u e V

Indices Individual indices a l u e V

Clients

98 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Fig. 3. Sociograph according to a strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? during the organizational period

Fig. 4. Histogram and graph characterizing group and individual indices by a strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? during the organizational period

Group indices a l u e V

Indices Individual indices a l u e V

Clients

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 99 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 The second stage of sociometry of a temporary children’s team (the main period of group development) The main shift period lasts, in our case, for 10 days. During this time, the main goal is to form cohesion, to encourage activity and self-realization of each child. Therefore, the tutors were to fulfil the following tasks: — to focus the attention of children on regime and discipline, but to a lesser extent than during the organizational period; — to provide children with a variety of team creative work in different areas; — to identify leadership qualities in children; — to encourage participation in the general program of the children’s camp as a team or part of a team according to areas of responsibility. Also, approximately in the middle of the shift, there is a peak of conflicts. It is a so-called crisis of the shift. This is due to the fact that by the middle of the shift children have adapted to the surrounding reality as much as possible. Everything seems old and mundane, and a feeling of homesickness may appear [14]. Let us consider the results according to the weak sociometric criterion Who of group members would you invite to your birthday party? (Fig. 5, 6).

Fig. 5. Sociograph according to a weak sociometric criterion Whom from the group would you invite to your birthday? during the main period

100 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS According to the data in the sociograph, cohesion has increased, there is no longer the former division according to the territorial principle (by rooms), as well as by gender, as it was before. At this stage, we can talk about reaching the next level of development of a temporary children’s group called “Soft Clay”. The group at this stage is more active, its members are more likely to make contact and make attempts to act as a team. Micro-interest groups, typical of this stage, appear within a group. Let us turn to the results of applying the strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? (Fig. 7, 8). There are also some changes in the sociograph, built on the basis of the strong sociometric criterion created to identify the leader. Comparing the initial picture with the previous stage, we can state that the past leaders have practically lost their positions. The tutor explained it this way: “In the case of Tima, this is due to a conflict in the team shortly before the second stage”. As for Lisa, according to the tutor, she remained the leader for her equestrian sports team, but other children, not engaged in this subgroup, broke away from her. Thus, at this stage, four main leaders are clearly visible. They are Katya, Grisha, Andrey, and Marina (in Fig. 7, 8 highlighted in red circles). The analyzed data justifies that the group is at the “Shimmering Light” stage.

Fig. 6. Histogram and graph characterizing group and individual indices according to a weak sociometric criterion Whom from the group would you invite to your birthday? during the main period

Group indices a l u e V

Indices Individual indices a l u e V

Clients

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 101 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 Fig. 7. Sociograph by a strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? during the main period

Fig. 8. Histogram and graph characterizing group and individual indices according to the strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? during the main period

Group indices a l u e V

Indices Individual indices a l u e V

Clients

102 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS The third stage of sociometry of a temporary children’s group (the final period of group development) The last stage of the change is the final period. The main goal to achieve at this stage is for the group to become a kind of a tool of individual development. There- fore, it is the task of a tutor: — to prepare children for the upcoming departure; — to analyze the achieved level of cohesion and activity; — to organize accessible group activities in which everyone is given the opportunity; — to show their abilities and analyze their successes and failures as part of a group. The last stage is characterized by the presence of mutual understanding and re- spect for one another. In the system of personal relationships, there is new more intense intergroup communication and an increase in the independence of the group as a whole. Thus, over the entire period of the shift, a temporary children’s group should have developed the following features: well-functioning group self-government, active participation of all group members, the desire for socially significant affairs, the success of the group as a whole [14]. Let us consider the results according to the weak sociometric criterion Who of group members would you invite to your birthday party? (Fig. 9, 10). At the last stage, such group indices as cohesion and stability have strongly increased in comparison with the first stage. In this case, the sociograph most clearly reflects the situation in which almost every member of the temporary children’s group has the maximum number of two-way connections. Here we can state that the group is at the “Scarlet Sail” stage, passing to the last stage of the temporary group development that is “Burning Torch”. Let us consider the results according to the strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? (Fig. 11, 12). So, at the end of the shift the leaders are Sasha, Marina and Andrey. According to the tutor’s standpoint, Sasha and Marina have good creative abilities and the girls were able to express themselves in multiple creative activities in the camp. At the same time, Andrei was not an obvious authority and, to a greater extent, acted within his group (a group of boys), thus, having become a hidden leader.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can state that a temporary children’s group goes through constant stages that are recurrent for all generations of children, regardless of the historical period of social development and changing socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions in which new generations are growing up. At the same time, the stages of a small group development depend on current factors, namely: on the nature and intensity of the group members’ enrollment and participation, group goals, the level of group discipline, the nature of communication and interaction, requirements imposed by counselors and tutors, personal traits of children and their abilities demanded by the team in current circumstances.

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 103 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 Fig. 9. Sociograph according to a weak sociometric criterion Whom from the group would you invite to your birthday? during the final period

Fig. 10. Histogram and graph characterizing group and individual indices according to a weak sociometric criterion Whom from the group would you invite to your birthday? during the final period

Group indices a l u e V

Indices Individual indices a l u e V

Clients

104 vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 SIBERIAN SOCIUM SS Fig. 11. Sociograph according to a strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? during the final period

Fig. 12. Histogram and graph characterizing group and individual indices by a strong sociometric criterion Who would you like to see as a group leader? during the final period

Group indices a l u e V

Indices Individual indices a l u e V

Clients

vol. 4 | no. 2 (12) | 2020 105 SS SIBERIAN SOCIUM A. V. Maltseva, M. D. Grudkovskaia, pp. 90-107 It is convenient to diagnose these stages using a sociometry method. This method can be effectively applied from the age of six and is rather useful for sociologists studying the issue of childhood. As for the names and descriptions of the development stages for a temporary children’s group, it seems useful to design names and characteristics appropriate for the contemporary childhood period, relevant to modern children, children’s subculture, and sociology of childhood.

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