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The Image of the Prussian Officer in Simplicissimus, 1896–1914

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The Image of the Prussian Officer in Simplicissimus, 1896–1914 Dashing Defenders of the Fatherland The image of the Prussian officer in Simplicissimus, 1896–1914 Emma-Karoliina Kurki Helsingin yliopisto Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Poliittinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma Lokakuu 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Social Science History Tekijä/Författare – Author Emma-Karoliina Kurki Työn nimi / Arbetets titel – Title Dashing Defenders of the Fatherland: The image of the Prussian officer in Simplicissimus, 1896–1914 Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Political History Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu October 2016 122 (107 + 15) Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract I analyze the image of the “Prussian lieutenant” in the Munich-based satirical magazine Simplicissimus in the period 1896–1914. Simplicissimus could be loosely described as liberal–bourgeois and is known for its cartoons of high artistic quality. The main source corpus is made up of 291 of these cartoons featuring junior officers, published in the magazine during the period. I aim to analyze how the satirists picture the lieutenant, how he is or possibly is not ridiculed, and what the answers might tell us about the limits and possibilities of satire in Wilhelmine Germany. In addition to being an officer, the “Prussian lieutenant” was an exceedingly popular stereotype in his time. Contemporaries and later historians of the German Empire alike have interpreted and applied this stereotype to various ends. I approach the character of the lieutenant through Roland Barthes’ semiotic concept of the myth. Inspired by new military history and the study of men and masculinities, I also analyze him as a particular image of man that the satirists seek to ridicule by gendered means. In the cartoons of Simplicissimus, the lieutenant is almost inevitably depicted as a member of the East Elbian landowning Junker nobility, at his most typical serving in an exclusive Guard cavalry regiment. His colleagues of common birth are all but unseen. The lieutenant concentrates on enjoying his life of ease and luxury in a privileged position and hardly corresponds to the lofty ideals of his profession. His authority and possible appeal stem from his position as an officer rather than personal qualities: he is physically weak and mentally restricted to his narrow sphere of life. However, he is also represented as a ladies’ man, in erotic situations and even advertisements, which can hardly be judged unsympathetic. as regards war and violence, his passivity occasionally causes him to join with the satirists in condemning aggressive politics such as the colonial enterprise. In the more menacing, symbolic cartoons, he appears as an unambiguous shorthand for militarism and coercion. The mythical lieutenant crosses paths with real-life ones when Simplicissimus satirists comment on contemporary scandals. In conjunction with these cases in particular, it is readily seen that the protagonist of the lieutenant cartoons is no guarantee for truth. Some of the cartoons considered are sympathetic or purely entertaining. Following the logic of the myth, the character of the Guard lieutenant may always hide behind the fact that he does not represent anyone in particular. The officer cartoons did upset contemporary authorities, but evidence suggests they were enjoyed by officers themselves. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Germany, Prussia, officers, cartoons, men and masculinities, semiotics Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Yhteiskuntahistorian laitos Tekijä/Författare – Author Emma-Karoliina Kurki Työn nimi / Arbetets titel – Title Dashing Defenders of the Fatherland: The image of the Prussian officer in Simplicissimus, 1896–1914 Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Lokakuu 2016 122 (107 + 15) Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract Tarkastelen “preussilaisen luutnantin” kuvaa müncheniläisen Simplicissimus-lehden pilapiirroksissa vuosina 1896– 1914. Väljästi liberaali–porvarillinen Simplicissimus tunnetaan taiteellisesti korkeatasoisista pilapiirroksistaan sekä poliittisesta ja yhteiskunnallisesta satiiristaan, jota luutnanttikuvatkin edustavat. Pääasiallinen aineisto koostuu kaikkiaan 291 pilapiirroksesta, jotka ovat ilmestyneet lehdessä kyseisellä aikavälillä. Pyrin selvittämään, millaisena luutnantin hahmo piirroksissa näyttäytyy, miten hänestä tehdään tai mahdollisesti ei tehdä pilkkaa sekä mitä vastaukset kertovat satiirin