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Chronological List June 15, 1913 Twenty-fifth Jubilee of Kaiser William II June 30 Extraordinary army and military budget bills October 16-19 Federated Youth Movement conclave at Hohe Meissner December Zabern Affair: crisis of Prussian military intrusion into civilian rule February, 1914 Statistics indicate 1913 as the greatest year of German industrial production and trade June 28-August 4 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdi­ nand (Austria-Hungary) leads to out­ break of First World War September 12 German advance on Paris stopped in Battle of the Marne August 29, 1916 Generals von Hindenburg and Luden­ dorff take over Supreme High Com­ mand: Kaiser overshadowed; totalitarian war economy launched April6, 1917 United States declares war on Germany November 7 Soviet seizure of power in Russia March 21- Final German offensive in France April5, 1918 September 2 9 General Ludendor:ff urges Kaiser to sue for peace October 28- Mutinies in German navy and armies November 5 November9 Kaiser abdicates; Scheidemann proclaims German Republic November 11 Armistice ends First World War January 5-15, 191 9 Ultra-left Spartacist revolt suppressed CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 337 February6 Weimar Constituent Assembly opens June 28 Germany signs Treaty of Versailles July 31 New republican constitution adopted at Weimar February 24, 1920 Hitler proclaims twenty-five points of National Socialist program in Munich March 13-18 Abortive conservative Kapp putsch m Berlin May5 Germany receives reparations bill of 132 billion marks June 6 German Communist party first enters Reichstag with 600,000 votes April16, 1922 Treaty of Rapallo normalizes relations between Germany and Russia August 1922- Frenzied climax of German monetary in­ November 1923 flation January 11, 1923 French occupation of Ruhr industrial basin October Communist disruption in Saxony, Ham­ burg, and Thuringia November 8-9 Abortive Hitler-Ludendorff putsch in Munich April9, 1924 Dawes Plan gives new stability to Ger­ man economy February 28, 1925 Death of President Ebert April26 Von Hindenburg elected second presi­ dent of Weimar republic October 16 Conclusion of Locarno Treaties; triumph of Stresemann foreign policy April24, 1926 Treaty of Berlin: expanded Soviet-Ger­ man economic relations September 8 Germany enters League of Nations August 1929 Visibility of German technology as liner "Bremen" recaptures Blue Riband of North Atlantic and "Graf Zeppelin" flies around the world September 1929- French forces evacuate demilitarized May 1930 Rhineland October 3 Death of Gustav Stresemann 338 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST October 24 Wall Street stock market crash signals onslaught of the Great Depression, 1929- 1933 December 22 German referendum on Young Plan shows majority support for higher repara­ tions payments March 27, 1930 Republican coalition fails; beginning of rule by Bruning minority cabinet and presidential decree September 14 Nazi election surge from 12 to 107 Reichstag seats March 21, 1931 Abortive Austro-German treaty for cus­ toms union May 11-July 15 Collapse of Austrian and German bank­ ing systems July6 Hoover moratorium on reparations and war debts October 11 Harzburg Front: Hitler, Hugenberg, Schacht, and Seldte (head of "Stahl­ helm") cooperate 1931-1932 Sporadic Nazi-Communist cooperation to destroy the Weimar Republic January 27, 1932 Hitler address to the lndustrieklub April10 Von Hindenburg re-elected president of Weimar Republic in contest with Hitler May30 Chancellor Bruning dismissed June 16-November 17 Cabinet of Franz von Papen July9 Final agreement on reparations for 3 bil­ lion marks July 20 Von Papen coup against Socialist state government of Prussia November 6 Reichstag elections show major losses for Nazis December 2- Cabinet of General von Schleicher January 28, 1933 January 30 Hitler named chancellor January-February Expansion of Gestapo (secret political police) February 27 Reichstag fire: suspension of Bill of Rights; Nazi terror CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 339 March 5 Last Reichstag