Contested Commemorations: Republican War Veterans and Weimar Political Culture Benjamin Ziemann Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02889-0 - Contested Commemorations: Republican War Veterans and Weimar Political Culture Benjamin Ziemann Index More information

Index

Abel, Theodore, 124 Ashworth, Tony, 84 AGM, 143 Assmann, Jan, 18 aircraft, 119 Association républicaine des anciens Allies, 14, 25, 44, 54, 90, 120–1, 196, 221 combattants, 12 Alsace, 206 atrocities, 44, 75, 121 Annweiler, 133 Auer, Erhard, 62, 135, 152, 211, 217, 233, anti-Bolshevism, 219 234, 272 anti-militarism, 32, 34, 92, 94 Augsburg, 78 anti-Semitism, 63, 178, 193 Augustusburg, 187 Appens, 46–8 Austria, 166, 183 Arc de Triomphe, 159, 165, 179, 188 armistice, 1, 25, 50–2, 90, 94, 99, 101, Bad Berka, 174–5, 178–80, 182, 184, 119–21, 166, 230, 236, 255 186–8, 191, 256 armistice day, 51, 165, 168 Baden, 69, 74, 108, 115, 205, 240, 249, army, 26, 32, 58, 77, 86, 89, 118 255 collapse of the, 49, 55, 89, 120, 202, Baden-Baden, 207 231, 278 Baker, Theodore, 148 conscripts, 41, 77, 92, 123 Bamberg, 138 drill, 102, 155 Bamberger, Luise Paula, 100 field, 25, 28, 31, 44, 91 Ban de Sapt, battle at the, 209–10 French, 272 Barbusse, Henri, 12, 162, 242 general staff, 16, 21, 198, 199 Bärensprung, Horst, 60, 153 generals, 29, 43 Barmen, 64 German Army Headquarters, 46 Bartning, Otto, 183 grievances, 31, 32, 50, 85, 231–3 Bauer, Max, 28 hospitals, 82, 90 Bauhaus, 183, 196 Imperial, 10, 25, 28, 29–30, 31, 50, 76, Bavaria, 20, 33, 66–8, 113, 129, 138, 78, 82, 91, 93, 126, 220, 231, 267, 140, 145, 179, 217 276, 278 Bayerischer Kriegerbund, 136 Jewish soldiers, 63 Bazille, Wilhelm, 177 life, 77, 97 Becker, Annette, 135 NCOs, 26, 43, 46, 102, 123 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 149 officers, 29, 30, 31, 44, 45, 46, 48–50, Belgium, 46, 50, 57, 58, 165 54, 85, 92, 96, 199, 232 Bergsträsser, Ludwig, 96–8, 99–100, 111, officers, junior, 31, 102 114, 127, 226, 227 Prussian, 16, 102, 120, 181, 200, 203, Berlin, 1, 24, 27, 33–4, 36–9, 41, 53, 57, 206, 223 67, 82, 120, 126, 144, 156, 167, structure of the, 30, 45, 49, 87 169, 173, 179, 180–1, 188–9, 192, Army Supreme Command, 27, 55, 96, 196, 203, 206, 207, 213, 216, 217, 120, 198–9, 211, 213, 226, 233, 220, 227, 241, 242, 252, 254, 260 276 Berlin University, 227 artillery, 40, 44, 90, 105, 119, 210 Berlin-Brandenburg, 214

306

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02889-0 - Contested Commemorations: Republican War Veterans and Weimar Political Culture Benjamin Ziemann Index More information

