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The Gmelin's Wagtail Motacilla Lutea: Breeding Range, Migratory

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The Gmelin's Wagtail Motacilla Lutea: Breeding Range, Migratory Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia - Research in Ornithology, 90 (2): 3-50, 2020 DOI: 10.4081/rio.2020.435 The Gmelin’s wagtail Motacilla lutea: breeding range, migratory movements and wintering range Flavio Ferlini1*, Elena Alexandrovna Artemyeva2 Abstract - The breeding range, the migratory movements, and the Riassunto - La cutrettola di Gmelin Motacilla lutea: areale ripro- wintering range of the yellow-headed wagtail, called Parus luteus from duttivo, movimenti migratori e areale di svernamento. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (now Motacilla flava lutea, or Motacilla lutea L’areale riproduttivo, i movimenti migratori e l’areale di sverna- for some authors), has always been described in very general terms. Some mento della cutrettola dalla testa gialla chiamata da Samuel Gottlieb authors pointed out that a modern and detailed map with the real distribu- Gmelin Parus luteus (ora Motacilla flava lutea, o Motacilla lutea tion of the lutea is lacking, especially for evaluating the overlap of breed- secondo alcuni Autori), in italiano nota come cutrettola del Caspio, ing ranges with other subspecies of Motacilla flava. The purpose of this sono sempre stati descritti in temini molto generali, tanto che alcuni study is to fill this gap in information by drawing up an updated map of the ornitologi hanno evidenziato la mancanza di mappe aggiornate con breeding range, as well as the wintering range and the migratory move- la reale distribuzione. Questo studio si pone l’obiettivo di colmare la ments followed by this wagtail. These same aspects are also considered lacuna analizzando questi aspetti in un periodo molto ampio (dal 1851 in perspective terms from 1851 to 2018 in order to assess any changes al 2018) ed evidenziando anche i cambiamenti che sono intercorsi nel that have occurred over time. This study is based on data obtained from tempo. the consultation of 672 bibliographic sources, 40 travel reports, databases Dall’inizio del XX secolo, l’areale riproduttivo della cutrettola del (including 6 relating to museum collections), and some websites. Caspio è collocato nella fascia occupata dalla steppa e dalla steppa- Since the beginning of the 20th century, the breeding range of the foresta euroasiatica. La sottospecie è più abbondante in due aree della lutea is located within the area of the Eurasian steppe and forest-steppe Russia europea: quella meridionale è posizionata nella pianura alluvio- with the greatest abundance occurring in two areas in European Russia: nale del fiume Volga e quella settentrionale nella pianura alluvionale the southern one in the floodplain of the Volga River and the northern del fiume Kama. Analogamente a quanto sta accadendo per le sottospe- one in the floodplain of the Kama River. Similarly to what is happen- cie cinereocapilla e feldegg, dalla fine del XX secolo la cutrettola del ing for the subspecies cinereocapilla and feldegg, from the end of the Caspio sta estendendo il proprio areale riproduttivo sia verso ovest sia 20th century the lutea is extending its breeding range west and north. verso nord. La progressione della sottospecie lutea nelle regioni occi- The advancement of the lutea to the western and northern regions of dentali e settentrionali della Russia europea è favorita dall’avanzamento the European portion of Russia became possible due to the westward a ovest e a nord delle principali comunità vegetali ad essa più idonee. and northern advancement of key plant communities and food supply Questo cambiamento ambientale è probabilmente dovuto all’aumento facilities of this bird. The lutea mainly uses two migratory routes: the delle temperature sia nella steppa sia nella steppa-foresta russa. La Great Rift Valley Flyway and the Central Asian Flyway. The first is cutrettola del Caspio prevale numericamente sulle altre sottospecie di used by birds that nest in European Russia and western Kazakhstan to Cutrettola nel 3,2% del suo areale riproduttivo ed è presente come unica reach Africa, while the second is probably only used by the minority sottospecie solo nel 4% dell’intero areale. L’ampia sovrapposizione portion of the population that is present in the central and eastern part della lutea (92,8% dell’areale) con le altre sottospecie, insieme con of Kazakhstan and in the Asian portion of Russia to reach India and Sri la sua inferiorità numerica generale e la possibilità di accoppiarsi con Lanka. Starting from the 21st century, the passage of birds towards north diverse sottospecie (specialmente flava, beema e feldegg), sono motivi of the Black Sea seems to intensify. East Africa is the main wintering di preoccupazione per la sua conservazione. Ciò è ancora più rilevante area of the lutea, but starting from the last decades of the 20th century, a se, come suggerito dagli ornitologi russi, si considera lutea come una small part of the birds traveling towards Africa interrupt their migratory specie distinta e giustifica pienamente l’inclusione di questo uccello journey and wintering in the Arabian Peninsula. nelle Red Lists di molte oblast e repubbliche della Russia. La cutrettola del Caspio utilizza principalmente due rotte migrato- Keywords: Motacilla flava lutea, climate change, steppe, north- rie: la Great Rift Valley Flyway e la Central Asian Flyway. La prima è ward expansion, Europe, Asia, Africa. utilizzata dagli uccelli che nidificano nella Russia europea e nel Kaza- kistan occidentale per raggiungere l’Africa, mentre la seconda è proba- bilmente seguita per raggiungere l’india e lo Sri Lanka solo dalla por- zione minoritaria della popolazione che si riproduce nella parte centrale 1 Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, Corso Venezia 55, 20121 e orientale del Kazakistan e nella Russia asiatica. A partire dal XXI Milano, Italia. secolo, il flusso migratorio degli individui che transitano a nord del Mar 2 Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University of