IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

• The overall growth of GDP at factor cost at constant (2004-05) prices (real GDP) for 2013-14 is placed at 4.9 per cent as compared to 4.5 per cent for 2012-13 (as per the Advance Estimates released on 7th February, 2014). The GDP growth rate is placed at 4.4 per cent, 4.8 per cent and 4.7 per cent respectively in the first, second and third quarters of 2013-14. Growth in the first three quarters of 2013-14 is, thus, 4.6 per cent. • Food grains (rice and wheat) stocks held by FCI and State agencies were 55.91 million tonnes as on February 1, 2014 vis-à-vis the buffer stock norm of 25 million tonnes on January 1, 2014. • Overall growth in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) was 0.1 per cent during January 2014 as compared to 2.5 per cent in January 2013. During April- January 2013-14, IIP shows nil growth vis-à-vis 1.0 per cent growth during April- January 2012-13. • Eight core infrastructure industries registered a growth of 1.6 per cent in January 2014 as compared to a growth of 8.3 per cent in January 2013. During April- January 2013-14, these sectors grew by 2.4 per cent as compared to 6.9 per cent during April- January 2012-13. • Broad money (M3) for 2013-14 (up to February 21, 2014) increased by 11.7 per cent as compared to 11.0 per cent during the corresponding period of the last year. The year-on-year growth, as on February 21, 2014 was 14.5 per cent as compared to 12.7 per cent in the previous year. • Exports and imports decreased by 3.7 per cent and 17.1 per cent respectively, in US dollar terms during February 2014 over February 2013. • Foreign Currency Assets stood at US$ 267.9 billion at end-February 2014 as compared to US$ 258.7 billion at end-February 2013. • The Rupee depreciated against US dollar, Pound sterling, Japanese yen and Euro in the month of February 2014 over January 2014. • The WPI inflation for all commodities for the month of February 2014 has declined to 4.68 per cent from 5.05 per cent in the previous month. • Grosswww. tax revenue for the financialdirectionias.com year 2013-14 (April-January) was Rs 821,329 crore, recorded a growth of 10 per cent over 2012-13. As a proportion of revised estimate, fiscal deficit and revenue deficit during 2013-14 (April–January) was 101.6 per cent and 102.3 per cent respectively. As per the Advance Estimates of the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at factor cost at constant (2004-05 prices) is estimated at 4.9 per cent in 2013-14 with agriculture, industry and services registering growth rates of 4.6 per cent, 0.7 per cent and 6.9 per cent respectively. The GDP growth rate is placed at 4.4 per cent, 4.8 per cent and 4.7 per cent respectively in the first, second and third quarters of 2013-14.

1 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

Economic reforms initiated since 1991 have put the Indian economy on a higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has accelerated from below 6 per cent during the initial years of reforms to more than 8 per cent in recent years. The Planning Commission in its approach paper to the Eleventh Five- Year-plan has stated that 9 per cent growth rate in GDP would be feasible during the Eleventh Plan period. However, Agriculture, that accounted for more than 30 per cent of total GDP at the beginning of reforms, failed to maintain its pre-reform growth. On the contrary, it witnessed a sharp deceleration in growth after the mid-1990s. This happened despite the fact that agricultural productivity in most of the states was quite low as it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The GDP of agriculture increased annually at more than 3 per cent during the 1980s. Since the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996 to 2001-02), has been targeting a growth rate of more than 4 per cent in agriculture, but the actual achievement has been much below the target. More than 50 per cent of the workforce of the country still depends upon agriculture for it’s livelihood. Slow growth in Agriculture and allied sectors can lead to acute stress in the economy because the population dependent upon this sector is still very large. A major cause behind the slow growth in agriculture is the consistent decrease in investments in the sector by the state governments. While public and private investments are increasing manifold in sectors such as infrastructure, similar investments are not forthcoming in Agriculture and allied sectors, leading to distress in the community of farmers, especially that of the small and marginal segment. Hence the need for incentivising states that increase their investments in the Agriculture and allied sectors has been felt. Concerned by the slow growth in the Agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC), in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme (RKVY) be launched. The NDC resolved that agricultural development strategies must be reoriented to meet the needs of farmers and called upon the Central and State governments to evolve a strategy to rejuvenate agriculture. The NDC reaffirmed its commitment to achieve 4 per cent annual growth in the agricultural sector during the 11th plan. The Resolution with respect to the Additional Central Assistance scheme reads as below: Introduce a new Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivise States to draw up plans for their agriculture sector morewww. comprehensively, taking directionias.com agro-climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. This will involve a new scheme for Additional Central Assistance to State Plans, administered by the Union Ministry of Agriculture over and above its existing Centrally Sponsored schemes, to supplement the State-specific strategies including special schemes for beneficiaries of land reforms. The newly created National Rainfed Area Authority will on request assist States in planning for rainfed areas. The Department of Agriculture, in compliance of the above resolution and in consultation with the Planning Commission, has prepared the guidelines for the RKVY scheme · The Vegetable Initiative for Urban clusters · Programme of Integrated development of 60,000 Pulses Villages in Rainfed Area

2 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

· Extending Green Revolution to eastern India · Special Programme on Oil Palm Area Expansion(OPAE) · Rainfed Area Development Programme(RADP) Majors Crops Rice : Ist ranking crop of country • 23 per cent of total cropped area under rice • Aus, Auman , Boro are three rice Crops of autumn ,winter and summer respectively Leading Producers • West Bengal, , , Punjab, , Bihar, Orissa, Assam Areal Coverage • Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu • Broad cost, drill and transplant method of Sowing • HYVs – IR8, IRS, IR20, IR22 • Other taichung Native ,Taichung 242 ,Tinan 3 Sabarmati , Bala , Jamuna , Karuna, KanchiJaganath , Krishna , Kavery,Hansa Padma Vijai,Annapurna • 100cm isohyte marks the areal termination Wheat : 2nd prominent crop • Chief Rabi and irrigated crop (85% Cropped area) • 18 Percent of total cropped area under wheat • North West Ganga Sutlej plain and central Deccan Black soil • Leading Producers: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, , , Bihar, West Bengal, • Areal Coverage: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh., Haryan,Rajasthan,Bihar,Maharashtra ,West Bengal Types of Wheat Cultivated in India : - Commamwww. Bread - Punjab, Uttar directionias.com Pradesh - Macaroni (Durum) - Madhya Pradesh - Emmer - Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu - India Dwar - Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh • HYVs - Mexican, Lerma Rajo, Sonera 63/64, Sona 227, Kalyan, Sonalika ,Safed Lerma Shrabati Sonera Jowar : 3rd Rank (both Kharif and rabi) • 5.2 Percent of cropped area under jowar • lost land due to soyabean and wheat encroachment Grown throughout peninsula • Maharastra 50.1% of area and 51.7% Production • Other Region , Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh

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• Average Yield 716 Kg/hec. Bajara: • Inferior millet crop • 5 Percent of cropped area • Mostly cultivated as Kharif Crop • Areas has remained constant • Rajasthan (28.9%) ,Uttar Pradesh Maharastra ,Gujrat ,Haryana • Yield 456 kg/hec. Maize: 3.5 % of cropped area • Area production has increased • Cultivated through out the country (Kharif) • Yield 1694 kg/hec • Producer: Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra, M.P., Rajasthan Pulses: Main source of protein 37% of Production • 30.20 Percent of Cultivated total area • Leguminous crop • Tur, Urad, Moong, Moth (Kharif) • Gram, Peas, Tur, Masoor, Urad (Rabi) • Gram Principal Pulse crop – Madhya Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh,Rajasthan , Haryana , Punjab. • Tur - Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh • Total Pulses Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,Maharastra. Sugarcane: irrigated crop, cheaper in Northern Plains • Subtropical and Tropical crop Producers: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, TamilNadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat. • Yield 65,383 kg/hec (Higher in South India) • 50% utilized for gur , Khandsari Tobacco: 3rdwww. ranking producing directionias.comcountry, World total 8% • Types of Cultivation - Nicotiana Tobacco - Nicotiana Rustica Producers :Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh 68% of Production 67% of area, other Uttar Pradesh Karnataka, W.B, Bihar and Yield 1340 Kg/hec. Oilseed : 12% of Cropped area, India largest Production of oilseed in the world and nine types of oilseed (Groundnut, Soyabean ,Rapeseed ,Mustard, Sesame,Castor,Sunflower,Linseed, Nigerseed) Groundnut used for hydrogenated oil ,Margarine,Medicine emulsion,artificial leather. Producers: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujrat,Maharastra Soyabean : Madhya Pradesh , Maharastra , Rajasthan

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Rape and Mustard Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana. Tea : (Excluding Sencha) Largest Production and consumer (started 1840 in Bhramputra Valley) • 28% of Global Production • Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh Karnataka , Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh , Kerela (Producer and Area Coverage • Export has decline considerably • Forms of export packets, blended instant and green Coffee: about 4% of world coffee • Robusta and Arabic Coffee produced • Karnataka 58% of area & 70% of Production • Kerela and Tamil Nadu other Producers • Varieties - Chicks, Coorgs, Kents, Margogipe Amarillo , Bourban Rubber: Started in Travancore and Malabar 1880s • 8 % of world rubber production • Kerela 85% of area • Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman Nicobar • Yielded from Para rubber Horticulture : India, with its wide variability of climate and soil, has good potential for growing a wide range of horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, potato, tropical tuber crops and mushrooms, ornamental crops; medicinal and aromatic plants, spices and plantation crops like coconut, cashew nut, cocoa, etc. India has emerged as the largest producer of coconut, arecanut cashew nut, ginger, turmeric, black pepper and the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Among the new crops, kiwi, olive crops and oil palm have been successfully introduced for commercial cultivation. Fruits: A large variety of fruits are grown in India. Of these mango, banana, citrus, pineapple, papaya, guava, sapota, jackfruit, litchiwww. and grape among thedirectionias.com tropical and sub-tropical fruits; apple, pear, peach, plum, apricot, almond and walnut among the temperate fruits and , pomegranate, annona, fig, phalsa among the arid zone fruits are important. India accounts for about 10 % of the production of fruits in the world. It leads the world in the production of mango, banana, sapota and acid lime and has recorded highest productivity in grape. Mango is the most important fruit covering about 39 % of the area and Banana for 23 % of total fruit production in the country. Citrus ranks second in area and accounts for about 10 % of total fruits in the country. Limes, lemons, sweet orange and mandarin cover bulk of the area under this group of fruits. Banana ranks third in area covering about 13 % of the total area. However, it is first in total production being nearly one-third of total fruit production. Moreover, India occupies the first position in banana production of 1.23 million tonnes. The percentage share of production of fruit like guava, papaya is about four per cent and litchi is about one per cent. The arid zones of the country are potential areas for fruits like anota, ber,

5 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

pomegranate, annona, etc. There has been a steady increase in the area and production of these fruits particularly anoia, ber and pomegranate in the country as a result of identification and development of suitable varieties and production technologies. In addition of these, date palm and fig cultivation is also finding favour in suitable areas.

Vegetables: More than 40 kinds of vegetables belonging to different groups, namely, solanaceous, cucurbitaceous, leguminous, cruciferous (cole crops), root crops and leafy vegetables are grown in India in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions. Important vegetable crops grown in the country are tomato, onion, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, okra and peas. India is next only to China in area and production of vegetables. India contributes about 13.28 % to the world vegetable production and occupies first position in the production of cauliflower, second in onion and third in cabbage in the world.

Spices: Spices constitute an important group of horticulture crops. India produces a wide variety of spices like black pepper, cardamom (small and large), ginger, garlic, turmeric, chilly and a large variety of tree and seed spices. Among various spices grown in the country, chilly is the most widely grown spice with a share in the total production of 33.7% the demand for chilly as a spice and its oleoresins as a natural colouring material is growing in the domestic as well as international market. Turmeric has a share of 21.6 per cent in the total production of spices. Plantation Crops: Other than tea, coffee and rubber, rest of the crops which are grown for commercial purpose in the country are covered under plantation crops which include coconut, areca nut, and cashew nut, cocoa. Coconut: In India, coconut is grown mainly along the coastal states of the country and also in the North- East region. The coir obtained from processing coconut husk is of high commercial value. Besides coir, shell based products have also gained entry into the national and international markets. The coir pith made into brick like structure is now used for raising horticultural plants especially in greenhouses.