Index 307

Berliner Morgenpost, 27 Cottbus, 62, 192 Berliner Tageblatt, 32, 191, 262 Courrières, 170 Berliner Volks-Zeitung, 26–7, 32, 34, 38, Cron, Hermann, 16 77, 262 Bessel, Richard, 2 Dachau, 86, 279 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 52 Darmstadt, 159 Beumelburg, Werner, 224, 242, 246, 252 DDP, 3, 15, 26, 34, 60, 69, 71, 96, 108, Bielefeld, 129, 132, 134 112, 114, 126, 152, 176, 180, 203, Bonn, 213 207–8, 226, 230, 274 Brandenburg Gate, 120, 189 defeat, German, 1–2, 27–9, 51, 146, 162, Braun, Max, 147 166, 184, 194, 195, 199, 202, 257 Braun, Otto, 130, 146, 180–1 causes of, 26, 31, 177, 220 Bremen, 71, 138, 153, 155, 204 inevitability of, 91, 96, 120 Bresler, Günther von, 201 as liberation, 40, 56, 120, 275 Brest, 159 responsibility for, 21, 49, 96, 234 Briand, Aristide, 158 Dehnkamp, Willy, 204, 205 Brockdorff, Alexander Graf, 231 Deimling, Berthold von, 137, 205, 220 Bröger, Karl, 52–3, 68, 113, 162, 170–1, Deist, Wilhelm, 120 191–3, 196–7, 246, 278 Delbrück, Hans, 217–19, 220, 227, 229 Brüning, Heinrich, 158 demobilisation, cultural, 2, 33, 40, 56, brutalisation, 11, 268 111, 154, 160, 268 brutalisation thesis, 6, 268 Denmark, 32 Buchenwald, 216, 220 depression, economic, 95, 100 Burgfrieden, 52 Dessau, 183 Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 58, 231 Canetti, Elias, 172 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gartenkunst, 186 captivity, 35, 81, 119, 134 Deutsche Staatspartei, 15 Cassin, René, 158, 159 Deutsche Zeitung, 28 Cauer, Minna, 38 Deutscher Arbeiter-Sängerbund, 148, 149, censorship, 55, 98, 118, 121, 238, 150 254–6 Deutscher Offiziersbund, 203 Centre Party, 3, 13, 57, 60, 69, 71, 114, Dichtl, Alois, 86–7, 135–6 126, 176, 180, 226 Dietz, J.H.W., 92 Charleville, 46, 48 discourse Chemin des Dames, 84, 160 anti-war, 277 Chemnitz, 66 on comradeship, 150 CIAMAC, 157 imperialist, 117 class struggle, 71, 163 national, 38, 106, 116, 119, 126, 145 Coburg, 187 patriotic, 210 collective memory, 122, 123, 240, 256, in the Reichsbanner, 117, 268, 275 276 on the republic, 10 collective remembrance, 16–19, 38 on victimisation, 21, 118 Cologne, 168 on war experience, 5, 21, 263 Communist Party, 12, 15, 23, 39, 58, 61, on war remembrance, 31, 131, 191, 74, 90, 176, 205, 211, 225 236, 274 comradeship, 26, 31, 64, 87–8, 130, 150, on the war, 21 242, 249, 251, 253, 256, 277 Dittmann, Wilhelm, 226, 230, 273 Confino, Alon, 5 DNVP, 177, 258–9 Constance, 130 Dortmund, 48, 259 constitution, 8, 54, 64, 67, 99, 153, 167, Dresden, 66, 211 175, 189, 274, 276 Duderstadt, Henning, 34, 262 Constitution Day, 8, 9, 101, 142, 144–5, Duesterberg, Theodor, 178 146, 196, 201, 274 Dumont, Henri, 159 corruption, 30, 45–6, 48, 54, 86, 89, 153, Düsseldorf, 179 229, 266, 267, 271, 275 DVP, 57, 59, 112 Cossmann, Nicolaus, 202 Dwinger, Edwin Erich, 246

308 Index

East Prussia, 62, 67, 180, 235 Franconia, 68, 139 Eastern front, 83, 84, 101 franc-tireurs, 44 Ebert, Friedrich, 8, 53, 61, 71, 168, 171 Frank, Leonhard, 246 Einert, Fritz, 97–111, 112–27, 128, 202, Frankenwinheim, 139, 140 240, 253, 259, 268, 269, 273 Frankfurt, 96, 220 Eisenach, 186–7 fraternisation, 83, 84, 92 Eksteins, Modris, 254 Frederick Barbarossa, 187 Elbe, 59 Free Trade Unions, 16, 35, 39, 61, 67, 70, Elberfeld, 70 163, 260 Endres, Franz Carl, 56, 247, 276 Freiheit, 33 Entente, 120, 165, 193 Freikorps, 3, 41, 61, 74 epigraphy, 14 Friedensbund der Kriegsteilnehmer, 15, Erfurt, 101, 178 32–4, 36, 38–9, 162, 225, 261–2 Erzberger, Matthias, 206 Friedensburg, Ferdinand, 152 Etappe, 44–8, 49, 55, 105, 118, 124, 177, Fritzsche, Peter, 6 209, 267 front generation, 18, 239, 241, 244, 253, Ettersberg, 174 255, 258 Ettighofer, Paul, 246 front-line community, 87, 88 Ettlingen, 240 front-line service, 27, 79, 91, 92, 97, 105, Europe, 160, 172, 245 106, 113, 256 Eutin, 67, 106 front-line soldier, 10, 12–13, 22, 65, 73, 76, 99, 108, 223, 249, 255, 259, fallen comrades, 54, 122, 146, 152, 173 262 French, 48 during the war, 46, 90, 96, 118, 148, fallen soldier, 17, 52, 147, 150, 151, 272 152–3, 159, 173, 184, 188 perspective of the, 17, 29 commemoration of the, 9, 130, 131, recollections of, 34, 59 132, 138, 141, 145, 146–7, 154, as victim, 21, 30, 105, 193, 273 163, 167, 177 Fronterlebnis, 17, 41, 89, 98, 225, 236, nationalist, 132, 139 237, 245, 250, 256, 257, 262, 263, pacifist, 133 269, 271 and war memorials, 21, 122, 128, 167, 181–2, 183 garrison, 101–3, 206, 210 cult of the, 11, 13, 129, 135, 137, 150, Gauting, 68 161–2, 268 general strike, 50, 61 death of the, 128, 190 Georges, Benno, 153–4 legacy of the, 7, 21, 52, 113, 131, 136, German Fatherland Party, 61 168, 274 German National Union of Commercial Fatherland Party, 226 Employees (DHV), 31–2 Fédération nationale, 158, 160 German Peace Society, 33, 141–3, 201, Fehrenbach, Constantine, 69 204–5, 214, 216 Felden, Emil, 153 German Sonderweg, 11, 13 Feldgraue, 27, 49, 99 Geßler, Otto, 173 Feldpostbriefe, see war letters Gestapo, 19 flag controversy,125 , 126 Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 259 Flex, Walter, 236 Glaeser, Ernst, 262 forced labourers, 44 Gleichschaltung, 265 Foreign Legion, 155 Goebbels, Joseph, 194, 197, 238, 243 forest, see Wald Goebel, Stefan, 11 Forstner, Günter von, 206 Goffman, Erving, 120 France, 1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 22, Göll, Franz, 251, 252 46–8, 93, 117, 134, 147, 155–6, Goslar, 186 158, 159, 160, 165–6, 167, 179, Great Britain, 1, 11, 165–6, 167, 193, 187, 193, 208, 220, 255, 259, 266, 223, 278 278 Great Depression, 239, 268