I.N. Ulyanov, Nero sembra intensificarsi. sq. 100-letia of V.I. Lenin, 4/5, Ulyanovsk, 432071 Russia. L’Africa orientale è la principale area di svernamento della sotto- specie lutea, tuttavia a partire dagli ultimi decenni del XX secolo una * Corresponding author: [email protected] piccola parte degli uccelli in migrazione ha iniziato ad interrompere il viaggio verso l’Africa per fermarsi a svernare nella Penisola Arabica. © 2020 Flavio Ferlini, Elena Alexandrovna Artemyeva L’espansione verso nord-est dell’areale “africano” di svernamento della cutrettola del Volga è in sintonia con quanto sta accadendo alle sot- Received: 30 September 2019 tospecie occidentali dalla metà degli anni ’80: l’area di svernamento Accepted for publication: 13 October 2020 si è notevolmente espansa a nord, occupando, pur con numeri molto Online publication: 27 January 2021 limitati, la porzione dell’Europa caratterizzata dalla temperature media in gennaio superiore a 0 °C. La presenza occasionale in inverno nella 4 Flavio FERLINI, ELENA ALEXANDROVNA ArtemYeva Turchia occidentale, in Israele e nell’Iran meridionale suggerisce che male of flavissima (yellowish supercilium), but it may anche in Medio Oriente la specie Motacilla flava (sottospecie lutea be also difficult to distinguish from flava and beema inclusa) sta progressivamente occupando le aree con temperature in gennaio superiori a 0 °C. In inverno, il subcontinente indiano ospita (Fig. 4); a few individuals are distinctive because they una frazione marginale della popolazione della cutrettola del Caspio; resemble the less brightly coloured male (Alström et in considerazione delle recenti segnalazioni invernali in alcuni stati al., 2003). The young specimens are similar to those settentrionali dell’India, anche in questa area geografica sembra essere of the subspecies flava and beema, but some show in atto l’espansione verso nord dell’areale di svernamento della sotto- yellowish supercilium (Alström et al., 2003). specie lutea. Parole chiave: Motacilla flava lutea, cambiamento climatico, espansione verso nord, Europa, Asia, Africa INTRODUCTION The German physician, botanist, and naturalist Sam- uel Gottlieb Gmelin, sponsored by the Russian Academy of Sciences under the Empress Catherine II, explored the area around the Caspian Sea and described at least 61 bird species as new to science (Mlíkovský, 2011). He conducted two expeditions. In the first he travelled, along with Peter Simon Pallas, to Persia from 1770 to April 1772; the journey led through Derbent, Baku, Sal- lian, Enzelly, Rescht, Gilan, and Sari. In 1773, he started from Astrakhan for the second and last exploration on the Caspian, and after exploring several parts of the Persian coast, he left his ship at Enzelly and in January 1774 pro- ceded by land to Baku and to Derbend. He was captured on 5th February 1774 by Usmey, Khan of Khaïtakes, and during negotiations for a ransom for his release, he died of ill health and bad treatment in captivity at the age of 30 on 27th July of the same year in Akhmedkent (Dagestan) (Long, 1838). William Tooke (1799) wrote about him: «This able traveller was continually obliged to strug- gle with adverse events, while traversing the northern provinces of Persia; he had especially to contend with sicknesses, and the difficulties thrown in his way by the Fig. 1 - Adult male in reproductive plumage, Ulyanovsk area, Cherdak- khans of that kingdom; and he is deserving of the title of linsky District / Maschio adulto in abito riproduttivo, area di Ul’janovsk, a martyr to natural history, with the greater right, as, after Distretto di Cherdaklinsky (Photo / Foto: Elena Alexandrovna Artemy- eva). having adorned his life with so many labours, he closed it under the weight of persecutions, and in the miseries of captivity.». One of the 61 new species of birds discovered by Gmelin was a wagtail, captured at Bandar-e Anzali (Gi- lan Province, Iran) during his first expedition, to which he attributed the scientific name ofParus luteus (Gmelin, 1774). The German explorer described a male and a fe- male: of the male he provided only the description and it corresponds with what is today known as Motacilla (fla- va) lutea, while the female (figured on plate 20, Fig.
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    European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences EpSBS www.europeanproceedings.com e-ISSN: 2357-1330 DOI: 10.15405/epsbs.2020.11.69 HPEPA 2019 Humanistic Practice in Education in a Postmodern Age 2019 THE HEROIC IMAGE IN ISLAM: HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE Raushaniya Lukyanova (a), Oksana Ivanova (b), Larisa Bilalova (c)* *Corresponding author (a) Bashkir State Pedagogical University n. a. M. Akmulla, ul. Oktyabrskoj revoljucii, 3-a, Ufa, RB, the Russian Federation, [email protected] (b) Bashkir State Pedagogical University n. a. M. Akmulla, ul. Oktyabrskoj revoljucii, 3-a, Ufa, RB, the Russian Federation, [email protected] (c) Bashkir State University (Birsk Brunch), Birsk, RB, the Russian Federation, [email protected] Abstract The searching for moral ideals in the conditions of the spiritual crisis of the modern multicultural society, the expectancy of the revival of spiritual traditions in the crisis period of the social development determines the human appeal to the sources of spirituality. These sources are found in the cultural experience, traditions and customs of ancestors. Religion and its high humanistic moral imperatives has an important role in the system of socio-cultural phenomena. The problem of philosophical discourse is the formation of the true hero image. This problem is also topical for the Muslim religion. The authors based on the systematic approach made an attempt to identify theoretically the attitude of the true hero to the avowed cultural values; to justify the conceptual multidimensionality of heroic images in Islam; to determine the nature and essence of heroism. The authors state that in terms of developing optimal strategies and resolving mechanisms the problem of forming the heroic image in Islam according to the modern context is relevant and complex.
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