Flowers: India is known for growing traditional flowers such as jasmine, marigold, chrysanthemum, tuberose, crossandra and aster. Commercial cultivation of cut flowers such as rose, orchids, gladiolus, carnation, anthurium, gerbera and lilies has also become popular.The major flower growing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in the South, West Bengal in the East, Maharashtra in the West and Rajasthan, and Haryana in the North. It must,www. however, be mentioned directionias.com that it is extremely difficult to compute the statistics of area in view of the very small sizes of holdings, which very often go unreported. This perhaps would be the reason for unrealistically small areas reported for floriculturally active states like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. More than two thirds of this large area is devoted for production of traditional flowers, which are marketed loose e.g. marigold, jasmine, chrysanthemum, aster, crossandra, tuberose etc. The area under cut flower crops (with stems) used for bouquets, arrangements etc. has grown in recent years, with growing affluence and people’s interest in using flowers as gifts. The major flowers in this category are rose, gladiolus, tuberose, carnation, orchids and more recently liliums, gerbera, chrysanthemum, gypsophila etc.

6 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) - now renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries (DADF) is one of the Departments in the Ministry of Agriculture and came into existence w.e.f. 1st February, 1991, by converting two divisions of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation namely Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development into a separate Department. The Fisheries Division of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation and a part of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries were later transferred to this Department. Functions Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries (DADF) is responsible for matters relating to livestock production, preservation, protection and improvement of stocks, dairy development and also for matters relating to the Delhi Milk Scheme and the National Dairy Development Board. It also looks after all matters pertaining to fishing and fisheries Development Board. The Department advises the State Governments/ Union Territories in the formulation Policies and programmes in the field of animal husbandry, dairy development and fisheries. The main focus of the activities is on

· Development of requisite infrastructure in States/ Uts for improving animal productivity.

· Preservation and protection of livestock through provision of health care.

· Strengthening of central livestock farms (Cattle, Sheep and Poultry) for development of superior germplasm for distribution to states.

· Expansion of aquaculture in fresh, brackish water, welfare of fisherfolk, etc.

Animal Husbandary : Animal Husbandry is a state subject and the State Governments are primarily responsible for the growth of the sector. The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries has, however, been operating 30 Central Livestock Organizations and allied Institutions for production and distribution of superior germ plasms to the State Governments for cross breeding and genetic upgradation of the stocks. Besides, the Department has been implementing 11 Central Sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes for the development of requisite infrastructure and supplementing the efforts of the State Governments for achieving the accelerated growth of animal husbandry sector. www. directionias.com

Following are promoted by the Animal Husbandry Division:

Genetic Up gradation

· Central Cattle Development Organizations

· Central Herd Registration Scheme

· NPCBB

· Central Frozen Semen Production & Training Institute

7 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

Other Schemes

· Sheep Development

· Poultry

· Piggery

· Fodder Development

· Livestock Insurance

Dairy sector in India has acquired substantial growth momentum from 9th Plan onwards as a result of which we now rank first among the world’s milk producing nations, achieving an annual output of about 127.3 (anticipated) million tonnes of milk during 2011-12 compared to 121.8 million tonnes in 2010-11. This represents sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products for our growing population. Dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed the most important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities particularly for marginal and women farmers. The per capita availability of the milk has reached a level of 281 grams per day during year 2010-11, but it is still lower than the world average of 284 grams per day. Most of the milk is produced by small, marginal farmers and landless labourers. About 14.46 million farmers have been brought under the ambit of 1, 44,168 village level dairy corporative societies up to March 2011.

Government of India is making efforts for strengthening the dairy sector through various development schemes like Intensive Dairy Development Programme, Strengthening Infrastructure for Quality & Clean Milk Production, Assistance to Cooperatives and Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme.

In order to meet the rapidly growing demand for milk with a focus to improve milch animal productivity and increase milk production, the Government has approved National Dairy Plan Phase-I (NDP-I) in February, 2012 with a total investmentwww. of about Rs.2242 crore directionias.comto be implemented from 2011-12 to 2016-17. NDP-I will help to meet the projected national demand of 150 million tonnes of milk by 2016-17 from domestic production through productivity enhancement, strengthening and expanding village level infrastructure for milk procurement and provide producers with greater access to markets. The strategy involves improving genetic potential of bovines, producing required number of quality bulls, and superior quality frozen semen and adopting adequate bio-security measures etc. The scheme will be implemented by NDDB through end implementing agencies like Dairy Cooperative Federations/Unions. NDP-I would focus on 14 major milk producing States - Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and which account for over 90% of the country’s milk production. Coverage of NDP- I will however be across the country in terms of benefits accruing from the scheme.

8 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

Fisheries

Schemes for development of Fisheries Sector

· Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture

· Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure and Post harvest Operations

· Continuation of Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure and Post harvest Operations during financial year 2011-12 - Administrative Approval - regarding

· Centrally Sponsored National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen

· Central Sector Scheme on Strengthening of Database and Geographical Information System for the Fisheries Sector

· National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)

· Issuance of Biometric Identity Cards to Coastal Fisherman

Fisheries Institutes under the control of the Department · Central Institute Of Fisheries Nautical & Engineering Training

· Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery (CICEF)

· Fishery Survey Of India (FSI)

· National Institute of Fishers Post Harvest Technology and Training, Cochin (NIFPHATT)

· Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) · Proformawww. for submitting proposalsdirectionias.com for introduction of live Aquatic Organisms. GOALS MOFPI (Ministry of Food Processing Industries) The Ministry of Food Processing Industries is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India for Food Processing Sector in India. In the era of economic liberalization where the private, public and co-operative sectors are to play their rightful role in development of food processing sector, the Ministry acts as a catalyst for bringing in greater investment into this sector, guiding and helping the industry in a proper direction, encouraging exports and creating a conducive environment for the healthy growth of the food processing industry. With this overall objective, the Ministry aims at:

· Better utilization and value addition of agricultural produce for enhancement of income of farmers.

9 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

· Minimizing wastage at all stages in the food processing chain by the development of infrastructure for storage, transportation and processing of agro-food produce.

· Induction of modern technology into the food processing industries from both domestic and external sources.

· To encourage R&D in food processing for product and process development and improved packaging.

· To provide policy support, promotional initiatives and physical facilities to promote value added exports.

INDIAN MINERALS & ENERGY RESOURCES On the basis of chemical and physical properties, minerals may be grouped under two main categories of metallic and non-metallic. Metallic minerals are the sources of metals. Iron ore, copper, gold produce metal and are included in this category. Metallic minerals are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals. Ferrous, as you know, refers to iron. All those minerals which have iron content are ferrous such as iron ore itself and those which do not have iron content are non-ferrous such as copper, bauxite, etc. Non-metallic minerals are either organic in origin such as fossil fuels also known as mineral fuels which are derived from the buried animal and plant life such as coal and petroleum. Other type of non-metallic minerals is inorganic in origin such as mica, limestone and graphite, etc. Minerals have certain characteristics. These are unevenly distributed over space. There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals. The third main characteristic is that all minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologically and they cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need. Thus, they have to be conserved. Distribution of Minerals Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. Most of the major mineral resources occur to the east of a line linking Mangalore and Kanpur.Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India. There maywww. be some sporadic occurrences directionias.com here and there in isolated pockets. These belts are: The North-Eastern Plateau Region The South –Western Plateau The North-Western Region Offshore Mineral wealth of India:

The beach sands of the East and the West coasts of India, particularly, off some parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa are rich in Monazite, Ilmetite, Zirocon etc. Two giant oil fields, the Bombay high and basin with

10 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM. more than 500 million barrels (50 million tonnes) of recoverable crude oil in each, were discovered in the shallow waters of the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Maharashtra.

Polymetallic nodules, rich in some metals (e.g. copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese) located on the deep sea floor in some parts of the Indian Ocean (e.g. Central Indian Ocean basin), are being explored by Indian Institute of Oceanography, Goa. Ferrous Mineral Ferrous minerals such as iron ore, manganese, chromite, etc., provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. Our country is well-placed in respect of ferrous minerals both in reserves and production Iron Ore About 95 per cent of total reserves of iron ore is located in the States of Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In Orissa, iron ore occurs in a series of hill ranges in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar. The important mines are Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhaj), Kiruburu (Kendujhar) and Bonai (Sundergarh). Similar hill ranges, Jharkhand has some of the oldest iron ore mines and most of the iron and steel plants are located around them. Most of the important mines such as Noamundi and Gua are located in Poorbi and Pashchimi Singhbhum districts. This belt further extends to Durg, Dantewara and Bailadila. Dalli, and Rajhara in Durg are the important mines of iron ore in the country. In Karnataka, iron ore deposits occur in Sandur-Hospet area of Bellary district, Baba Budan hills and Kudremukh in Chikmagalur district and parts of Shimoga, Chitradurg and Tumkur districts. The districts of Chandrapur, Bhandara and Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Karimnagar Warangal, Kurnool, Cuddapah and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh, Salem and Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu are other iron mining regions. Goa has also emerged as an important producer of iron ore. Manganese Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for manufacturing ferro alloys. Manganese deposits are found in almost all geological formations, however, it is mainly associated with Dharwar system. Orissa is the leading producer of Manganese. Major mines in Orissa are located in the central part of the iron ore belt of India, particularly in Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput, Kalahandi and Bolangir. Karnataka is another major producer and here the mines are located in Dharwar, Bellary, Belgaum, North Canara, Chikmagalur, Shimoga, Chitradurgwww. and Tumkur. directionias.comMaharashtra is also an important producer of manganese which is mined in , Bhandara and Ratnagiri districts. The disadvantage to these mines is that they are located far from steel plants. The manganese belt of Madhya Pradesh extends in a belt in Balaghat-Chhindwara-Nimar-Mandla and Jhabua districts. Non-Ferrous Minerals India is poorly endowed with non-ferrous metallic minerals except bauxite. Bauxite Bauxite is the ore which is used in manufacturing of aluminium. Bauxite is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocks occurring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country. Orissa happens to be the largest producer of Bauxite. Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. The other two areas which have been increasing their production are Bolangir and Koraput. The patlands of Jharkhand in Lohardaga have rich deposits. Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra

11 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM. are other major producers. Bhavanagar, Jamnagar in Gujarat have the major deposits. Chhattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in M.P. have important deposits of bauxite. Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra are important producers. Copper Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators. It is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to jewellery. The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan.Minor producers of Copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu). Non-metallic Minerals Among the non-metallic minerals produced in India, mica is the important one. The other minerals extracted for local consumption are limestone, dolomite and phosphate. Mica Mica is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries. It can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible. Mica in India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. In Jharkhand high quality mica is obtained in a belt extending over a distance of about 150 km, in length and about 22 km, in width in lower Hazaribagh plateau. In Andhra Pradesh. Nellore district produces the best quality mica. In Rajasthan mica belt is in Jaipur, Bhilwara and Udaipur. Energy Resources Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. Energy resources can be classified as conventional and nonconventional sources. Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal). Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in rural India According to one estimate more than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by these two ; continuation of these is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. Moreover,www. using dung cake toodirectionias.com is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture. Coal In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy needs. It is used for power generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements In India coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages, namely Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are only about 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana coal, which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand). Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha

12 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

valleys also contain coal deposits. Tertiary coals occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Coal India the world’s biggest coal miner, produced only 431mt in 2010-11 against a target of 461.5mt, because of stalled projects.Coal is the primary source of energy, accounting for about 67% of total energy consumption in the country.

REFINERIES IN INDIA To meet the growing demand of petroleum products, the refining capacity in the country has gradually increased over the years by setting up of new refineries in the country as well as by expanding the refining capacity of the existing refineries. As of present there are a total of 20 refineries in the country comprising 17 (seventeen) in the Public Sector and 3 (three) in the Private Sector. Petroleum Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High, 18 per cent from Gujarat and 16 per cent from Assam. From the map locate the 3 major off shore fields of western India. Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields ir the state. Natural Gas Production of natural gas, which was almost negligible at the time of independence, is at present at the level of around 87 million standard cubic meters per day (MMSCMD). The main producers of natural gas are Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), Oil India Limited (OIL) and JVs of Tapti, Panna-Mukta and Ravva. Under the Production Sharing Contracts, private parties from some of the fields are also producing gas. Government have also offered blocks under New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) to private and public sector companies with the right to market gas at market determined prices. Most of the production of gas comes from the Western offshore area. The on-shore fields in Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat States are other major producers of gas. Smaller quantities of gas are also produced in Tripura, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan States. OIL is operating in Assam and Rajasthan States, whereas ONGCwww. is operating in thedirectionias.com Western offshore fields and in other states. The gas produced by ONGC and a part of gas produced by the JV consortiums is marketed by the GAIL (India) Ltd. The gas produced by OIL is marketed by OIL itself except in Rajasthan where GAIL is marketing its gas. Gas produced by Cairn Energy from Lakshmi fields and Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (GSPCL) from Hazira fields is being sold directly by them at market determined prices.

