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Developing Use of ICT to Enhance Teaching and Learning in East African Schools: a Review of the Literature

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Developing Use of ICT to Enhance Teaching and Learning in East African Schools: a Review of the Literature Centre for Commonwealth Education & Aga Khan University Institute for Educational Development – Eastern Africa Research Report No. 1 Developing the Use of Information and Communication Technology to Enhance Teaching and Learning in East African Schools: Review of the Literature Sara Hennessy, Brown Onguko, David Harrison, Enos Kiforo Ang’ondi, Susan Namalefe, Azra Naseem and Leonard Wamakote May 2010 Developing use of ICT to enhance teaching and learning in East African schools: a review of the literature Review coordinators: Sara Hennessy and Brown Onguko OVERVIEW OF CONTENTS Introduction Sara Hennessy (University of Cambridge) 1. National policy for using ICT to support teaching and learning in primary and secondary schools in East Africa Enos Kiforo Ang’ondi (IED-EA) 2. National government investment in ICT initiatives in primary and secondary schools in East Africa Leonard Wamakote (IED-EA) 3. Key past and current initiatives supporting the use of ICT in schools in African Commonwealth countries Brown Onguko (IED-EA) and Sara Hennessy (University of Cambridge) 4. Physical and other related external factors affecting the use of ICT in primary and secondary schools in Sub-Saharan Africa Azra Naseem (IED-Pakistan) 5. Curriculum and school-related factors influencing integration of ICT in primary and secondary classrooms: evidence from Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania Susan Namalefe (IED-EA) 6. Teacher factors influencing classroom ICT use David Harrison (University of Cambridge) 7. Implications for developing educational uses of ICT in East Africa Sara Hennessy (University of Cambridge) and Brown Onguko (IED-EA) References 1 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 4 Focus................................................................................................................................................. 4 Scope................................................................................................................................................. 4 Section 1: National policy for using ICT to support teaching and learning in primary and secondary schools in East Africa ........................................................................................................... 6 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background to the emergence of ICT policies in East Africa............................................... 7 1.2 Overview of East African ICT in education policies: Rationales ......................................... 9 1.3 Overview of East African ICT in education policies: Content ........................................... 10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Section 2: National government investment in ICT initiatives in primary and secondary schools in East Africa......................................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 18 2.1 Uganda ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Kenya ....................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Tanzania................................................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Rwanda .................................................................................................................................... 24 2.5 Burundi .................................................................................................................................... 26 Conclusion: An overall picture of government investment in ICT in East Africa ................ 27 Section 3: Key past and current initiatives supporting the use of ICT in schools in Sub-Saharan African countries................................................................................................................................... 28 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 ICT initiatives.......................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Public-private partnerships in SSA....................................................................................... 33 3.3 Public-private partnerships in East Africa........................................................................... 41 3.4 Private sector / NGO initiatives in East Africa .................................................................... 43 3.5 Government-funded academic research programmes in SSA............................................ 44 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 46 Section 4: Physical and other related external factors affecting the use of ICT in primary and secondary schools in Sub-Saharan Africa .......................................................................................... 48 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Infrastructure.......................................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Affordability of technology .................................................................................................... 53 4.3 Community facilities............................................................................................................... 53 4.4 School policy on ICT use ........................................................................................................ 54 4.5 Sociocultural and linguistic factors ....................................................................................... 54 4.6 Economic and political factors............................................................................................... 55 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Section 5: Curriculum and school-related factors influencing integration of ICT in primary and secondary classrooms: evidence from Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania ............................................. 57 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1. National curriculum and assessment.................................................................................... 57 2 5.2 Language of instruction and of ICTs in education in Tanzania......................................... 61 5.3 ICT literacy among students.................................................................................................. 62 5.4 School leaders as agents of change in ICT integration........................................................ 63 5.5 Change facilitators and ICT champions/pioneers ............................................................... 64 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Section 6: Teacher factors influencing classroom ICT use ............................................................... 67 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 67 6.1 ICT in and for Education ....................................................................................................... 68 6.2 Why teachers use ICT ............................................................................................................ 68 6.3 The demands on teachers of using ICT................................................................................. 71 6.4 How ICT is used in the classroom ......................................................................................... 75 6.5 Initial teacher education (ITE) and continuing professional development (CPD) policies and practices.................................................................................................................................. 79 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 93 Section 7: Implications for developing educational uses of ICT in East Africa.............................. 96 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 96 7.1 Policy, investment and partnership initiatives for integrating ICT into schooling: Rhetoric and reality ...................................................................................................................... 96 7.2 Barriers to developing ICT use in the East African context.............................................
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