Index 309

Groener, Wilhelm, 146, 204 Hösterey, Walter, 225 Gropius, Walter, 133 Höxter, 186 Grossmann, Kurt, 35 Hungary, 166 Grote, Hans Henning von, 242 hyper-inflation, 36, 129, 227 Gruber, Martin, 202 Günzel, Paul, 155, 156 iconography, 14, 161, 170, 257 Gustloff works, 216 Imperial Navy, 200, 221, 273 Internationaler Bund, 36 Haas, Ludwig, 69 internationalism, 92, 94, 158, 159, 274 Haeften, Hans von, 57, 228 Iron Cross, 101, 209 Halbwachs, Maurice, 18, 122–3, 240, Italy, 165 276 Itzehoe, 142 Halle, 138 Hamburg, 36, 67, 71, 75, 153, 211, 225 Jacob, Berthold, 27 Hammer, Walter, 216, 225, 264 Jews, 6, 28, 31, 63, 231 Hanover, 129, 142–3, 146, 186 Jochim, Theodor, 221, 222, 233 Hansmann, Wilhelm, 258, 259 Johannsen, Ernst, 225 Harnoß, Martha, 160 Joos, Joseph, 226 Harz, 186 Jungbanner, 64 Hasenclever, Walter, 41 Jungdeutscher Orden, 15, 64, 72, 87, 93, Hasenheide, 35, 53 107–8, 110, 111, 137, 138, 256, Heicke, Karl, 186 268, 269 Heiliger Hain, see Holy Grove Jünger, Ernst, 80, 195, 226, 242, 264 Heim, Georg, 217 Jungsozialisten, 26, 59, 218, 243, 262 Heimat, 172 Heinemann, Ulrich, 55 Kant, Immanuel, 153 Heinrich from Andernach (play), 179 Kantorowicz, Alfred, 90, 91 Heller, Gustav, 40 Kapp putsch, 53, 60–1, 146, 217, 276 Herero, 206 Kapp, Wolfgang, 61 Hermann the Cheruscan, 187 Katzenstein, Simon, 226 Hesse, 137, 187 Königsberg, 62, 152 Hindenburg, Paul von, 28–9, 43, 112, Koselleck, Reinhart, 16, 123, 128, 161, 171, 175, 176, 178, 180, 213, 226, 166 243, 244, 267, 276 Kramer, Alan, 4 Hirschberg, Max, 202, 220 Kraschutzki, Heinz, 142, 143, 203 Hirschfeld, Magnus, 247 Kremser, Eduard, 148 Hitler putsch, 62, 211, 276 Krieger- und Kampfgenossenverein, 139 Hitler, Adolf, 62, 77, 194–5, 196, 197, Krille, Otto, 63, 75 217, 219, 248, 278 Kronach, 202 Hobohm, Martin, 82, 89, 96, 109, 226–7, Kube, Hermann, 186 228–33, 234, 248–9 Kuhl, Hermann von, 226 Hof, 73, 115 Kühne, Thomas, 251–2 Hoffmann, Heinrich, 36, 247 Külz, Wilhelm, 180 Hohenzollern, 1, 24, 148, 273 Kunzemann, J., 78 Holocaust, 252 Küster, Fritz, 204, 216, 219 Holstein, 204 Kuttner, Erich, 29, 35, 37, 53 Höltermann, Karl, 19, 60, 218, 260–1 Kyffhäuserbund, 15, 77, 87, 93, 130, 132, Holy Grove, 175, 177, 179, 183–4, 185, 136–40, 162, 174, 184 187, 191–2 home front, 14, 244 Labour Day, 71 Hörde, 48 labour movement, 52, 66, 67, 70, 75, 83, Horne, John, 154 86, 92–4, 115, 129, 133, 139, 149, Hörsing, Otto, 60–1, 143, 176, 178, 204, 162, 165, 239, 240, 260, 262 214, 261 Lachmann-Mosse, Georg, 26 Hosaeus, Hermann, 184 Lambach, Walther, 31–2