Nuclear power

Holds the fourth position among the different resources of electricity, Thermal, hydro and renewable resources being first, second and third respectively. Presently 19 nuclear power plants in India are there, which generates 4,560 MW

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(2.9% of total installed base) and 4 such power plants are in the pipeline and would be generating around 2,720 MW. India’s contribution in fusion development is done through its involvement in the ITER project.

Power station State Type Operator Kaiga Karnataka PHWR NPCIL Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu PHWR NPCIL Kakrapar Gujarat PHWR NPCIL Rawatbhata Rajasthan PHWR NPCIL Tarapur Maharashtra BWR NPCIL Narora Uttar Pradesh PHWR NPCIL Some of the nuclear power plant projects which are under construction can be listed below: Power station State Type Operator Kudankulam T. Nadu VVER-1000 NPCIL Kaiga Karnataka PHWR NPCIL Kalpakkam Tamil Nadu PFBR NPCIL Some of the nuclear power projects which are planned up for the future are as follows: Power station Operator State Type Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR Jaitapur NPCIL Maharashtra EPR Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PWR Wind power India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world. The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country. Biogas www. directionias.com Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. Decomposition of organic matter yields gas, which has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake and charcoal. Biogas plants are set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels. The plants using cattle dung are know as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India. These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung. It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes. Tidal Energy Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls outside the flood gate, the water retained by

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the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine. In India, the Gulf of Kuchchh, provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy. A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up here by the National Hydropower Corporation. Geo-Thermal Energy Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because; the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity. There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy. One is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh. .• India is a leading producer of (i) Mica, (ii) Kyanite, (iii) Sillimanite

• India is a globally important producer of (i) Iron ores, (ii) Manganese ores, (iii) Barytes, (iv) Talc-steatite, (v) Monazite and (vi) Ilmenite

• India produces quite significant quantities, in the global context, of (i) bauxite, (ii) coal, (iii) chromite, (iv) magnesite, (v) limestone and (vi) dolomite.

• India is self sufficient in Iron-ores, Aluminium-ores, Refractory Minerals, Raw Materials for Glass, Ceramic, Abrasive, Paint Industries and in many inorganic chemicals.

• India is deficient in (i) Rock Phosphate, (ii) Petroleum, (iii) Non-Ferrous Metals like Copper, Zinc, Sulphur and Asbestos.

• Atomic Minerals: Pitchblende occurs in nodular aggregates in Pegmatite veins in Singar Mica Mines, Bihar, Nellore and Ajmer. Uranium compounds occur in Singhbhum-Copper belt of Bihar, Aravallis and central Himalaya. Monazite which contains small percentage of uranium oxide, occurs in the beach sands of the east and west coasts inwww. India. Cheralite, a variant directionias.com of Monazite, contains 4 to 6% of U3O8. Thorium, a likely future substitute for uranium as a fission metal in atomic reactors, occurs in considerable quantities as ThO2, in the beach sands of Kerala Coast. Offshore Mineral wealth of India:The beach sands of the East and the West coasts of India, particularly, off some parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa are rich in Monazite, Ilmetite, Zirocon etc. Two giant oil fields, the Bombay high and basin with more than 500 million barrels (50 million tonnes) of recoverable crude oil in each, were discovered in the shallow waters of the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Maharashtra.

• Polymetallic nodules, rich in some metals (e.g. copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese) located on the deep sea floor in some parts of the Indian Ocean (e.g. Central Indian Ocean basin), are being explored by Indian Institute of Oceanography, Goa. India was accorded “Pioneer Investor” status in deep sea bed exploration by the U.N. in 1982

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GOLD

• Gold is found in quartz veins or reefs of quartz (Load-gold)

• Occasionally associated with iron and copper sulphides.

• Available as lode deposite and placer depositis

Three major goldfields: Kolar fields (Karnataka),Hutti fields – (Raichur district) Karnataka. Ramagiri (Andhra)

• Placer deposits of Jharkhand

• Production Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Jharkhand

SILVER

• Chief Ores: Agentine, Stephanite, pyragyrite and proustite.

• It occurs in mixed form with zinc, copper, lead and gold.

• Occurrence: The lead zinc ores of Zawar mines in Rajasthan, the quartzites of Mysore gold fields and cupriferous pyrites of Chitradurg

LIMESTONE

• Key raw material for construction Cuddapah ,Vindhayan ,Creatateaus deposites bears limestone Major reserves and producers :

Madhya Pradesh Satna,Jabalpur,Katni,Rewa),Chattisgarh Raipur,Durg,Bilaspur),

AndhraPradesh Cuddapah,Nalgonda,Adilabad,Karimnagar),

Rajasthan (Udaipur,Kota), Gujarat (Junagarh,Amreli,Jamnagar)

Tamil Naduwww. Tiruchirrapalli),Karnataka(Gulburga)Maharashtra(Chandrapur directionias.com

DOLOMITE

• All parts of the country it is available

• Most is produced from reserves near iron &steel industries

• Reserves and production: Oissa (Sundergarh),Madhya Pradesh (Jhabua, Balaghat, Jabalpur) Chattisgarh (Bilaspur,Durg),Andhra Pradesh(Khammam),Jharkhand (Palamu)

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GLASS SAND

Glass is made from silica, which in nature occurs in the form of quartz, flint and agate.

• Best and largest deposits occur in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

• Uttar Pradesh ()

• Rajasthan: (Bikaner, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Jaipur and Kota).

SILLIMAMITE

• An important high alumina refractory.

• Meghalaya and Rewa (Madhya Pradesh).

BARYITES

• The mangampet deposit occurring in Cuddapah district (Andhra Pradesh) is the single largest deposit of the world.

ROCK PHOSPHATE

• For manufacturing phosphorous fertilizer

• Rajashtan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Gujarat are the prominent producers

GYPSUM

• Mainly used in the manufacture of cement and aluminium sulphate.

• Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu Gujarat are the producer

INDIAN www.INDUSTRIES & TRANSPORT directionias.com

Cotton Textile Industries: The modern mill marked its development 1818 Gloster (Howrah) but the real begining in 1851 Bombay. There after the industry became quietwide spread. As the raw material is neither weight losing, nor the weight gaining, so the industry might be established both in cotton producing region, as well as in the market region. But, earlier it got a heavy concentration in cotton region due to infrastructure facilities. Now, the trend shows its dispersal in the market regions. The four different phases of development include Western India, East and Southern India, Central India and North India respectively.

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Leading Producer

Maharashtra (52.3%) The present distribution Mumbai (Cottonpolis of India). The causes highlighted includes large cotton hinterland, major industrial state availing capital, well interlinked with interior market, humid climate. The cities into the production are Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Jalgoan, Akola, Kolhapur, Dhulia, Sangli, Amravati, Wardha, Satara etc.

Tamil Nadu The southern Indian Manchester Coimbatore has been developed here. The causes includes Hinterland facilitates climate condition, skilled labour, raw material and favourbal condition, Coimbatore, Madurai, Tuticorin, Salem, Tirunelveli, .

Gujarat The hub of cotton industries in west due to cotton hinterland, favourble availability of open area, sub humid climatic condition, benefits of cheaper land, well developed industrial base. The prominent centers- Ahmedabad , Cambay, Surat, Porbandar, Navasari, Bharuch, Vadodara, Rajkot, Bhavanagar, Kalol, Ahmedabad.

Other producer

West Bengal Three districts are important- 24 Paraganas, Howrah, and Hooghly (all along river Hooghli, within a radius of 45 km from Calcutta). Uttar Pradesh Kanpur other centers-Muradabad, Bareily, Varanasi, Aligarh, Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Rampur etc.

Madhya Pradesh Ratlam, Indore, Gwalior, Chanderi.

Karnataka Hubli, Belgaum, Bellary, Banglore.

Andhra Pradesh Karim Nagar, ,Adoni, Anantpur

Kerela Thiessur, Kollam

Rajasthan Jodhpur, Jabalpur, Bhilwara, Kota.

The fiscal year 2002-2003 identified export promotion measure. This is centrally sponsored scheme titled. Apparelwww. parks for exports directionias.comscheme (APES). This scheme is to set up apparel manufacturing units of international standards. The invisaged Apparel Parks inlcudes Banglore, Ludhiana, Kanchipuram, Surat, Thiruvanathapuram, Tirupur, Tronica city in Kanpur and Vishakhapatnam.

JUTE INDUSTRY

Its development was initated to utilize rich jute hinterland. The Golden fibre of India. First jute mill was established in 1855 at Rishra (near Serampur in Bengal). Location predominantly raw material oriented. This Coarse fiber, used generally for sack making. Recent diversification in field of geo textile packing, (as substitue of both wood & plastic), wearing apparels. The partition of 1974, resulted in the trasnfer of 80% of jute area to Pakistan,

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leaving all jute mills India. The industry is highly localised in a small of land, 100km in length and 3km in breath, along the river Hooghly.

Leading Producer

West Bengal - Richest jute hinterland, Port facilities of Kolkata, Network of waterways, humid climate, Centres- Kolkata, Srirampore, Budge-Budge, Naihati, Howrah.

Andhra Pradesh - Delta region, Alluvial soil, humid climate; Centres- Vishakhapatnam, Guntur.

Uttar Pradesh - Alluvial plain of Ganges and Humid region; Centers- Kanpur, Gorakhpur.

Silk Textile Industries: India has the unique distinction of being the only country in the world, producing all the four varieties of natural silk. In recent years, India has emerged as second largest producer silk, after China. Indian silk comprise of Mulberry category (95%) and non-mulberry (Tasar, Eri, Munga) (5%).

Leading Producer Jammu and Kashmir (Udampur, Jammu, Srinagar), Punjab (Amritsar Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur Ludhiana), Uttar Pradesh (Mirzapur, Varanasi, Pratapgarh, Shahjehnapur), West Bengal (Bankura, Murshidabad, Vishnupur, Howrah, 24 Paragans, Behrampur), Tamil Nadu (Salem, Tanjor, Kachiwaram, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatore), Karanataka (Banglore, Mysore, Belgaon, Manglore).

Woolen Textiles: First mill was established in 1870 at Kanpur. In 1990, there were 235 woollen mills.

Leading Producer Bombay Fine Worsted ManufacutresThane; Raymonds Mumbai; Binny-Banglore; Dhariwal Punjab, Lal Imli- Kanpur, Jamnagar; Dinesh Vadordara; OCM- Amritsar. Woollen Hosiery Out of 1400 small units, nearly 800 are in Punjab and Haryana

Woollen Carpets- Uttar Pradesh (Mirzapur, Gopiganj, Shahjahanpur, Bhadoi, Kanpur and Agra); Rajasthan (Jaipur, Jodhpur, Deogarh, Bikaner, Gobindgarh); Jammu and Kashmir (Srinagar); Punjab (Amritsar); Madhya Pradesh (Gwalior); Karnataka (Bellary, Mysore, Banglore).

The handloom,www. Powerloom, Sericulturedirectionias.com handicrafts and wool are collectively incorporated into decentralised sector. The past fiscal year adopted cluster based approach in implementation of schemes in these sector. Along with the initiative for promotion of non mulberry silk of North Eastern region. Manufacture of Jute products is also a textile based activity and this sector also got a boost by the revocation order obtained by the Jute Manufactures Development Council (JMDC) against on international patent given to British firm.

SUGAR

Successful attempts of establishing sugar industry had been first made in 1903 in North East Uttar Pradesh and adjoining Bihar. Sugar is mainly obtained from sugarcane, a heavy and weight losing material (Sugar=1/10th of cane), and for better recovery it must be crushed within 24 hours. The decentralization is due to the diversified

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use of by products Bagasse, Mollases. Concentration with above resason, most of the industries are located in the region of sugarcane cultivation.