rajoista ja vaikutusmahdollisuuksista vilhelmiinisessä Saksassa. “Preussilainen luutnantti” on käsitykseni mukaan paitsi upseeri myös aikanaan suosittu stereotyyppinen hahmo, jolle sekä aikalaiset että myöhempi Saksan keisarikuntaa käsittelevä historiankirjoitus ovat antaneet erilaisia merkityksiä ja tulkintoja. Tätä hahmoa lähestyn Roland Barthesin semioottisen myyttikäsityksen kautta. Uuden sotahistorian ja miestutkimuksen inspiroimana käsittelen luutnanttia myös mieskuvana, jonka satiirikot pyrkivät saattamaan naurunalaiseksi sukupuolitetuin keinoin. Simplicissimus-lehdessä luutnantti on käytännössä poikkeuksetta Elben itäpuolisen junkkeriaateliston tyhmänylpeä edustaja, tyypillisimmillään hienossa kaartin ratsuväkirykmentissä. Hänen aatelittomia kollegoitaan ei juuri tavata. Luutnantti keskittyy viettämään makeaa elämää etuoikeutetun asemansa turvin eikä juuri vastaa ammattinsa korkeita ihanteita. Luutnantin arvovalta ja mahdollinen vetovoima ovat kokonaan upseerinarvon seurausta: hän on ruumiillisesti heikko, tyhmä ja auttamattoman kapea-alainen. Toisinaan luutnantti taas näyttäytyy naistenmiehenä, eroottissävytteisten piirrosten ja jopa mainosten sankarina, jota on vaikea luonnehtia epäsympaattiseksi. Suhteessa sotaan ja väkivaltaan luutnantin aristokraattinen kylmäkiskoisuus on paikoin positiivinen piirre: hän ei innostu esimerkiksi aggressiivisesta siirtomaapolitiikasta, jota vastaan Simplicissimus yleensäkin asettuu. Uhkaavammissa symbolisissa piirroksissa luutnantti näyttäytyy yksiselitteisesti pakkovallan ja militarismin edustajana, jona hänet on toisinaan haluttukin nähdä. Myyttinen luutnantti kohtaa tosielämän luutnantit, kun lehden piirtäjät ottavat kantaa eräisiin aikakautensa skandaaleihin. Erityisesti skandaalitapausten yhteydessä käy ilmi, että luutnattipiirrosten päähenkilöllä ei välttämättä ole paljonkaan tekemistä arkitodellisuuden kanssa. Osa luutnanttikuvista on sympaattisia tai puhtaasti viihdyttäviä. Myytin logiikkaa mukaillen kaartinluutnantin hahmo piiloutuu tarvittaessa sen tosiseikan taakse, että hän ei varsinaisesti esitä ketään. Luutnanttipiirrokset ovat ärsyttäneet auktoriteetteja, mutta toisaalta nauttineet suosiota pilkan kohteen eli upseerien keskuudessa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Saksa, Preussi, upseerit, pilakuvat, miestutkimus, semiotiikka Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Contents 1 Introducing the Wilhelmine ofcer..................................................................... 1 2 Ofcer images....................................................................................................4 2.1 Historiography: Posterity and the Prussian ofcer..................................... 4 2.2 Men/Soldiers: Masculinities and the military.............................................. 7 3 Doing the thing.................................................................................................10 3.1 The mythical Lieutenant............................................................................10 3.2 Introducing Simplicissimus.......................................................................13 3.3 Looking at the Lieutenant......................................................................... 17 3.4 An analysis of the sample, with a sample analysis..................................21 4 The Lieutenant in and out of uniform...............................................................30 4.1 Bling of War.............................................................................................. 30 4.2 Ofcer bodies: Clothes make the man.....................................................33 5 The trappings of class: Junkers and no others............................................... 37 5.1 What is class again?.................................................................................37 5.2 The crack regiment...................................................................................38 5.3 Luxury: The Lieutenant unbridled............................................................43 5.4 Whatever happened to the middle classes?............................................46 5.5 The Lieutenant, Ausbildung and Bildung.................................................50 5.6 The Eternal Lieutenant: Career opportunities..........................................55 6 The Lieutenant and women............................................................................. 58 6.1 “A Guard ofcer is no ordinary man, he is an anomaly.”.........................58 6.2 Digression: The Lieutenant and men.......................................................64 6.3 Case: Bilse, or debauchery on the border...............................................66 6.4 The Lieutenant
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