310 Index

Landsturm, 31 middle class, 48, 70, 89, 110, 145, 203, Lange, Hans E., 214 208, 216, 241–2, 250 Lange, Willy, 173, 196 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 133 Langemarck, 197, 256 Milestone, Lewis, 238, 254, 255–6, 264 Law for the Protection of the Republic, militarism, 12, 13, 40, 46, 120, 123, 149, 136 267, 272 League of Nations, 93, 147, 157, 208 militarisation, 72, 73, 94, 271 Lehmann-Rußbüldt, Otto, 143, 225 military decorations, 9, 43, 73, 94, 271 Leipzig, 44, 57, 66, 168, 170, 173, 183, military machine, 43, 92, 199, 233 242 Mindelheim, 216 Lersch, Heinrich, 163 mobilisation, 17, 31, 34, 72, 76, 113, 140, Leutwein, Theodor, 206 155, 176, 258, 259–60, 267, 268 Leuven, 90 modernism, 196 Levi, Paul, 58, 176 modernity, 6 Liautey, André, 158 Molo, Walter von, 248 Liebknecht, Karl, 41 Mommsen, Hans, 55, 259 Liegnitz, 61–2 monarchy, 1, 8, 24, 94, 148, 181, 215, Liga für Menschenrechte, 48, 212, 214 220, 273 London, 170, 181 Moore, Thomas, 150 London, Jack, 242 Mosse, George L., 1, 2, 11, 111 Lorch, 179 MSPD, 24, 26, 39–40, 50, 58, 112, 152, Lorraine, 247 202, 203, 211 Löwenstein, Hubertus Prince, 126 Müller, Hermann, 146 Ludendorff, Erich, 27–9, 43, 171, 213, Münchener Post, 131, 202, 217–18, 220 226, 230, 267 Munich, 20, 40, 62, 63, 64, 74–5, 78, 86, Ludwig Uhland, 137 116, 131, 135–7, 140, 152, 155, Lustgarten, 39–40, 189 177, 202, 211, 219, 220, 233, 261, Luther, Hans, 180 276 Luther, Martin, 186 Müsebeck, Ernst, 16–17, 57, 232 Lutyens, Edwin, 181 Mussolini, Benito, 219 mutinies, 272 Macedonia, 101, 103 Magdeburg, 28, 60–1, 65–6, 76, 78–80, Nama, 206 153, 157, 175, 178, 207, 218, 275 Napoleon Bonaparte, 168 Magdeburger Volksstimme, 60 nation, 11–12, 63, 106, 128, 154, 184, Mann, Heinrich, 99 185, 230, 257 Mannheim, 160 dying for, 11, 165, 166, 193, 268 Marseillaise, 159 reconstruction of, 201, 261 Marx, Wilhelm, 112, 168, 180 recovery of, 7, 130, 194, 197, 248, 278 masculinity, 72, 78, 88–9, 252, 270 renewal of, 59, 147, 182, 270 mass desertion, 51 symbol of the, 178, 181, 196 mass media, 199, 241 unity of, 13, 87, 172, 274 Maurenbrecher, Berthold, 74 values of, 186, 191, 276 May, Karl, 242 National Assembly, 101, 112, 225 Mayr, Karl, 89, 158, 160, 215–20, 224, nationalism, 3, 11, 12, 48, 59, 80, 88, 229, 234, 274 106, 107, 112, 114, 134, 145, 193, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 214 194, 215, 243, 249, 252, 264 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 261 Nationalsozialer Verein, 217 memorial cult, 128, 132, 138, 164, Naumann, Friedrich, 217 165–6, 198 Nazi Mertz von Quirnheim, Hermann Ritter, Nazis, 19, 160, 246, 251, 254–5, 258, 221–2, 228 260, 270, 279 metaphors, 32, 43, 80–1, 91, 121, 159, and destruction of democracy, 6, 11, 162, 196, 245, 248, 273 100, 252 Meyer, Willy, 32–3 leading, 194