Leading Producer- Uttar Pradesh- Tarai regions (Dewaria, Gorakhpur, Basti, Gonda, Barabanki, Rampur, Sitapur, Hardoi, Bijnore); Ganga-Yamuna Doab (Saharanpur, Muzaffarpur, Merrut, Nainital, Moradabad);

Bihar (Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga); Maharashtra (Manmad. Pune, Nasik, Ahmedpur, Sholapur, Kolhapur); Tamil Nadu (Northand South Arcot, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli).

PAPER INDUSTRY

The first modern paper mill was started in 1832 at Srirampore (on the banks of River Hooghly). The Industry needs heavy, coarse and weight losing raw materials, like coal, wood and timber. Therefore, pulp making plant (of paper) is usually located near the market. The installed capacity of paper, industry is created of depending largely (62%) on the non conventional raw material as agro waste, residue, recycled paper fiscal year 2001-02 has marked revamping of paper industry with growth rate of 2.33% increase (outcome of delicencing fully from July’ 97). At present about 515 paper mills are working with capacity utilization only 62% of the potential. Thus productivity enhancement is the most pronminent potentiality of this industry. near the bamboo growing regions. Mills of Maharashtra and Gujarat are based on bamboos, grasses, eucalyptus and imported materials. First newsprint mill was established in Nepangar .

LEATHER - West Bengal and Tamil Nadu are the largest producers of cattle hides. Tamil Nadu also produces largest number of buffalo hides and sheep skins. Uttar Pradesh Produces largest number of buffalo hides and sheep skins. Bengal, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Leather industry has been a traditional industry in India. It is as per the advantages of abundant raw material and technical manpower. It has both organised as well as unorganised sector. With 3/4 of production associated with small scale and cottage sector, it is quiet labour intensive sector. UNDP assisted National Leather Development Programme was initiated by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion. This has upgraded the production and design of leather goods produced. This phase commencedwww. from 1992 directionias.com and terminated in 1998. The post 1998 phase Small Industries Development and Employment Programme in Leather Sector (SIDE-NLDP) has been initiated in assistane of UNDP focussed on promoting poverty alleviation programme on the same line LDP was introduced by Goverment of India during Ninth Plan with TMS (Tannery Modernization Scheme initiated in 2004-05. Footwear Industrty- Principal centers- Kanpur, Agra, chennai, Batanagar. The enhancement of industry can be highlighted by the fact that India has coverted her status from exporter of hide and skin till’ 72 is now the exporter of footwear garment and leather goods.

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ALUMINIUM INDUSTRIES

The Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd. (INDALCO) An integrated plant having three units. The plant for extraction of aluminium from bauxite at (Muri) near the bauxite mines; reduction plant of alumina from aluminium at Alupuram (Kerela) and Hirakund near the sources of hydroelectric power, and the fabrication plant at Belur (West Bengal) near the market of Calcutta. The Aluminium Corporation Ltd. Jaykaynagar (near ) estd. 1937, uses ores of Ranchi.

Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd (HINDALCO) Renukoot (Uttar Pradesh) estd. 1958, uses bauxite of Lohardagga and Amarkantak, water power from Rihand; the unit of maximum capacity.

Madras Aluminium Co. Ltd (MALCO) Mettur.

Bharat Aluminium Co. Ltd (BALCO) Korba (chattisgarh), uses bauxite of Amarkantak and electricity from Korba Thermal Plant. Another plant at Ratnagiri in Maharashtra uses bauxite of Udgiri Dhangarvadi region.

National Aluminium Co. Ltd (NALCO) estd. 1981, the unit of maximum capacity and production is Asia; based on bauxites of Koraput (Orissa); having alumina plant at Kraput and Aluminium Smelter at Dhenkanal.

STEEL PRODUCTION

· In 2011 the world crude steel production reached 1518 million tonnes (mt) and showed a growth of 6.2% over 2010. (Source: World Steel Association or WSA)

· China remained the world’s largest crude steel producer in 2011 (684 mt) followed by Japan (108 mt), the USA (86.4 mt) and India (72.2 mt; prov) at the 4th position (72.2 mt).

· The WSA has projected that global apparent steel use will increase by 3.6% to 1422 Mt in 2012, following growth of 5.6% in 2011. In 2013, it is forecast that world steel demand will grow further by 4.5% to around 1486 Mt. China’s apparent steel use in 2012 and 2013 is expected to increase by 4% in both the years. For India, growth in apparentwww. steel use is expected directionias.com to grow by 6.9% in 2012 and by 9.4% in 2013. · Per capita finished steel consumption in 2011 is estimated at 215 kg for world and 460 kg for China.

Domestic Scenario

· The Indian steel industry has entered into a new development stage from 2007-08, riding high on the resurgent economy and rising demand for steel.

· Rapid rise in production has resulted in India becoming the 4 th largest producer of crude steel and the largest producer of sponge iron or DRI in the world.

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· As per the report of the Working Group on Steel for the 12 th Plan, there exist many factors which carry the potential of raising the per capita steel consumption in the country, currently estimated at 55 kg (provisional). These include among others, an estimated infrastructure investment of nearly a trillion dollars, a projected growth of manufacturing from current 8% to 11-12%, increase in urban population to 600 million by 2030 from the current level of 400 million, emergence of the rural market for steel currently consuming around 10 kg per annum buoyed by projects like Bharat Nirman, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Rajiv Gandhi Awaas Yojana among others.

· At the time of its release, the National Steel Policy 2005 had envisaged steel production to reach 110 million tonnes by 2019-20. However, based on the assessment of the current ongoing projects, both in greenfield and brownfield, the Working Group on Steel for the 12 th Plan has projected that the crude steel steel capacity in the county is likely to be 140 mt by 2016-17 and has the potential to reach 149 mt if all requirements are adequately met.

· The National Steel Policy 2005 is currently being reviewed keeping in mind the rapid developments in the domestic steel industry (both on the supply and demand sides) as well as the stable growth of the Indian economy since the release of the Policy in 2005.

Production

· Steel industry was delicensed and decontrolled in 1991 & 1992 respectively.

· Today, India is the 4 th largest crude steel producer of steel in the world.

· In 2011-12 (prov), production for sale of total finished steel (alloy + non alloy) was 73.42 mt.

· Production for sale of Pig Iron in 2011-12 (prov), was 5.78 mt.

· India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world with the coal based route accounting for 76% of total sponge iron production in the country (20.37 mt in 2011-12; The Primarywww. producers includes directionias.com · TATA STEEL 1907, it marks the availability of all the geographical facilities Singhbhum districts avails iron ore, coal from Raniganj and Jharia, Manganese from Kendujhargarh, limestone Raurkela, water from Subernrekha and Khorkai rivers.

· IISCO In 1952, the Bengal Steel Corporation was trasnformed into Indian Iron and Steel Company. Finally, in 1972, the Governmen of India has taken over the managment of IISCO. This plant comprises, three separate plants, located at Hirapur, Kulti, and Burnpur. The Iron ore for this plant is obtained from Gua of Sighbhum from Jharia. Fluxing materials are supplied from Birmitrapur, in Orissa. A modernization programme was undertaken by the SAIL, authority.

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· VISL The proximity of Bababudan iron ore, an iron and steel plant near Bhadrabati in 1923 was estbalished limstone for fluxing is obtained from Bhandigudda deposits. The power is supplied by Mettur and Joga hydroelectric scheme.

· Rourkela Steel Plant (1956, HSL) In collaboration with West Germany, the first steel plant in independent India was erected near Rourkela. Plant is located at the confluence of Sankh and Koel rivers. Iron ore is obtained from Keonghargarh, Bonai and especially from the Barsua mine. Coal comes from Jahria and other mines of Damodar Valley region, Bokaro and Talcher also started supplying coal to Rourkela. Limestone is supplied from Gangpur, Birmitrapur and Hathibari. Dolamite from Hirri in Madhya Pradesh. The Hirakund dam provides ample water.

· Bhilai Steel Plant (1959, HSL) Russian technological know-how. Iron ore is obtained from the famous Dallirajhara iron ore mine of Durg district situated. Coal come from Korba mine, manganese from Bhalaghat, fluxing matierals, specially limestone, is obtained from Akaltara, Vishakhapatnam port acts the main shipment station.

· Durgapur Steel Plant (1962, HSL) In collaboration with the British firm. Iron ore is obtained from Bolani and Gua deposits. Coal is supplied from Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro fields. Manganese is dotained from Jamda and keonjhargarh deposits, limestone from Birmitrapur quary.

· Bokaro Steel Plant (1972, BSL Plant)- Constructed with Soviet collaboration and financial assistance. Iron ore from the Kiriburu mine situated, coal is obtained from Bokaro and Jharia coal mines, limestone and dolomite is obtained from Daltonganj, Molaskiganj, Latechar and Bilaspur.

· Salem Steel Plant (1982, SAIL Plant) Local Salem iron ore deposits are very inferior in grad. Vast lignite deposits of Neyvelli provides the coal supply.

· Vijaynagar Steel Plant (SAIL) This plant is located near Hospet in Karnataka. Coal is obtained from Kanha Valley in Madhya Pradesh. Iron ore is coming from Hospet region. Hydel power grid of Karnataka.

· Vishakhapatnamwww. Steel Plant directionias.com (1990) The raw matierial recycling method was adopted to minimize raw material requirment. Iron ore is obtained from Bailadila (Madhya Pradesh), Joggapeta, Andhra Pradesh and coal is obtained from Damodar Valley.

STEEL INDUSTRY PRODUCTS

· The long and flat products are the two prominent products of Iron and Steel industry. The long products on the first hand is associated with the basic products required to facilitate the infrasturture development whereas, the flat products are on the products hand associated itself with the products that are riquired to develop the consumer products. The consumption pattern of these defines the status of the country’s economic

23 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

development. In India the consumption pattern for long and flat products is 49:51 inspite of this fact the per capita consumption in India is still the least. Along with this the global status of this industry is quiet inferior. With export oriented status since 1960s, India still marks exports as the residue of domesitc market. Overseas investment as of Mittal steel and Posco makes market more competitive.

COPPER SMELTING INDUSTRY Hindustan Copper Ltd. Is the role producer of primary copper in the country. It has six plant complexes: Khetri Copper Complex (consisting of Khetri and Kolihan mines, as matching concentrator plant, smelter and electrolytic refinery); Indian Copper Complex, Ghatsila (consisting of Mosabani, Pathargoda, Surda, Kendudih mines, concentration plants at Mosabani and Maubhander, Smelter, electroytic refinery etc; Malanjkhand Copper Project (Madhya Pradesh), Rakha Copper Project, Singhbhum; Dariba Copper Project, Alwar; Chandmari Copper Project, Jhunjhunu.

· Lead and Zince Smelting Industry -

· Smelters

· HZL - Debari, Rajasthan, Vishakhapatnam Tundoo, Bihar, Chanderiya, Rajasthan

· BZL - Alwaye, Kerela, Indian Lead Ltd.

ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES

· Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd. (HMT) A multi unit and multi product company set up Swiss collaboration; comprising of nine plants with 15 production divisions; unit I and II (Banglore), Unit III (Pinjore), Unit IV (Kalamessary, Kerela), Unit V (Hyderabad), Unit VI (Ajmer), Horological machinery division, Banglore. Wrist watches are manufactured at Banglore and Srinagar.

· Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry (BHEL) Plants Heavy Electric Equipment Plant (Ranipur, Haridwar), Heavy Power Equipment Plant (Ramchandrapuram), High Pressure Boiler Plant (Tiruchirapalli), Bhopal, Naini, Patiala, Ranipet.

· Bharatwww. Heavy Engineering directionias.com Corporation Ltd (Ranchi) Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd (Durgapur); Locomotives (Varanasi-Diesel), Chittarajan (steam and electric); Railway Coaches and Wagons (Perambur -Tamil Nadu), Banglore. Agarapara, Dum-Dum, Kolkata, Bharatpur, Kapoorthala; Aeroplaines (Frames- Banglore, Kanpur, Nasik), (Engines- Korapur), (Electronics- Hyderabad); Ship Building (Vishakhapatnam, Garden Reach Workshop-Kolkata, Mazagaon Dock- Naval Ships, Cochin).

DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Indian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Ltd. (Antibiotics Plant- Rishikesh), (Synthetic Drugs Plant- Hyderabad), Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd, Pimari-Pune), Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd.-Rasayani (Maharashtra). The Hindustan Insecticides Ltd. New Delhi.