elections of Weimar re­ public March 21 Conservative-Nazi patriotic ceremonies at Potsdam March 23 Reichstag votes suspension of Weimar constitution by giving Hitler dictatorial power till April1, 1937 April1 Nationwide anti-Jewish boycott and demonstrations May1 May Day taken over by Nazis; suppres­ sion of unions July 14 Nazis force dissolution of all other politi­ cal parties July 20 Nazi concordat with Vatican October 14 Germany leaves the League of Nations January 26, 1934 Nazi-Polish nonaggression and friendship pact February-September Major reorientation of Soviet Russia to­ wards Europe and against Nazi Germany March-April German concentration camps under SS control; Rimmler to head of Gestapo June 14-15 First Hitler-Mussolini meeting in Venice June 30-July 1 Nazi "Blood Purge" of dissident storm­ troopers and other enemies July 25 Abortive Nazi putsch in Vienna August 2 President von Hindenburg dies August 19 Plebiscite supports Hitler as "Fuhrer and Chancellor" instead of President March 16, 1935 Germany denounces military clauses of Versailles Treaty June 18 Anglo-German naval agreement September 15 Nuremberg anti-Jewish legislation October 3 Mussolini invades Ethiopia; growing de­ pendence on Germany March 7, 1936 Germany destroys Locarno Treaties by reoccupation of demilitarized Rhineland July-August Nazi propaganda exploits Olympic Games in Berlin September 14 Proclamation of four year plan to make Germany economically self -sufficient 340 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST October 25 ltalo-German treaty establishes Rome­ Berlin Axis November 5 Fuhrer conference indicates "solution" of Germany's problems by 1943-1945 (Rossbach Memorandum) November 25 German-Japanese anti-Comintern pact February 4, 1938 Nazification of German military and dip­ lomatic commands March 12-13 Nazi seizure of Austria September Czechoslovak crisis culminating in Mu­ nich Pact March 15, 1939 Destruction of Czechoslovakia; Hitler in Prague April28 Hitler abrogates pacts with Poland and Britain May23 ltalo-German Pact of Steel; Fuhrer's conference on imminence of war June-August Intensifying Polish-Danzig crisis August 23 Nazi-Soviet nonaggression and neutrality pact September 1-3 Second W odd War begins September Blitzkrieg against Poland; formation of SS combat divisions April9, 1940 Invasion of Denmark and Norway May 10 Invasion of Belgium, Holland, and France June 10 Italy enters the war June 23 France surrenders at Compiegne Winter-Spring 1941 Spectacular campaigns of General Rom­ mel in North Africa March-May Nazi conquest of the Balkans June 22 Opening of massive Nazi campatgn against Russia December 5 Leningrad under siege; farthest German penetration into suburbs of Moscow December 11 Hitler declares war on the United States January 20, 1942 Hitler authorizes "Final Solution" of German and European Jewish question April26 Reichstag confers absolute wartime pow­ ers on Hitler November7 Allied landings in North Africa CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 341 January 31, 194 3 Massive German defeat and surrender at Stalingrad May7 Defeat of German armies in North Africa July 21 Announcement of Soviet-sponsored Free Germany National Committee July 24-August 3 Destruction of Hamburg by intensified air raids July 25 Fall of Mussolini after Allied invasion of southern Italy June 6, 1944 Allied landings in Normandy July 20 Failure of German plot against Hitler January 1945 Russian and Allied forces invade Ger­ many from East and West April30 Suicide of Hitler in Berlin May7-8 German forces capitulate at Rheims (France) and Karlshorst (near Berlin) Bibliography General Works Bruck, W. F. Social and Economic History of Germany from Wil­ liam II to Hitler, 1888-1938. Cardiff, 1938. Crippen, H. R. Germany: A Self-portrait. A Collection of German Writings from 1914 to 1943. New York, 1944. Holborn, H. A History of Modern Germany, vol. 3. New York, 1969. Kohn, H., ed. German History: Some New German Views. Bos­ ton, 1954. ---.The Mind of Germany: The Education of a Nation. New York, 1960. Mann, G. The History of Germany since 1789. New York, 1968. Meinecke, F. The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollec­ tions. Cambridge, Mass., 1950. Meyer, H. C. Five Images of Germany: Half a Century of Ameri­ can Views on German History, 2d ed. Washington, D.C., 1967. Pinson, K. Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization. New York, 1954, 1966. Rosenberg, A. The Birth of the German Republic, 1871-1918. New York,1931. Valentin, V. The German People. New York, 1946. Vogt, H. The Burden of Guilt . .. , 1914-1945. New York, 1964. Empire and World War I Brandenburg, E. From Bismarck to tbe World War. London, 1927. Cowles, V. The Kaiser. New York, 1963. Dehio, L. Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century. NewYork, 1959. Fischer, F. Germany's Aims in the First World War. New York, 1967. BIBI.IOGRAPHY 343 Gatzke, H. Germany's Drive into the West. Baltimore, 1950. Lutz, R. H. The Fall of the German Empire, 1914-1918. Stanford, Calif., 1932. ---.The Causes of German Collapse in 1918. Stanford, Calif., 1934. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, A. The War and German Society. New Haven, Conn., 1937. Meyer, H. C. Mitteleuropa in German Thought and Action, 1815- 1945. The Hague, 1955. Townshend, M. E. The Rise and Fall of Germany's Colonial Empire, 1884-1918. New York, 1930. Veblen, T. Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution. New York, 1915. Wolff, T. The Eve of 1914.London, 1936. Woodward, E. L. Great Britain and the German Navy. London, 1935. The Revolution and Weimar Republic Angress, W. Stillborn Revolution. The Communist Bid for Power in Germany, 1921-1923. Princeton, N.J., 1963. Bretton, H. L. Stresemann and the Revision of Versailles. Stanford, Calif., 1953. Coper, R. Failure of a Revolution: Germany 1918-1919. Cam­ bridge, 1955. Deak, I. Weimar Germany's Left-Wing Intellectuals . ... Berke­ ley, Calif., 1968. Gay, P. Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider. New York, 1968. Halperin, S. W. Germany Tried Democracy, 1918-1933. New York, 1946. Kosok, P. Modern Germany: A Study of Conflicting Loyalties. Chicago, 1933. Luehr, E. TheNew German Republic. New York, 1929. Quigley, H., and Clark, R. T. Republican Germany. New York, 1928. Ryder, A. J. The German Revolution of 1918 .
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  • The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: a Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg

    The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: a Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg

    The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Blackbourn, David. 1975. The political alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A study of the party's emergence in nineteenth-century Württemberg. Historical Journal 18(4): 821-850. Published Version doi:10.1017/S0018246X00008906 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3629315 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Historical Journal, XVIII, 4 (I975), pp. 82I-850 821 Printed in Great Britain THE POLITICAL ALIGNMENT OF THE CENTRE PARTY IN WILHELMINE GERMANY: A STUDY OF THE PARTY'S EMERGENCE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY WURTTEMBERG By DAVID BLACKBOURN Jesus College, Cambridge LESS than a month before Bismarck's dismissal as German chancellor, the Reichstag elections of February I890 destroyed the parliamentary majority of the Kartell parties - National Liberals and Conservatives - with whose support he had governed. The number of Reichstag seats held by these parties fell from 22I to I40, out of the total of397; they never again achieved more than I69. To the multitude of problems left by Bismarck to his successorswas there- fore added one of parliamentaryarithmetic: how was the chancellor to organize a Reichstag majority when the traditional governmental parties by themselves were no longer large enough, and the intransigently anti-governmental SPD was constantly increasing its representation? It was in this situation that the role of the Centre party in Wilhelmine politics became decisive, for between I890 and I9I4 the party possessed a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag, and thus held the balance of power between Left and Right.