Index 311

Nazism, 6, 194, 260, 262, 277 Paris, 159, 170, 179, 188, 208, 220, 247, Party, 6, 62, 216–17, 254, 256, 260–1 249 elections, 101, 219, 235, 238 parliamentary subcommittee, 28, 96, members, 3, 68, 238 138, 168, 169, 179, 202, 225–6, regime, 205, 213, 252, 261, 264 230–3, 249 seizure of power, 6, 19, 124, 133, 220, passive resistance, 49, 276 245, 259, 260–2, 264, 269, 277 Patriotic Instruction Programme, 233 Stormtroopers, 3, 62, 70, 195, 235, Paulskirche, 96 256–7, 260, 271 peace, 2, 46, 55, 56, 83–5, 115, 125, 134, Neisse, 192 152–3, 155–6, 157, 208, 226, 240, Netherlands, 275 245 Neue Wache, 175, 179, 181 freedom and, 24, 52, 55 Neunkirchen, 139 front-line, 43 Nicolai, Georg Friedrich, 32 immediate, 52 Niederländer, Georg, 247 longing for, 39, 49, 89, 97, 99, 163 no man’s land, 84, 192, 272 pedagogy, 243, 271 Nobel Peace Prize, 209 politics, 253 Nölting, Eric, 243 reconciliation and, 12, 33, 114 Noske, Gustav, 36, 37 struggle for, 151 Noyon, 81 peace movement, 141, 209 Nuremberg, 52, 67, 87, 201, 279 Persius, Lothar, 75–6, 203, 214, 220, 221 Nuschke, Otto, 26, 38 Peukert, Detlev, 240 Pfändner, Christian, 256 occupied territory, 44, 120, 275 Pichot, Henri, 249 Oder, 59 Pilartz, Theodor Caspar, 190 Oeser, Rudolf, 227 Plauen, 213 Oetker, Rudolf, 132 Plievier, Theodor, 242 offensive in 28, 49, 90, 97, 99, 170, 226, Plüschow, Günther, 236 232 Polgar, Alfred, 247 orphans, 9, 130, 141, 160, 267, 270 politics of history, 199 Ossietzky, Carl von, 27, 32, 34, 76–7 Pomerania, 51, 67, 235 Osterroth, Franz, 66–7, 76, 80, 92, 216, Ponsonby, Arthur, 204 218 Portugal, 165 Potsdam, 16, 56, 96, 195, 221, 228, 231 Paasche, Hans, 225 POWs, 14, 15, 36–8, 82, 134, 267 Pabst, G.W., 245 Preczang, Ernst, 163 pacifism, 11, 32, 73, 161, 214, 225, 252 proclamation of the republic, 1, 90, 207 moderate, 10, 56, 93–4, 200, 204, 208, Proletarische Hundertschaften, 62 234, 267, 271 Prost, Antoine, 11 organised, 75, 209 prostitution, 48, 49, 86, 87 patriotic, 12, 13, 207, 266 Prussia, 179, 181 radical, 143, 219 public commemorations, 1, 19, 161 pacifists, 32, 40, 58, 74, 76, 156, 225, public sphere, 3, 4, 277 259, 263 Pückler-Muskau, Prince Hermann von, bourgeois, 58, 142 192 groups, 26, 39, 169 leading, 35 Quidde, Ludwig, 62, 204, 208 moderate, 207, 245, 277 officers as, 200, 203, 205, 208, 213, Rabold, Emil, 33 214, 220 Rathenau, Walther, 136 radical, 75–6, 80, 143, 204, 215, 266, rear area, see Etappe 271 rearmament, 22, 205, 265 Pan German League, 230, 231 Redslob, Edwin, 8, 170, 173–4, 178–9, Pan-Germanism, 221 182, 185, 187, 191–3, 196, 274 paramilitary training, 73–4 Regensburg, 209, 210