24 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

FERTILIZER INDUSTRY Four decades of planning and development of the fertilizer industry have brought India to the frontline of fertilizer producing countries. India today is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the world. There are, at present,57 fertilizer units manufacturing a wide range of nitrogenous and complex fertilizers, including 29 units producing urea and 9 units producing ammonium sulphate as a by-product. Besides, there are about 68 medium and small scale units in operation producing single superphosphate.

· National Fertilizers Limited (NFL) has, at present, six operating units, viz., Calcium AmmoniumNitrate (CAN) Plant at Nangal and the Urea Plants at Nangal, Bhatinda, Panipat and Vijaypur.

· Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCF) is operating five fertilizer plants at Trombay

· Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFC) and Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCI) were declared sick in November 1992.

· Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited (BVFCL) has been constituted into a new company from 1 April 2002 after hiving off the Namrup units from HFC FCIL-Aravali Gypsum and Mineral India Limited (FAGMIL) has been incorporated on 14 February 2003 after hiving off the Jodhpur.

· The Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT), Udyogamandal (Kerala), has three operating units, one at Udyogmandal and two at Cochin.

· Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL) is a joint venture between the Government of India and the National Iranian Oil Company Pyrites, Phosphates and Chemicals Limited (PPCL) was set up in March 1960 for exploration of pyrites, deposits and production of singlesuperphosphate at Amjhore in Bihar,Saladipura in Rajasthan.

· Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL), formerly known as Fertilizer (Planning and Development) India Limited, is engaged in design engineering, procurement and supervision of construction/commissioning of fertilizerwww. and allied chemical directionias.com plants. · COOPERATIVE SECTOR KRIBHCO has a gas-based ammonia-urea plant at Hazira in Gujarat.

CEMENT The prominent and technologically the advanced industry of the country. Post decontrol in production and distribution the industry has availed prominent development. In the last fiscal year this industry stood strong with 9.73% of growth. The domestic demand increase due to NHDP (approximate 10 million tonnes) and the housing sector with production of varieties like Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnance Slag (PBFS), Oil Well Cement, White Cement, this industry has started targeting the international market, Manufacture of cement started at Madras in 1904. All the raw materials (limestone, coal gypsum) are heavy in weight and cheap in price. So, the industry is

25 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

preferred in the source region of these raw materials, and is influenced by transport costs. Jharkhand- Dalmianagar, Sindri, Japla, Jhinkpani, Khalari, Chaibasa, Kalyanpur. Andhra Pradesh- Vijaywada, Adilabad etc., Gujarat- Porbander, Dwarka, Badodara etc., Tamil Nadu- Dalmiapuram, Madhukar etc., Madhya Pradesh- Katni, Satna, Durg, Neemach etc., Rajasthan - Lakheri, Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh etc. Presently there are 124 large cement plants and 300 mini plants with 148 million tonnes of production capacity. Diversification of raw material from limestone to slag, sludge and oceanic skelton has decentralised industries. Sindari, Talcher, Durgapur and Dwarka are providing the examples.

List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs

As per available information (as on February, 2013) Maharatna CPSEs

1. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited

2. Coal India Limited

3. GAIL (India) Limited

4. Indian Oil Corporation Limited

5. NTPC Limited

6. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited

7. Steel Authority of India Limited

Navratna CPSEs 1. Bharatwww. Electronics Limited directionias.com 2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited

3. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

4. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

5. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

6. National Aluminium Company Limited

7. NMDC Limited

26 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

8. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited

9. Oil India Limited

10. Power Finance Corporation Limited

11. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

12. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited

13. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited

14. Shipping Corporation of India Limited

Miniratna Category - I CPSEs

1. Airports Authority of India

2. Antrix Corporation Limited

3. Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited

4. Bharat Dynamics Limited

5. BEML Limited

6. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

7. Bridge & Roof Company (India) Limited

8. Central Warehousing Corporation 9. Centralwww. Coalfields Limited directionias.com 10. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited

11. Cochin Shipyard Limited

12. Container Corporation of India Limited

13. Dredging Corporation of India Limited

14. Engineers India Limited

27 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

15. Ennore Port Limited

16. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited

17. Goa Shipyard Limited

18. Hindustan Copper Limited

19. HLL Lifecare Limited

20. Hindustan Newsprint Limited

21. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited

22. Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited

23. India Tourism Development Corporation Limited

24. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited

25. Limited

26. KIOCL Limited

27. Mazagaon Dock Limited

28. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited

29. Manganese Ore (India) Limited

30. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemical Limited 31. Mishrawww. Dhatu Nigam Limited directionias.com 32. MMTC Limited

33. MSTC Limited

34. National Fertilizers Limited

35. National Seeds Corporation Limited

36. NHPC Limited

28 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

37. Northern Coalfields Limited

38. Numaligarh Refinery Limited

39. ONGC Videsh Limited

40. Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited

41. Projects & Development India Limited

42. Railtel Corporation of India Limited

43. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited

44. RITES Limited

45. SJVN Limited

46. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited

47. South Eastern Coalfields Limited

48. State Trading Corporation of India Limited

49. Telecommunications Consultants India Limited

50. THDC India Limited

51. Western Coalfields Limited

52. WAPCOS Limited Miniratnawww. Category-II CPSEs directionias.com 53. Bharat Pumps & Compressors Limited

54. Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited

55. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited

56. Ed.CIL (India) Limited

57. Engineering Projects (India) Limited

29 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

58. FCI Aravali Gypsum & Minerals India Limited

59. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited

60. HMT (International) Limited

61. HSCC (India) Limited

62. India Trade Promotion Organisation

63. Indian Medicines & Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited

64. M E C O N Limited

65. National Film Development Corporation Limited

66. National Small Industries Corporation Limited

67. P E C Limited

68. Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited

INDIANINFRASTRUCTURE

India’s road network of 3.34 million km is the second-largest in the world. Out of this, national highways account for 65,569 km, state highways for 130,000 km, and major district roads, rural and urban roads collectively account for 3.14 million km, as per statistics with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

According to the ministry, roads remain the most important means of transport, accounting for 85% and 65% of passenger and freight traffic, respectively, in India. Broadly, the road network in India is divided into the primary system comprising national highways and the secondary system made up of state highways and major district roads. In addition,www. the network comprises directionias.com expressways as well as rural and other roads.

National highways account for a mere 2% of the total road length, but carry 40% of the total road traffic. Between 2006 and 2009, the national highway network increased by 4,000 km and the state highway network increased by 170,000 km. Of the total length of the national highway network, about 27% is single-laned or intermediate-laned, 54% is two-laned and 19% is four-laned. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways is planning to seek credit worth USD 2.96 billion from the World Bank for the conversion of single-laned, intermediate-laned and two-laned roads covering a total length of about 3,770 km. The project is scheduled for completion in 2014. The state highways and major district roads carry 40% of total road traffic and constitute 13% of India’s total road length.

30 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

The 11th Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) has projected an investment requirement of USD 8,613.95 million for the development of rural roads under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. Policy and Promotion

The government provides various incentives for private and foreign sector investment in the roads sector. 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) under the automatic route is allowed for support services to land transport such as operation of highway bridges, toll roads, and vehicular tunnels; services incidental to transport such as cargo handling is incidental to land transport; construction and maintenance of roads, bridges; and construction and maintenance of roads and highways offered on build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis, including collection of toll.

Highway-widening projects qualify for the 10-year tax break under Section 80 IA of the Income Tax (IT) Act. Other policy initiatives for attracting private investment are government to provide capital grant up to 40% of project cost to enhance viability on a case-to-case basis, 100% tax exemption for five years and 30% relief for next five years, which may be availed of in 20 years and concession period allowed up to 30 years.

FDI in construction activities (including roads and highways) sector from April 2000 to July 2011 in India was USD 9.3 billion. This amounted to 6.4% of the total FDI inflows, according to data released by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), which formulates the FDI policy and is part of the Ministry of Commerce & Industry.

With the government permitting 100% FDI in the roads sector, most foreign investors in the Indian roads sector have formed consortiums with Indian companies to participate in the development of road projects in the country. As a result, construction companies are now being rewarded with large order books and portfolios of BOT projects.

In addition to the policy benefits, the government has announced several incentives to attract private sector participation. These include government to bear the cost of the project feasibility study, land for the right of way and way side amenities, shifting of utilities, environment clearance, cutting of trees, etc; duty free import of high capacity and modern road construction equipments; declaration of the road sector as an industry; easier external commercial borrowing norms; right to retain toll; increase in the overseas borrowing amount of infrastructure sectors to USD 500 million fromwww. USD 100 million; and directionias.com full exemption from basic customs duty to bio-asphalt and specified machinery for application in the construction of national highways.

The ministry has also framed a ‘Special Accelerated Road Development Programme in North Eastern Region’ for improving road connectivity to remote places in this region. The estimated cost of the proposal is USD 2.53 billion. The Union Budget 2012–13 proposed an increase of allocation of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways by 14% to Rs. 25,360 crore.

Further, the World Bank has approved a USD 975 million loan for developing the first phase of the eastern arm of the USD 17.21 billion Dedicated Freight Corridor Project in India. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India

31 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

Ltd. has tied up with the Japanese Bank of Industrial Cooperation for USD 14.56 billion funding as loan for the first phase and it is likely to be commissioned in 2016.

The World Bank and the Government of India have also signed a USD 350 million loan to accelerate the development of road network through the Second Karnataka State Highway Improvement Project. The Government of Karnataka has demarcated about 25,000 km of the most important traffic corridors and designated them as the state’s core road network. Also, a USD 301.38 million-worth project, ending 2016, for construction, upgradation and improvement of 433 km-long road in six north-east states, assisted by the Asian Development Bank, has been approved by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs.

The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways had planned to award road projects covering 10,000 km of highways in 2011–12. About 80% of these road projects will be distributed on the BOT basis.

The Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a scheme for development of rural roads in India. The Construction of Rural Roads Project (CRRP) is another initiative focused on rural development. Major Players

Some of the foreign investors that have entered into road and highway construction are Isolux Corsán, Vinci, Lighteon of Australia and a few Russian, Chinese, and Malaysian companies.

Isolux Corsán has entered into a joint venture with the Morgan Stanley Infrastructure fund (MSI), to jointly invest USD 400 million to develop new road infrastructure projects. Under this agreement, the company is building three toll roads within the framework of long-term concessions awarded as part of the BOT programme established by NHAI, whose programme for developing the Indian road network is amongst the largest PPP projects in the world; it was started in 1999 and is expected to cost nearly USD 50 billion by the time it is completed.

The major domestic private sector companies working in the Indian road sector are DS Construction Ltd., GMR Infrastructure Ltd., Hindustan Construction Company, Larsen & Toubro Ltd., Ideal Road Builders Infrastructure Developers,www. Gammon Infrastructure directionias.com Projects Ltd. and Soma Enterprises Ltd. Sector Outlook

The growth potential of the roads sector is tremendous in India with a fast-growing economy and a rising need for world-class infrastructure for better road connectivity. According to the ministry’s data, traffic on roads is growing at a rate of up to 10% per annum, while vehicular population growth is nearly 12% per annum. This spells out the need for fast growth of the roads network in the near future.

The Government of India plans to construct 35,000 km of highways by 2014 under the National Highway Development Programme at an investment of USD 60 billion. Moreover, according to the Planning Commission’s revised estimates, funds worth USD 58 billion are likely to be invested in the road sector in the 11th Plan. The ministry has also

32 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM. recommended a total expressway network of about 18,637 km in the country for the unhindered, high-speed and safe movement of traffic. Construction work on the country’s expressways will be initiated in three phases and is scheduled for completion in 2022. All this is also likely to result in increased opportunities for private players, as more projects will be awarded under the PPP mode.

Many states, including Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, have formulated policies and established PPP cells to facilitate private sector participation in key road projects. The Delhi-Noida toll bridge, the Ahmedabad-Mehsana, Vadodara-Halol toll road, the East Coast Road and the -Mysore State Highway (Phase I) are examples of completed PPP projects.

