The Restoration of Agriculture in the Famine Area of Russia
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3^t CfarneU Intaeraitg Jlt^ara. N. 1- Cornell University Library S 469.R9R9 The restoration of agriculture in the fa 3 1924 000 873 384 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924000873384 RU.^SIAN SOCIALIST FEDERAL- SOVIET REPUBLIC THE RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE FAMINE AREA OF RUSSIA THE RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE FAMINE AREA OF RUSSIA BEING THE INTERIM REPORT OF THE STATE ECONOMIC PLANNING COMMISSION OF THE COUNCIL FOR LABOUR AND DEFENCE OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIALIST FEDERAL SOVIET REPUBLIC TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY EDEN AND CEDAR PAUL PUBLISHED FOR THE INFORMATION DEPARTMENT OF THE RUSSIAN TRADE DELEGATION BY THE LABOUR PUBLISHING COMPANY, LTD. 6, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON 1922 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Foreword. By S. P. Sereda, President of the Section for Rural Economy of the State Economic Planning Commission ....... 9 The Characteristics of the Soil in the Area suffering FROM Failure of the Crops in the Year 1921 By Professor V. N. Bushinsky 15 Introductory . 15 , Samara Province 16 Orenburg Province 17 Saratov Province 17 Uralsk Region 19 Turgai Region 20 Astrakhan Province 21 Stavropol Province 23 The Soils of the northern Provinces suffering from Failure of the Crops in 1921 23 Vyatka Province 23 Kazan Province 23 Simbirsk Province . 24 Ufa Province .... 24 The Agricultural Characteristics of the South East and the Extent of the Failure of the Crops By J. V. Blyaher 25 Introduction .... 25 General Characteristics 26 Characteristics of the two Sub-Areas 27 The Extent of Agricultural Activity and the Diminution of sown Areas .... 28 Draught Beasts and Farming Implements 29 Relative Proportions of sown Crops . 30 The total Amount of the Grain Harvest and the Extent of the Suffering resulting from the Failure of the Crops ........ 32 Vegetables ........ 33 Grass Lands and the Supply of Farm Beasts with Fodder 34 The Future of Agriculture in the South East and THE Methods of its Organisation. By Pro- fessor N. Tulaikoff ...... 40 The Need for transforming the Systems of Tillage and Rural Economy ...... 40 A Plan for the Transformation of Rural Economy 42 Measures requisite for effecting the Reorganisation of Agriculture ....... 55 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE The Probable Yield of the Crops when the Agricul- ture OF the South East has been rationalised 60 By Professor V. N. Bushinsky . Introduction ....... 60 Probable Yield of the Crops in the South East . 61 Agrarian Reorganisation ..... 65 Introduction ....... 65 The Tasks of agrarian Reorganisation 65 Benefits accruing to Agriculture from the Dispersal of the closely aggregated Farmsteads 66 A Plan of agrarian Reorganisation for a brief (Five Year) Period ...... 67 Amount of Materials and Labour annually required for the ReaUsation of this Plan 68 Conclusion ....... 73 Soviet Farms in the South-Eastern Area. By N. V. Turchaninofi 74 Number 74 General Condition . 75 Farming Implements and Live Stock 75 Sowings . 76 Technical Equipment 76 The necessary Improvements in the South East. By Professor A. N. Kostyakoff n Climatic Conditions of the South East : Water Supply 77 Improvements in the Water Supply . 77 Improvements in the agricultural Conditions of the Area 79 Scale of the Work ...... 83 Material and technical Requirements 85 Arrangement of the Work .... 86 Irrigation Works for the South East in the Basins of the Great Uzen, the Little Uzen, and the Kushum. By Professor R. P. Sparro 89 Basins, Rainfall, and Soil 89 Agricultural Conditions in the Basins 89 Irrigation Works .... 90 Prospects ..... 93 Estimated Cost .... 94 The Order of the Work 94 Improvement Schemes in the Volga Delta and in the Alluvial Strip of the Volga and the Akhtuba. By Civil Engineer B. H. Shlegel .... 95 The Delta and the alluvial Strip .... 95 An Oasis of Horticulture .....'. Surveys 95 ........ | 97 TABLE OF CONTENTS PACB Electrification in the South East. By Civil Engineer A. V. Vinogradofi 99 PreliminEiry Considerations .... 99 The Need for mechanical Energy lOO The general Need for electrical Energy in Industry lOI The technical Conditions of Electrification . 102 Shale as Fuel ....... 102 The Power Stations and their Distribution 103 Wind-Power ....... 104 Electric Power Stations in the Volga Valley. By Professor K. A. Krug .... 106 Sizran. Station ...... 106 Saratov Station ...... 107 The Svyaga hydro-electric Station . 109 Vegetable Gardening and its Possibilities, By Pro- fessor P. G. Shitt no Areas .... no Suburban Vegetable Gardens no Rural Vegetable Gardens . III Area needed . III Live Stock and Farming Implements 112 Agricultural Machinery required By Professor V. G. Gan 118 Ploughs . 118 Tractors 120 Harvesting Machines 121 Additional Requirements 121 Financial Outlay 122 The Production and Export of Hides in the South East ; the Restoration of Stock-Raising in that Area. By Professor G. Povarnin . 124 General Considerations . ,124 The Restoration of Stock-Raising . -125 Conclusions ........ 