312 Index

Reich Association of former POWs, 15 pacifist officers in the, 22, 200–4, 220, Reichsarchiv, 16, 56–7, 96, 217, 221–4, 234 227–8, 230, 232–4, 264, 278 politics, 64, 71, 73–6, 91, 137, 255 Reichsausschuss, 69 predecessors, 62, 63, 211 Reichsbanner Black-Red-Gold press, 89, 92 activism, 9, 12, 20, 82, 84, 95, 101, Reichsbund and, 4, 5, 71, 93, 129, 144, 107, 114, 115, 121, 137 155, 158 aims, 3, 20, 113, 271 remembrance of war, 85, 92–4, 95, by-laws, 63 128, 138–40, 141, 240, 268, 269, celebration of constitution, 189–90, 274, 276 274 rhetoric of the, 21, 93, 113, 118, 126, ceremonies, 141–2, 146, 151, 152, 154, 270 269 rituals, 150, 162 criticism from the Left, 214–15 Social Democrats and, 3, 21, 70, 71, foundation, 3, 8, 52, 59, 63, 67, 68, 95, 72, 142, 149, 202, 234, 260 135, 161, 213, 276 speakers, 152, 153 French war veterans and, 160 Stahlhelm and, 62, 72, 91, 107, 171, head office, 19, 66, 146 174, 175, 178, 180, 268 ideas, 63, 97, 98, 100, 107, 121, 128, war memorials and, 136, 137–40, 148, 156, 225, 275 171, 174, 175 Jungdo and, 108, 268 war veterans, 9, 13, 64, 68, 73, 78, leaders, 7, 19, 72, 75, 83, 86, 126, 136, 81–5, 87–9, 90, 93, 94, 108, 128, 140, 150, 151, 162, 175–6, 204, 154, 157, 170, 240, 260, 272, 279 206, 211, 212, 214, 260 women and, 78, 79, 270 local branches, 5, 20, 67, 68, 71, 77, Reichsbanner, Das, 76, 77, 91, 117, 138, 86, 101, 143, 147, 150, 235, 240, 170, 201, 218, 233, 240, 249, 253, 254 255, 272, 273 Bremen, 114, 204, 205 Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten, 15, Elberfeld, 70 174, 178 Eutin, 106 Reichsbund of War Disabled, War Frankenwinheim, 139 Veterans and War Dependants Halle, 138 activism, 12, 20, 131 Hanover, 19 demonstrations, 37, 39, 56 Lower Bavaria, 113 disabled veterans, 36, 37, 157, 158, Munich, 20, 116 235, 267 Schiltach, 74, 115, 249 figures, 36 Vegesack, 138, 155 foundation, 2, 159 Wetzlar, 137 head office, 19 meetings, 158, 220, 276 journal, 131, 159, 241, 243, 247, 249, members, 7, 64, 70, 78, 81, 95, 111, 250 128, 134, 150, 221, 249, 257, 261, leaders, 150, 162, 247, 256 273 local branches, 53, 131, 159, 177, 254 figures, 65–7, 137 meetings, 160 memories of the war, 4–5, 9, 18, members, 4, 9, 18, 131, 257, 261, 271 80–1, 86, 88–91 nationalism and, 145 pacifism and, 10, 13 pacifism in the, 38, 154, 163 SA and, 235, 260, 271 Reichsbanner and, 3, 4, 5, 71, 93, 129, working-class, 21, 229 144, 147, 155, 158 militarism in the, 72, 73, 74–6, 94, remembrance of war, 268, 269, 276 213, 259, 271 rhetoric, 3, 21 name, 22, 60, 63 Social Democrats and, 34, 37, 131, 141 nationalism in the, 104–6, 111, 126, war memorials and, 131 228 war veterans, 9, 12, 36, 54, 59, 154, pacifism in the, 75, 76, 125, 142, 214, 240, 279 219, 271 women and, 270