Private sector participation is increasing with the rising trend of awarding projects on toll and annuity basis. For instance, during March 2010, about 10 mega highway projects, spanning 5,000 km, have been identified, which will be awarded to private developers over the next two years. These projects are worth USD 9.3 billion and will be based on a revenue-sharing model

INDIAN RAILWAYS The Indian Railway (IR) is the world’s largest railway system under single management and the largest employer in the world {ca 1.55 million employees). India’s and the first railway in Asia first train steamed off from Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay) to Thane in 1853 covering a distance of 34 kms The main freighted goods include coal, raw materials for steel plants, cement, POL, fertilizers and food grains. operats on three gauges: broad gauge (1.676 m), meter gauge (1.000 m) and narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m). All major routes are served by broad gauge (45 099 route kilometers). Mumbai Railway Vikas Corp. Ltd. The word’s busiest (6.1 million commuters/day) commuter rail system irfca (Indian Railways Fan Club Association )Kolkata Mertro Railway -India’s first underground rail system. Rail Corporation -The first and second sections of the first line in the plannedand largely under construction phase (three lines) network is operating since December 2002. Chennai Mass Rapid Transist System (MRTS) Chennai Hyderabadwww. Multy-Modal Transport directionias.com System (MRTS) HyderabadBangalore Mass Rapid Transit Ltd.The proposed 50 billion Rupee Bangalore metro system would comprise of two lines totalling 33 km’s (East-West 18.1 km and NorthSouth 14.9 km). Of this, 6.7 km would be underground. Equipment Manufacturers : · Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW), Chittaranjan (W.B) · Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW), Varanasi (U.P) · (ICF), Perambur (Tamil Nadu) · Rail Coach Factory, Kapurthala (Punjab) · Bharat Heavy Electicals Ltd. (BHEL)

33 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

· Jessops & Co. Ltd, Kolkata - Manufactures EMU’s (Electric Multiple Unit) · Bharat Earth Movers Ltd, Bangalore - Manufactures coaches · Wheel And Axle Plant, Bangalore · Diesel Component Works, Patiala · New Electric Loco works to be set up at Madhepura. · Wagon Bogie Complex to be set up at Dalmia Nagar. · Shortfall of rolling stock bogies to be met by setting up of Joint venture company with Kerala Government at Alleppey. Worshops and production unitsProduction capacities to be increased at · , Chhapra · Integral Coach Factory, Chennai · Workshop Samastipur · A DMU shed and a wagon overhauling workshop to be set up at Sonpur. · RCF Kapurthala being considered for declaration as a wholly owned PSU.

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on IR — the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus and others Railways of India. The latter is not contiguous, but actually consists of three separate railway lines located in different parts of India:

· The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow gauge railway in West Bengal.

· The , a metre gauge railway in the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu

· The Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in the Shivalik mountains in Himachal Pradesh.

· The Maharaja Railways , a narrow gauge line of just 0.6m width from Gwalior to Sheopurof 198 km. in length is world’s longest narrow gauge railway line is in the UNESCO world heritage tentative list.

· Thewww. Neral-Matheran Railway directionias.com , a narrow gauge railway connecting Matheran is also a historic line.

The is a specially designed train, frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, for promoting tourism in Rajasthan. On the same lines, the Maharashtra government introduced the covering various tourist destinations in Maharashtra and Goa, and was followed by the Government of Karnataka which introduced the train connecting popular tourist destinations in Karnataka and Goa. However, neither of them has been able to enjoy the popular success of the Palace on Wheels.

The Samjhauta Express is a train that runs between India and Pakistan. However, hostilities between the two nations in 2001 saw the line being closed. It was reopened when the hostilities subsided in 2004. Another train

34 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

connecting Khokhrapar (Pakistan) and Munabao (India) is the Thar Express that restarted operations on February 18, 2006; it was earlier closed down after the 1965 Indo-Pak war. In 2003 the Kalka Shimla Railway was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records for offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space of 96 kilometre.

The is a special train popularly known as the “Hospital-on-Wheels” which provides healthcare to the rural areas. This train has a carriage that serves as an operating room, a second one which serves as a storeroom and an additional two that serve as a patient ward. The train travels around the country, staying at a location for about two months before moving elsewhere.

Among the famous locomotives, the is the oldest operating locomotive in the world today, though it is operated only for specials between Delhi and Alwar. John Bull, a locomotive older than Fairy Queen, operated in 1981 commemorating its 150th anniversary. Kharagpur railway station also has the distinction of being the world’s longest railway platform at 1,072 m (3,517 ft). The Ghum station along the Darjeeling Toy Train route is the second highest railway station in the world to be reached by a steam locomotive.The Mumbai–Pune Deccan Queen has the oldest running dining car in IR.

The , between Kanyakumari and Jammu Tawi, has the longest run in terms of distance and time on Indian Railways network. It covers 3,745 km (2,327 mi) in about 74 hours and 55 minutes. The Bhopal is the fastest train in India today having a maximum speed of 150 km/h (93 mph) on the Faridabad–Agra section. The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h (114 mph) in 2000 during test runs.

The and Shatabdi Express are the superfast, fully air-conditioned trains that give the unique opportunity of experiencing Indian Railways at its best. In July 2009, a new non-stop train service called

SHIPPING India stands at the 20th rank among maritime nations, in terms of fleet size, with a share of 1.19% of the world fleet.Shippingwww. Corporation of India directionias.com The Shipping Corporation of India Ltd (SCI) was formed on 2nd October 1961 The status of SCI has been changed from a private limited company to Public limited from 18 September 1992. The highly diversified fleet of the SCI includes modern and fuel-efficient ships giving it a qualitative status as also a distinct competitive edge over other fleet owners

Cochin Shipyard Limited

Situated in the western coast of India in the city of Cochin, State of Kerala, Cochin Shipyard is the largest shipyard in the country. Incorporated in the year 1972.The yard has built varied types of ships including tankers, bulk carriers,

35 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

port crafts, offshore vessels and passenger vessels. The yard is also a leading ship-repairer of the country and has repaired more than 1200 ships of all types.

Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd., Kolkata

The Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited was incorporated as a joint stock company in 1934, under the name M/s Garden Reach Workshop Limited (GRW). The Government of India acquired the company in 1960. It was renamed as “Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited (GRSE)” on 01 January 1977. Its present product range includes Corvettes, frigates, fleet tankers, patrol-vessels, fast attack craft, high technology ship borne equipment, portable bailey type steel bridges, turbine pumps for the agricultural sector, Marine Sewage Treatment Plants, Diesel Engines etc. “Mini-Ratna Status Category-I

Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam

Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL), Visakhapatnam was set up in 1941 in the private sector and was taken over by the Government in 1952. In 1962, the shipyard became a central public sector enterprise.HSL is the first shipbuilding yard in the country which was awarded ISO: 9001 certification

Hooghly Dock and Port Engineers Limited, Kolkata

Hooghly Dock and Port Engineers Limited (HDPEL), Kolkata became a Central Public Sector Undertaking in 1984. The Company has two working units in Howrah District of West Bengal, one at Salkia and another at Nazirgunge PORTS constitute the inter-modal interface between maritime and road and rail transport. India has a coast line of around 7517 km with 12 major ports and 187 notified non-major (minor/intermediate) ports along the coast line and sea islands. Almost 95% by volume and 70% by value of India’s global merchandise trade is carried through the sea route. In 2006–07, the 12 major ports handled about 73% of the maritime cargo of the country. The balance 27% was handled by the non-major ports. Overseas cargo accounts for about 77% of the total cargo handled at Indian ports. Of the 12 majorwww. ports, 11 are administered directionias.com by the respective Port Trusts and Ennore Port, the 12th major port. There are 185 minor ports,with a pronounced accent on the west coast. The minor ports are located in Gujarat (40), Maharashtra (53), Goa (5), Daman & Diu (2), Karnataka (9), Kerala (13), Lakshadweep (10),Tamil Nadu (14), Pondicherry (1), Andhra Pradesh (12), Orissa (2), West Bengal (1) and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (23). Sethusamudram Channel Project (SSCP) sanctioned in June 2005 with the objective of creating a navigable channel from Gulf of Munnar to Bay of Bengal/Palk Bay, would save up to 424 nautical miles of navigation and up to 30 hours sailing time for ships plying between the east and west coasts.

The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) came into existence on 27th October 1986 for development and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The Authority primarily undertakes projects for development

36 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

and maintenance of IWT infrastructure on national waterways through grant received from Ministry of Shipping. The head office of the Authority is at Noida. The Authority also has its regional offices at Patna, Kolkata, Guwahati and and sub-offices at Allahabad, Varanasi, Bhaglapur, Farakka and Kollam.

India has about 14,500 km of navigable waterways which comprise of rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc. About 55 million tones of cargo is being moved annually by Inland Water Transport (IWT), a fuel - efficient and environment -friendly mode. Its operations are currently restricted to a few stretches in the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly rivers , the Brahmaputra, the Barak river, the rivers in Goa, the backwaters in Kerala, inland waters in Mumbai and the deltaic regions of the Godavari - Krishna rivers. Besides these organized operations by mechanized vessels, country boats of various capacities also operate in various rivers and canals. and substantial quantum of cargo and passengers are transported in this unorganized sector as well.

· NW1The Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system between Haldia (Sagar) & Allahabad (1620 kms) was declared as National Waterway No. 1(NW-1) during October 1986.

· NW2The river Brahmaputra having a length of 891 Km between Bangladesh Border to Sadiya was declared as National Waterway no. 2 (NW-2) on 1st September, 1988. IWAI is carrying out various developmental works on the waterway for improving its navigability as laid down in the IWAI act, 1985 (82 of 1985).

· NW3 West coast canal ( Kottapuram –Kollam 168

· Udyogmandal Canal ( Kochi Pathalam bridge 23 km ,

· Champakara Canal – Ambalamugal – 14 km , · Total Lengthwww. 205 km directionias.com · NW4 The Kakinada-Puducherry stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam - Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad - Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna (NW-4, 1095 km). Declared as National Waterway 4 (NW 4) on 25.11.2008

· NW5 The Talcher- Dhamra stretch of river Brahmani, Geonkhali- Charbatia stretch of East Coast Canal, Charbatia- Dhamra stretch of Matai river and Mangalgadi-Paradip stretch of Mahanadi delta rivers (NW-5, 623 km) Declared as National Waterway 5 (NW 5) on 25.11.2008

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CIVIL AVIATION Airports Authority of India (AAI) manages a total of 125 Airports, which include 11 International Airports, 08 Customs Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil Enclaves at Defence Airfields. AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all Airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of Aircraft operations. The Airports at Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Calicut, Guwahati, Jaipur, Trivandrum, Kolkata & Chennai, which today are established as International Airports, are open to operations even by Foreign International Airlines. Besides, the International flights, National Flag Carriers operate from Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Varanasi, and Gaya Airports. Not only this but also the Tourist Charters now touch Agra, Coimbatore, Jaipur, Lucknow, Patna Airports etc.AAI has undertaken GAGAN project in technological collaboration with Indian Space and Research Organization (ISRO), where the satellite based system will be used for navigation. The navigation signals thus received from the GPS will be augmented to achieve the navigational requirement of aircrafts. First Phase of technology demonstration system has already been successfully completed in February 2008. Development team has been geared up to upgrade the system in operational phase. AAI has decided to modernize and develop 35 non-metro Airports by providing world class infrastructure facilities at these airports. The 35 non-Metro airports identified are Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Udaipur, Trivandrum, Lucknow, Goa, Madurai, Mangalore, Agatti, Aurangabad, Khajuraho, Rajkot, Vadodara, Bhopal, Indore, Nagpur, Visakhapatanam, Trichy, Bhubaneswar, Coimbatore, Patna, Port Blair, Varanasi, Agartala, Dehradun, Imphal, Ranchi, Rajpur, Agra, Chandigarh, Dimapur, Jammu and Pune.

www. directionias.com

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What is a Population Census? A population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing and publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specified time, to all persons in a country or in a well delimited part of a country. Population is basic to the production and distribution of material wealth. In order to plan for, and implement, economic and social development, administrative activity or scientific research, it is necessary to have reliable and detailed data on the size, distribution and composition of population. The population census is a primary source of these basic benchmark statistics, covering not only the settled population but also homeless persons and nomadic groups. Data from population censuses should allow presentation and analysis in terms of statistics on persons and households and for a wide variety of geographical units, ranging from the country as a whole to individual small localities or city block.