129 The Fisheries of the South East. Professor A. Meisner 130 General Characteristics 130 The Astrakhan Area 130 Uralsk and other Areas . 132 Conclusions .... 132 The Home Industries of the South East 133 Area .... 133 Home Industry 133 Woodwork . 133 Metal Work . 135 Clay, Stone, and Slate Work 135 Work upon Animal Products 135 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE The Home Industries of the South East—contd. Spinning, Weaving, Fulling, Hosiery, Tailoring, and Rope making .... 136 Condition of Home Industries . 137 Productivity at the present Time 138 Importance of increasing Productivity 138 The local Shale Beds and their Exploitation. By Professor I. I. Gubkin I39 Local Distribution of the Shale Beds . -139 • Simbirsk Area . -139 Sisran Area ......•• 140 Transvolgian Shale Beds of Samara and the Obshchi Syrt 140 The Possibilities of utilising the Volga bituminous Shales . , 141 Public Works in the Famine Area . .142 The Area in which public Works must be undertaken . 142 Timber Work ........ 142 Land Improvement Schemes . .142 Preparation of Building Materials . .142 Public Buildings 143 Road Repair 143 Railway Construction 143 Waterworks . 143 Home Industries 143 Local Undertakings 143 Sketch of the Industries of the South East. By P. Kolokolnikofi . -147 General Survey . , .147 Industries concerned in elaborating the Products of Agriculture . .150 Appendix I. —List of Experimental Institutions in THE South East ....... 155 Appendix II.—Items relating to the Surplus and the Deficit, respectively, of the chief Products . 1=7 Supplementary Notes by the Translators : 1. Methods of Irrigation in Russia 165 2. Russian Weights and Measures 167 . FOREWORD The agriculture of south-eastern Russia, affected during the current year by a failure of the crops unpre- cedented in its severity, has received a staggering blow. The extent of the crisis and its extraordinary acuteness are partly due to the drought of this year, but are partly dependent upon social and economic conditions. The south-eastern area is a typically arid one. It contains a vast extent of cultivable land. Good harvests in favourable years, and a vigorous demand for cereals (especially for wheat), have, in conjunction with the foregoing circumstances, promoted the development of an unstable system of peasant agriculture, of the extensive type, and characterised by an extremely low level of agricultural technique. Wheat is here the main crop (55 per cent.). In the region of the steppes this harvest is dependent upon the rainfall of two months—May and June. The uninter- mittent succession of wheat crops has exhausted the soil, and has led to so terrible a contamination of the peasant sowings that the 3aeld has been reduced from a possible 92 per cent, to 46 per cent.^ The conditions under which the land is exploited are extremely unfavourable to the progress of agriculture. The villages in the Volga region are excessively large, or rather, such large villages form 70 per cent, of the total. As a result, many of the fields are a long way from the villages, sometimes ten miles or more. There have been frequent redistributions of land among the peasants, and these redistributions have caused economic instabihty in the utilisation of the soil, with all that this instabihty entails. The lack of the most elementary improvements in agrarian technique, and the lack of any organised assistance to the agricultural population, have Mkewise influenced the general economic level of the area. Such have been the leading features and conditions of peasant farming in the arid South East. * S. Bazhanoff, Observations on contaminated Vegetation, made in the Year 1913 in the Buzuluk experimental Field and in its Neigh- bourhood (Samara Province) 10 THE RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURE After the revolution, the farming of the South East deteriorated even more. Gravely affected by the world war, it was then still more gravely injured by the civil war and by the economic blockade of Russia. For a considerable period, the South East was the arena of fierce struggles between the Red Army and the eneniies of the working population. Thereby peasant farming was completely disorganised. The civil war continued on other fronts, so that the peasants of the South East were compelled to devote all their energies to the aid of the Republic and the Red Army, and this led to a still further diminution of the productive and victualling resources of the South East. Finally, the discontinuance of the importation of agricultural implements and machinery which was a consequence of the blockade rendered the restoration of peasant farming quite impos- sible. The disrepair of farming implements and machinery has now reached catastrophic proportions—50 to 70 per cent. Such have been the causes of a great decline in the extent of land sown in the area now affected by the failure of the crops, and such were the causes of the reduction in the number of farm beasts. In 1921, as compared with 1916, the area sown has been reduced to 37 per cent., the number of draught beasts to 46 per cent., and the number of cows to 30 per cent.