Index 313

Reichsehrenmal, 21, 167–74, 176, 180, Saarbrücken, 132, 133 181, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191, 193, Sachsenhausen, 216, 220 195–6, 256 sacrifice, 17, 83, 105, 149, 152, 154, 191, Reichskartell Republic, 74 194, 268 Reichskunstwart, 8, 170 and comradeship, 87, 150, 193, 256 Reichsrat, 167, 168 futile, 51, 85, 221 Reichstag, 1, 52, 58, 75, 108, 125, 152, meaning of, 54, 171, 185 153, 167, 206, 213, 234, 273 remembrance of the, 131, 161, 168, deputies, 243 190, 196, 198 elections, 64, 101, 176, 219, 235, 238, SAJ, 64, 250, 255, 271 260 Saxony, 60, 62, 66, 67, 72, 152, 176, 179, Reichsvereinigung ehemaliger 187, 211, 213 Kriegsgefangener, 15, 34, 35, 39, 56 Schauwecker, Franz, 242, 252 Reichswehr, 21, 22, 25, 57–8, 61, 75, 130, Scheidemann, Philipp, 1, 220, 272 146, 167, 199, 200, 204, 212, 213, Schiltach, 74, 108, 115, 249 216–17, 224, 226, 227, 254, 255, Schleswig, 36 271 Schleswig-Holstein, 67, 141, 177 Reinhardsbrunn, 187 Schlieffen plan, 219, 224 Reismann-Grone, Theodor, 192, 193 Schmalkalden, 100, 101, 106, 107, 110, Remarque, Erich Maria, 103, 237–8, 122, 125, 127 242, 246–53, 256, 264, 277 Schoenaich, Paul Freiherr von, 142, 143, Renn, Ludwig, 238, 242, 246, 251 203–5, 208, 214, 219, 225 reparation payments, 58 Schönlank, Bruno, 163 Republikanische Notwehr, 61 Schumacher, Kurt, 177 Republikanischer Frontkämpferbund, 62 Schumann, Dirk, 72 Reuss, Prince Heinrich von, 57 Schützinger, Hermann, 93, 208–15, 228, Reutlingen, 138, 139 234, 247 revolution, 28, 50, 52, 91, 99, 112, 115, Schwarz, Hans, 197 169, 176, 178, 192, 197, 203, 210, Schwarzburger War Medal, 101 214, 221, 255, 272, 273 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Carl Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung, 192 Günter Fürst zu, 119 Rhenish Palatinate, 133 Seemann, Willibald, 82, 83, 89 rhetoric, 11, 21, 41, 54, 116, 118, 122, Seldte, Franz, 173, 174, 178, 188, 275 126, 128, 129, 142, 145, 153, 160 self-mutilation, 49, 90 Rhine, 13, 120, 155, 179–80, 187, 192 Serbia, 101, 105 Rhineland, 120, 163 Severing, Carl, 61 Richards, Donald Day, 246 Siemsen, Anna, 243, 244 Richthofen, Manfred von, 32 Silesia, 61, 67, 235 Riss, Peter, 225 Social Democracy, 10, 76, 177, 214, 259 rituals, 8, 17, 19, 128, 137, 147–51, 154, Sofia, 166 161, 164, 182, 267, 269–70, 276 Soldan, George, 56, 57, 221–4 Röber, Walter, 60 soldiers’ councils, revolutionary, 91 Rohe, Karl, 126 Somme, 207 Rome, 170 Sozialistische Monatshefte, 213 Roßmann, Erich, 53, 159 Spanish Civil War, 90 Rossol, Nadine, 8 SPD, 34, 60, 66, 70, 92, 141, 163, 176, Rote Frontkämpferbund, 15, 23, 72, 75 229, 260, 266 Rudolph, Ludwig von, 201–2 elections, 101, 176, 211 Ruhr, 39, 58, 103, 157, 170, 258, 262, radical left of, 70, 72, 271 276 Reichsbanner and, 3, 66, 71, 142, 205, Russia, 101, 218 214, 235, 260 SS, 216, 259 SA, see Nazi Stormtroopers stab-in-the-back legend, 226, 230 Saar, 147 proponents of, 28, 43, 53, 55, 85, 96, Saar region, 134, 147 202, 226