Census of India is conducted once in a decade, following an extended de facto canvasser method. Under this approach, data is collected from every individual by visiting the household and canvassing the same questionnaire all over the country, over a period of three weeks. The count is then updated to the reference date and time, by conducting a Revision Round. In the Revision Round, any changes in the entries that arise on account of births, deaths and migration between the time of the enumerators visit and the reference date/ time is noted down and the record updated. In Censuses until 1931, a synchronous de facto method was adopted wherein the Census was conducted throughout the country on a single night. this method, besides being costly, required the deployment of an extremely large force of Census takers. this method was given up in the 1941 Census and the present method adopted. In Census 2011, the canvassing of the questionnaire was done from 9th of February 2011 to 28th of February 2011. A Revision Round was then conducted from 1st to 5th of March 2011 and the count updated to the Reference Moment of 00:00 hours on the 1st of March 2011. An exception to this was made with respect to a few special areas in the country which are snow-bound in February. areaswww. included certain chargesdirectionias.com in the States of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir. In these locations, the canvassing of the questionnaire was done from 11th September 2010 to 30th September 2010. A Revision Round was then conducted from 1st to 5th of October 2010 Census Reference Date Method 1872 21st February de facto (Non-Synchronous) 1881 17th February de facto (Synchronous) 1891 26th February de facto (Synchronous) 1901 1st March de facto (Synchronous) 1911 10st March de facto (Synchronous)

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1921 18th March de facto (Synchronous) 1931 26th February de facto (Synchronous) 1941 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous) 1951 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous) 1961 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous) 1971 1st April Extended de facto (Synchronous) 1981 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous) 1991 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous) 2001 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous) 2011 1st March Extended de facto (Synchronous)

CENSUS 2011 LOGO An innovative Logo was adopted for Census 2011. The interpretation of the Logo is given in the Box above. The Logo was designed by Shri Padarabinda Rath, an employee of the Census organisation and was highly appreciated for its concept and design.

Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of Population (Absolute Numbers ) The population of India at 0:00 hours of 1st March, 2011, as per the provisional population totals of Census 2011, is 1,210,193,422 compared to a total of 1,028,737,436 in 20011. In absolute terms, the population of India has increased by more than 181 million during the decade 2001-2011.the absolute addition to the population during the decade 2001-2011 is slightly lower than the population of Brazil, the fifth most populous country in the world the population of India is almost equal to the combined Population of U.S.A., Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan put together- the population of these six countries totals 1214.3 million among the ten most populous countries of the world, only Bangladesh has a higher population density compared to India

China

www. directionias.comThe population of India has increased by more than 181 India Other million during the decade Countries 2001-2011. The absolute addition is slightly lower than the population of Brazil, JapanJapan U.S.A. 4.5% Russian Fed. Indonesia 3.4% the fifth most populous Nigeria 2.3% Brazil 2.8%

Niger2.4% Pakistan 2.7%

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One of the important features of the present decade is that, 2001-2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911-1921) which has actually The population of India, at 1210.2 added lesser population compared to the previous decade. This implies million, is almost equal to the that as a result of the combination of population momentum and somewhat combined population of impeded fertility, although India continues to grow in size, its pace of net U.S.A.,Indonesia, Brazil, addition is on the decrease. Pakistan,Bangladesh and Japan put In absolute terms, the population of India has increased by about 181 together- the population of these six million during the decade 2001-2011. Although, the net addition in countries totals population during each decade has increased consistently, the changes 1214.3 million. in net addition has shown a steady declining trend over the decades starting from 1961. While 27.9 million more people were added between the decade 1981-1991 than between 1971-1981, this number declined to 19.2 million for the decades between 1981-1991 and 1991-2001. The provisional results of 2011 shows that between 2001 and 2011, the net addition is less than that of the previous decade by 0.86 million. It is significant that the percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011 has registered the sharpest decline since independence. It declined from 23. 87 percent for 1981-1991 to 21.54 percent for the period 1991-2001, a decrease of 2.33 percentage point. For 2001-2011, this decadal growth has become 17.64 percent, a further decrease of 3.90 percentage points.

POPULATION: STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES Uttar Pradesh continues to be the most populous State in the country with almost 200 million people living here, which is more than the population of Brazil, the fifth most populous country in the world. the combined population of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra (the second most populous State), at 312 million, is substantially greater than the population of USA, the third most populous country of the world.

While Uttar Pradesh (199.6 million), Maharashtra (112.4 million), Bihar (103.8 million), West Bengal (91.3 million) and Andhra Pradesh (84.7 million) have all held on to the top five slots in terms of their ranking in 2011 as compared to 2001, Madhya Pradesh (72.6 million), which has moved on to take the sixth position from its seventh position, pushingwww. Tamil Nadu (72.1 directionias.com million) now to the seventh spot. To analyse this a bit more closely, the growth rates of eight States popularly referred to in administrative parlance as the eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) States, namely, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa is compared with the rest of the States and Union Territories. The EAG group, from 1951 till 2011, have hosted between forty three to forty six percent of India’s population. During 2001-2011, the growth rates of almost all States and Union Territories have registered a lower figure compared to the previous decade, namely, 1991- 2001. The percentage decadal growth rates of the six most populous States, namely, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have all fallen during 2001-2011 compared to 1991-2001, the fall being the lowest for Andhra Pradesh (3.5 percentage points) and highest for Maharashtra (6.7 percentage points).

41 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 CENSUS REPORT DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM. Ranking of States and Union Territories by population: 2001 and 2011

Rank India/State/Union Territory# Population 2011 % of total Pop. of India Rank 2011 2011 2001 2001 INDIA 1,21,01,93,422 100.00 100.00 1 Uttar Pradesh 19,95,81,477 16.49 16.16 1 2 Maharashtra 11,23,72,972 9.29 9.42 2 3 Bihar 10,38,04,637 8.58 8.07 3 4 West Bengal 9,13,47,736 7.55 7.79 4 5 Andhra Pradesh 8,46,65,533 7.00 7.41 5 6 Madhya Pradesh 7,25,97,565 6.00 5.87 7 7 Tamil Nadu 7,21,38,958 5.96 6.07 6 8 Rajasthan 6,86,21,012 5.67 5.49 8 9 Karnataka 6,11,30,704 5.05 5.14 9 10 Gujarat 6,03,83,628 4.99 4.93 10 11 Orissa 4,19,47,358 3.47 3.58 11 12 Kerala 3,33,87,677 2.76 3.10 12 13 Jharkhand 3,29,66,238 2.72 2.62 13 14 Assam 3,11,69,272 2.58 2.59 14 15 Punjab 2,77,04,236 2.29 2.37 15 16 Chhattisgarh 2,55,40,196 2.11 2.03 17 17 Haryana 2,53,53,081 2.09 2.06 16 18 NCT of Delhi # 1,67,53,235 1.38 1.35 18 19 Jammu & Kashmir 1,25,48,926 1.04 0.99 19 20 Uttarakhand 1,01,16,752 0.84 0.83 20 21 Himachal pradesh 68,56,509 0.57 0.59 21 22 Tripura 36,71,032 0.30 0.31 22 23 Meghalaya 29,64,007 0.24 0.23 23 24 Manipurwww. directionias.com27,21,756 0.22 0.22 24 25 Nagaland 19,80,602 0.16 0.19 25 26 Goa 14,57,723 0.12 0.13 26 27 Arunachal pradesh 13,82,611 0.11 0.11 27 28 Puducherry # 12,44,464 0.10 0.09 28 29 Mizoram 10,91,014 0.09 0.09 30 30 Chandigarh # 10,54,686 0.09 0.09 29 31 Sikkim 6,07,688 0.05 0.05 31 32 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 3,79,944 0.03 0.03 32 33 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 3,42,853 0.03 0.02 33 34 Daman & Diu # 2,42,911 0.02 0.02 34 35 Lakshadweep # 64,429 0.01 0.01 35

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Density of population As per the provisional population totals of Census 2011, the population density of India has gone up to 382 persons per square kilometre from 325 persons per square kilometer in 2001

At the beginning of the twentieth century i.e. in 1901 the density of India was as low as 77 persons per sq. km. This steadily increased in each decade to reach 382 persons per sq. km. in 2011 this constitutes a 17.5 per cent increase over 2001.

Census Year Density ( Per.sq.km) Absolute Increase %age Increase 1 2 3 4 1901 77 - - 1911 82 5 6.5 1921 81 -1 -1.2 1931 90 9 11.1 1941 103 13 14.4 1951 117 14 13.6 1961 142 25 21.4 1971 177 35 24.6 1981 216 39 22 1991 267 51 23.6 2001 325 58 21.7 2011 382 57 17.5

The first two States have interchanged their places. Bihar is at the top pushing West Bengal to second rank. Kerala and Uttar Pradesh have retained their rankings of third and fourth respectively. Haryana on the other hand has advanced by two ranks from Rank 7 to Rank 5 replacing Punjab which has fallen by two ranks from 5 to 7. Jharkhand, similarly has risen by two places from Rank 10 to 8 replacing Goa which has declined from Rank 8 to 10. Karnataka has moved up by one place while Andhra Pradesh has fallen by one place from 13 towww. 14. Meghalaya has moveddirectionias.com up by 2 ranks; Jammu & Kashmir has moved up by 3 ranks; Himachal Pradesh dropped by 1 rank; Nagaland dropped by 4 ranks. Other states namely, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Maharashtra, Tripura, Gujarat, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Manipur, Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh have retained their rankings. Eastern region has the highest density of 625 persons per sq. Km. and the North Eastern region has the lowest density of 176 persons per sq. Km. Central region occupies the second highest place in density with 417 followed by Southern region (397), Western region (344) and Northern region (267) respec- tively. Over the period 2001-2011, the density in the Central region (20.31%), Northern region (19.48%) and Eastern region (18.98%) has gone up at a higher pace than that of Western region (17.18%), North- Eastern region (17%) and Southern region (12.58%).

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Gender Composition of the Population The Census of India has been customarily collecting and presenting disaggregated data for male and female population. The composition of population by gender is one of the primary demographic characteristics of human population around which meaningful analysis is woven. Gender composition reflects natality, mortality and migration character of a given population. Distribution pattern of male and female in a population affects relative roles and economic relationships .there are different tools to measure gender equity in a population. Sex ratio is one such widely used tool for cross sectional analysis to measure gender balance. Sex ratio is defined in the Census of India as the number of females per 1,000 males in the population. According to the provisional population totals of Census 2011, out of a total population of 1,21,01,93,422 persons, 62,37,24,248 are males and 58,64,69,174 females. As per this, the sex ratio of India is 940. the sex ratio at the National level has risen by seven points since the last Census in 2001. this is the highest since 1971. Sex ratio of selected countries Sl. No Country 2001 2011

World 986 984 1 China 944 926 2 India 933 940 3 U.S.A. 1,029 1,025 4 Indonesia 1,004 988 5 Brazil 1,025 1,042 6 Pakistan 938 943 7 Russian Fed. 1,140 1,167 8 Bangladesh 958 978 9 Japan 1,041 1,055 10 Nigeria 1,016 987

Countries 2001 2011 India among neighbors 2001 - 2011 India 933 940 www. directionias.comChina 944 926 Pakistan 938 943 Bangladesh 958 978 Sri Lanka 1010 1034 Nepal 1005 1014 Afghanistan 930 931 Bhutan 919 897 Myanmar 1011 1048

The situation in the immediate neighbourhood of India reveals a mixed picture. Myanmar (1048), Sri Lanka (1034) and Nepal (1014) have more females in their populations whereas in all other countries the sex ratio shows male domination.

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Sex ratio, India: 1901-2011 In 2001, the State of Kerala and the Union Territory of Puducherry reported above unity sex ratio. Both Census Year Sex ratio these States have not only retained their status but have also shown considerable increase in 2011. Besides these (Females per 1,000 males) two, the number of States and Union Territories registering an1 upward trend has risen from 24 2in 2001 to 29 in 2011. The increase ranged from one point in Uttarakhand to fourty1901 five points in the highly urbanised 972 National Capital Territory of Delhi. 1911 964 In 18 States and Union Territories, the increase has been over1921 ten points during 2001-2011. 955 Among the major States, Bihar, Jammu Kashmir and Gujarat 1931have experienced a fall in the sex 950 ratio. The decline ranged from 2 points in Gujarat to 9 points in Jammu & Kashmir.1941 Other smaller Union Territories 945 showing steep decline are Dadar & Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Perceptible1951 increase has been observed 946 in the major States such as Uttar Pradesh,Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Orissa, 1961Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, 941 Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and all1971 the States located in the North 930 East. A point to be noted is that the States having historically low sex ratio1981 such as Punjab, Haryana, Delhi 934 and Chandigarh have shown appreciable increase in the sex ratio in Census 2011.1991 927 2001 933 2011 940 Trends in sex ratio in States and UTs: 2001-2011

The patterns in sex ratio among the States and Union Territories are distinct the top three States recording the highest value of overall sex ratio are neighbours located in the southern part of India namely Kerala (1084), Tamil Nadu (995), and Andhra Pradesh (992). Among the UTs, the top three are Puducherry (1038), Lakshadweep (946) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (878) the lowest sex ratio among the States has been recorded in Haryana (877), Jammu & Kashmir (883) and Sikkim (889). Among the UTs the lowest sex ratio has been returned in Daman & Diu (618), Dadra & Nagar Haveli (775) and Chandigarh (818). Only two major States, Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir have shown decline in the sex ratio .the other Union Territories registering decline in overall sex ratio include Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Lakshadweep.

States andwww. Union Territories bydirectionias.com ranges of sex ratio It is interesting to note that although the number of States and Union Territories with sex ratio less than 916 declined from twelve to ten in 2011 but percentage share of these States’ population has remained almost constant. In contrast, the number of States and Union Territories with high sex ratio of 986 and above rose sharply from four in 2001 to seven in 2011 with corresponding increases in the share of population. Movement of large States (Andhra Pradesh) in this category resulted in the increase in the population share. However, overall increasing trend in the sex ratio at the Census 2011 has boosted the sex ratio of India. CHILD SEX RATIO IN THE AGE GROUP 0 to 6 YEARS While the overall sex ratio presents encouraging trends across the country encompassing 29 States and Union Territories, the same is not true in the case of the girl child in the age group 0-6 years.

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Sex ratio of total population and child population in the age group 0-6: 1961-2011 The top three States recording the highest value of child sex ratio in the age group 0-6 years are Mizoram (971), Meghalaya (970) and Chhattisgarh (964). Among the UTs, the top three positions are held by Andaman & Nicobar Islands (966), Puducherry (965) and Dadra & Nagar Haveli (924).

the lowest child sex ratio (0-6 years) among the States have been observed in the States of Haryana (830), Punjab (846) and Jammu and Kashmir (859) while among the UTs, Delhi (866), Chandigarh (867) and Lakshadweep (908) occupy the bottom position.

The States where the child sex ratio had dropped alarmingly in Census 2001 have now shown a slight improvement. This increase is substantial in Punjab (789 to 846-57 points), Haryana (819 to 830- 11 points), Himachal Pradesh (896 to 906- 10 points), Chandigarh (845 to 867- 22 points), Gujarat (883 to 886- 3 points) and Tamil Nadu (942 to 946- 4 points). In addition, Mizoram (964 to 971-7 points) and Andaman & Nicobar Island (957 to 966- 9 points) have also shown increasing trend in the child sex ratio during 2001 -2011.

SEX RATIO OF AGE 7 YEARS AND ABOVE POPULATION the sex ratio of population of age 7 years and above during 2001 and 2011 Censuses have been shown in the Statement- 13. It has increased from 942 in 2001 to 944 in 2011 at the National level. This increase is also noted in 23 States/UTs. However 8 States have shown slight decline as compared to 2001. In 4 States/UTs this ratio has remained constant. Kerala (1099), Tamil Nadu(1000) and Andhra Pradesh (997) have recorded the highest sex ratio, while Punjab (899), Jammu & Kashmir (887) and Haryana (885) are at the bottom in the age group 7+ years.

State of Literacy Literacy level and educational attainment are vital indicators of development in a society. Attainment of universal primary education is one of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations to be achieved by the year 2015. Planning Commission has also targeted in the eleventh Five Year Plan to increase literacy rate of persons of age 7 years or morewww. to 85% and reducing directionias.com gender gap in literacy to 10 percentage points by 2011-12. Literacy rate and educational development are considered to be key variables affecting demographic indicators like fertility, mortality (especially infant mortality) rate and migration. It greatly contributes in improving quality of life, particularly with regard to life expectancy, infant mortality, learning levels and nutritional levels of children. Higher level of literacy and educational development lead to greater awareness on the one hand and help people in acquiring new skills on the other.

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Crude Literacy Rate = Total Population Number of literate persons X 100

Effective Literacy Rate = Number of literate person aged 7 and above X 100 Population aged 7 and above There has been a marked improvement in the proportion of literates in the last decade. Literates in 2011 constitute 74 per cent of the total population aged seven and above as compared to 65 percent in 2001. On the other hand, illiterates form 26 per cent of the total population in 2011 as compared to 35 percent in 2001. In absolute terms, 217,700,941 additional persons have become literate during the decade 2001-2011. A significant milestone reached in Census 2011, is that the total number of illiterates has come down from 304,146,862 in 2001 to 272,950,015-a decline of 31,196,847 persons.

Literates and Illiterates- Concept Information on literacy is canvassed regarding every individual in the Census. For the purposes of Census, a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with understanding in any language, is treated as literate. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is not literate. In the Censuses prior to 1991, children below five years of age were necessarily treated as illiterates.

One of the interesting features of Census 2011 is that out of total of 217,700,941 literates added during the decade, females (110,069,001) out number males (107,631,940). A reverse trend was noticed during 1991- 2001. The decadal increase in number of literates among males is of 31.98 percentage points while the corresponding increase in case of females is of 49.10 percentage points.

Census Persons Males Females Male-Female gap Literacy rate has surged forward from 64.83 per cent in 2001 to Year in literacy rate 74.04 per cent in 2011 showing 1 2 3 4 5 an increase of 9.21 percentage 1951 18.33 27.16 8.86 18.30 points. 1961 28.3 40.4 15.35 25.05 The literacy rate for males and females works out to 82.14 1971 34.45 45.96 21.97 23.98 per cent and 65.46 per cent 1981 www.43.57 directionias.com 56.38 29.76 26.62 respectively. The increase in 1991 52.21 64.13 39.29 24.84 literacy rate in males and 2001 64.83 75.26 53.67 21.59 females during 2001-2011 is in the order of 6.88 and 11.79 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46 16.68 percentage points respectively.

LITERACY RATES TRENDS The effective literacy rate for India in Census 2011, works out to 74.04 percent. the corresponding figures for males and females are 82.14 and 65.46 per cent respectively. thus three-fourth of the population of aged 7 years and above is literate in the country. Four out of every five males and two out of every three females in the country are literate

47 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 CENSUS REPORT DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM. the country has continued its march in improving literacy rate by recording a jump of 9.21 percentage points during 2001-2011 the increase in literacy rates in males and females are in the order of 6.88 and 11.79 percentage points respectively. However, efforts are still required to achieve the target of 85 per cent set by the Planning Commission to be achieved by the year 2011-12.

Literacy rate in India : 1951-2011 It is heartening to note that the percentage increase in number of literates is remarkable in all the EAG States. Bihar (74.83 per cent), Jharkhand (59.24 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (56.40 per cent) have shown the highest rise. Rajasthan (40.68 per cent) and Chhattisgarh (39.61 per cent) are in the middle and Madhya Pradesh (38.73 per cent), Uttarakhand (37.05 per cent) and Orissa (36.68 per cent) bring up the rear.

OTHER STATES/UTS The other States and Union Territories showing substantial percentage increase in number of literates are Dadra and Nagar Haveli (119.46), Daman & Diu (75.63 per cent) Arunachal Pradesh (62.95 per cent), Meghalaya (56.99 per cent) and Jammu & Kashmir (50.71 per cent). Ranking of States and Union Territories by literacy rate and sex : 2011 Rank Male Rank Females India/State/UT Literacy Rate India/State/UT Literacy Rate 1 Lakshadweep # 96.11 1 Kerala 91.98 2 Kerala 96.02 2 Mizoram 89.40 3 Mizoram 93.72 3 Lakshadweep # 88.25 4 Goa 92.81 4 Tripura 83.15 5 Tripura 92.18 5 Goa 81.84 6 Puducherry # 92.12 6 Andaman & Nicobar Islands # 81.84 7 Daman & Diu # 91.48 7 Chandigarh # 81.38 8 NCT of Delhi # 91.03 8 Puducherry # 81.22 9 Himachal Pradesh 90.83 9 NCT of Delhi # 80.93 10 Chandigarhwww. # 90.54directionias.com 10 Daman & Diu # 79.59 11 Andaman & Nicobar # 90.11 11 Nagaland 76.69 12 Maharashtra 89.82 12 Himachal Pradesh 76.60 13 Uttarakhand 88.33 13 Sikkim 76.43 14 Sikkim 87.29 14 Maharashtra 75.48 15 Gujarat 87.23 15 Tamil Nadu 73.86 16 Tamil Nadu 86.81 16 Meghalaya 73.78 17 Manipur 86.49 17 Manipur 73.17 18 D d & N H li # 86 46 18 Punjab 71 34 19 Haryana 85.38 19 West Bengal 71.16

48 IAS SOCIO - ECONOMIC Ultimate Learning Experience (P) LTD GS TSP 2014 CENSUS REPORT DIRECTION STUDENTS ONLY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

20 Nagaland 83.29 20 Gujarat 70.73 21 Karnataka 82.85 21 Uttarakhand 70.70 22 West Bengal 82.67 22 Karnataka 68.13 23 Orissa 82.40 23 Assam 67.27 24 Punjab 81.48 24 Haryana 66.77 25 Chhattisgarh 81.45 25 Dadra & Nagar Haveli # 65.93 26 Madhya Pradesh 80.53 26 Orissa 64.36 27 Rajasthan 80.51 27 Chhattisgarh 60.59 28 Uttar Pradesh 79.24 28 Madhya Pradesh 60.02 29 Assam 78.81 29 Andhra Pradesh 59.74 30 Jharkhand 78.45 30 Arunachal Pradesh 59.57 31 Jammu & Kashmir 78.26 31 Uttar Pradesh 59.26 32 Meghalaya 77.17 32 Jammu & Kashmir 58.01 33 Andhra Pradesh 75.56 33 Jharkhand 56.21 34 Arunachal Pradesh 73.69 34 Bihar 53.33 35 Bihar 73.39 35 Rajasthan 52.66 EFFECTIVE LITERACY RATES IN STATES/UTS BY GENDER Kerala ranks first in the country with a literacy rate of 93.91 per cent, closely followed by Lakshadweep (92.28 per cent) and Mizoram (91.58 per cent). Bihar with a literacy rate of 63.82 per cent ranks last in the country preceded by Arunachal Pradesh (66.95 per cent) and Rajasthan (67.06 per cent). Among the major States, Maharashtra (82.91 per cent) comes after Kerala, followed by Tamil Nadu (80.33 per cent). The States and Union Territories with literacy rates below the National average (74.04 per cent) are Jammu and Kashmir in the North, Rajasthan in the West, Andhra Pradesh in the South, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh in Central, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa in the East and Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in the North-East of the country. Ten States and Union Territories viz., Kerala, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Tripura, Goa, Daman & Diu, Puducherry, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi and Andaman & Nicobar Islands have achieved literacy rate of above 85 per cent, the target set by Planning Commission for the year 2011-2012. the States and Union Territories, which have literacy rate below the National average in respect of all the three categories i.e., persons, males and females are Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.www. Kerala holds the firstdirectionias.com rank in the country in female literacy with 91.98 percent. Rajasthan (52.66 per cent) has recorded the lowest female literacy rate preceded by Bihar (53.33 per cent). Similarly, the States and Union Territories with female literacy rate below the National average (65.46 per cent) are Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan. Lakshadweep (96.11 per cent) holds the first rank in the country with respect to male literacy rate. Kerala (96.02 per cent) ranks second. Bihar (73.39 per has recorded the lowest literacy rate in case of males preceded again byArunachal Pradesh (73.69 per cent). The States and Union Territories with literacy rates below the National average for males (82.14 per cent) are Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. 1 Literacy rates for 1951, 1961 and 1971 Censuses relate to population aged five years and above. The rates for the 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 Census relate to the population aged seven years and above. 2 The 1981 Literacy rates exclude Assam where the 1981 Census could not be conducted. The 1991 Census Literacy rates exclude Jammu & Kashmir.

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