314 Index

stab-in-the-back legend (cont.) trench warfare, 79, 80, 89, 93, 159, 163, rejection of, 21, 26, 33, 46, 49, 56, 59, 236, 252, 257 87, 89, 96–100, 119, 213, 220, 233, trenches, 17, 43, 45, 77, 118, 135, 156, 234, 267 258 trial, 202, 220, 229, 233 Trotha, Lothar von, 206 Stahlhelm, 15, 60, 63, 64, 72, 87, 110, truce, 83, 272 138, 172, 173, 178, 188, 256, 259, Tübingen, 220 268, 269, 270, 276 Tucholsky, Kurt, 32, 59, 214, 215 figures, 65, 67, 93 foundation, 275 Uhland, Ludwig, 150 head office, 65 Union fédérale, 12, 93, 158, 159, 160, 249 journal of, 188 Union nationale, 12, 93 local branches, 61, 67, 106 Unknown Soldier, 21, 35, 165–7, 169–71, Reichsbanner and, 62, 138, 162, 171, 179, 188, 191–7, 214, 248, 278 175, 178, 180 Unruh, Franz von, 156 state elections, 75 Unruh, Fritz von, 156, 179, 191, 203 Strasbourg, 206, 255 Upper Bavaria, 68 Stratmann-Braun, Else, 147 Upper Palatinate, 68 Stresemann, Gustav, 158 urbanism, 173 Stuttgart, 177, 220 USA, 165, 193 Süddeutsche Monatshefte, 202 USPD, 33, 34, 39, 152, 202, 226, 230, Suttner, Bertha von, 209, 234 273 Swabia, 208 symbol, 3–5, 45, 91, 113, 116, 148, 170, Valentin, Veit, 227 171, 194–6, 269, 276 Valerius, Adrianus, 148 commemorative, 2, 3, 130, 161, 165–7, Vegesack, 138, 155, 204 185, 186, 198 Verdun, 35, 43, 83, 87, 132, 156, 207 military, 73, 271 Vereinigung ehemaliger Kriegsgefangener, of the nation, 13, 173, 178 15, 35, 134, 267 pictorial, 25, 41 Vernunftrepublikaner, 207, 217 of the republic, 8, 112, 189, 256 Versailles, Treaty of, 14, 28, 33, 40, of unity, 21, 165, 172, 187, 195 54, 121, 142, 147, 221, 257, 267, symbolic politics, 8, 73, 94, 125, 269, 275 270 Vetter, Karl, 27, 32, 33, 38, 39, 49, 51, symbolism, 86, 113, 114, 135, 137, 270, 261, 262 275 victimisation, 21, 46, 83, 91, 272–3 commemorative, 1, 13, 26, 163, 181 victory, 28, 85, 97, 119, 180, 187, 257, military, 72 272 pacifist, 39, 143 Vienna, 157 of the republic, 8, 170 violence, 2, 6, 9, 60, 61, 74, 82, 156, 235, of war memorials, 11, 14, 129, 132, 238, 260, 279 161, 170, 178, 182, 198 Völkerschlachtdenkmal, 168, 169, 183–5 Völklingen, 134 Tag, Der, 231 Volkmann, Erich Otto, 230, 231, 233 Tage-Buch, Das, 27 Volksbund deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge, Tannenberg, 180, 191 145–6 Tat, Die, 262 Volksgemeinschaft, 34, 87, 126, 274 Taut, Bruno, 133, 161, 169 Volkstrauertag, 142–7 Tessenow, Heinrich, 181 Volkswille, 146 Teutoburg Forest, 187 Vorwärts, 24, 26–7, 32, 33–5, 40, 43, 50, Thuringia, 36, 100, 107, 172, 174, 178, 68, 169, 173, 181, 262 179, 187 Vosges, 207, 209 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 221 Vossische Zeitung, 97, 231, 248 Toller, Ernst, 163, 176 Toller, Paul, 176 Wald, 172–3, 174, 178, 182–8, 191, 195, total war, 10, 85, 93, 163, 170 196, 198, 269

Index 315

Wandt, Heinrich, 45, 48, 49, 57, 58, Western front, 27, 31, 49, 82, 84, 90, 101, 247 210, 256, 257 war brochures, 28–32, 44, 51 Westphalia, 129, 186, 258 war crimes trials, 44 Wetzlar, 137 war diaries, 30, 80, 86, 97, 98 Weyl, Joseph, 148 war effort, 17, 31, 45, 52, 54, 225, 232 widows, 9, 15, 17, 130, 134, 141, 157, war enthusiasm, 155, 170 160, 243, 267, 270 war guilt, 211, 229 Wilhelm II, 43, 86, 89, 194, 206, 207, war letters, 16–17, 30–2, 96–100, 121, 254, 275 209, 210, 232 Wilhelm, Crown Prince, 46 war memoirs, 29, 82, 83, 89, 199 Winkler, Heinrich August, 125 war memorial, 123, 128, 130, 140, 181, Winter, Jay, 18, 268 183, 198, 268 Wirth, Jospeh, 180 design of, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 185 working-class, 61, 109, 111, 113, 154, figures, 129 170, 211, 217, 225, 250, 275 French, 14, 134 families, 36, 239 iconography, 14 life, 35, 92 local, 14, 131, 134, 136, 147, 165, 184 milieu, 3, 21, 36, 70, 149 national, 132, 167–70, 173, 180, 182, people, 39, 60, 85, 122, 133, 134, 191, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 195 276 Niederwald, 187 soldiers, 83, 87, 95, 110, 123, 274 pacifist, 133, 134, 135 veterans, 78, 126, 128 rituals at, 14, 20, 113, 129, 161, 162, youths, 239, 241, 242, 245, 268, 271, 267, 268, 274 277 symbolism of, 11, 129, 161 Würth, Anna, 245 for the Unknown Soldier, 171, 179, Württemberg, 177, 180 247 unveiling of, 9, 19, 73, 136–9 Young German Order, see Jungdeutscher war myths, 4, 29, 86, 91, 93, 94, 256 Orden Wartburg, 186 Ypres, 206 Waterberg, battle at the, 206 Wehrmacht, 216 Zabern affair, 206 Weimar, 174, 183, 187, 216 Zeigner, Erich, 211, 212 Weimar coalition, 3, 60, 62, 69 Zickler, Artur, 26, 27, 30, 33, 39, 43, 58, Weitz, Eric, 125, 127 262 Weltbühne, 27, 220, 251 Zöberlein, Hans, 252 Weniger, Erich, 262–3, 264 Zweig, Arnold, 237 West Prussia, 152 Zwickau, 159