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How the Younger Generation from Within the European Union Communicates Climate Change and What the Dominating Discourses Amongst

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How the Younger Generation from Within the European Union Communicates Climate Change and What the Dominating Discourses Amongst How the younger generation from within The European Union communicates climate change and what the dominating discourses amongst the younger generation in regard to climate change issues are _______________ An analysis based on Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis theory and a survey based upon descriptive research method Authors Ellen Sarrajian Laursen Cand. Mag. Iben Sofie Hauge Master in CCG Culture, Communication & Globalization Supervisor Lill Rastad Bjørst, Institute of Culture and Learning / The Faculty of Humanities University Aalborg University (AAU) Filed 02/06/2020 Type units 272.833 Table of contents 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Literature review 6 3.0 Problem formulation 13 4.0 Concept clarification 14 4.1 Age definition of the younger generation 14 4.2 Friday Marches 14 4.3 The Paris Agreement 15 5.0 Analysis strategy and methodology 17 5.1 Choice of speeches 17 5.2 Fairclough and critical discourse analysis 18 5.3 Critique of CDA 20 5.4 Survey methodology 21 5.5 Sampling 24 5.6 Quality and validity 26 5.7 Descriptive research 27 5.7.1 Advantages of descriptive research 28 5.7.2 Limitations of descriptive research 29 5.8 Statistics and schemes 29 5.9 Philosophy of science 29 6.0 Theory 33 6.1 Theorizing climate change 33 6.2 Civil Society 35 6.3 Definition of Motivation 36 6.4 Social movement theory 37 6.4.1 Youth and social movements 39 6.5 Political opportunity 41 6.6 Discourse theory 42 6.7 The difference between discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis (CDA) 43 6.8 Critical discourse analysis 44 6.9 Fairclough’s definition of discourse 45 6.10 Model of analysis 47 6.10.1 The three levels of analysis 48 6.11 Elements of the analysis 50 6.11.1 The text analysis 50 6.11.2 The discursive practice 52 6.11.3 The social practice 52 1 6.12 Modes of persuasion 53 7.0 Analysis 55 7.1 CDA analysis - speeches by Greta Thunberg and Naomi Seibt 56 7.1.1 The discursive practice 77 7.1.2 Social practice 86 7.2 Survey analysis 93 8.0 Discussion 104 9.0 Conclusion 115 9.1 Limitations 119 9.1.1 “Your Europe, your Say” 119 9.1.2 Access to literature 119 9.1.3 Ethical issues 120 10.0 Perspective - further research 121 11.0 List of References 122 12.0 Appendices 2 Abstract Climate change has been recognized as the foremost environmental issue in the 21st century and has henceforth become a subject of massive debate. Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena created predominantly by burning fossil fuels. One important group to include in communication of and efforts in fighting climate change is the younger generation. They will be the ones experiencing and taking care of the future negative consequences of a problem that is global. This thesis provides insight in some research about the younger generation and climate change. The main aim of this study is to investigate how the younger generation from within the European Union communicate and relate to climate change globally and further to uncover the dominating discourses amongst the younger generation in regards to climate change issues. Initially a critical discourse analysis of a selection of Greta Thunberg and Naomi Seibt’s speeches was conducted following Norman Fairclough’s principles. Finally a survey analysis following a descriptive research design was conducted in order to increase knowledge to assess thoughts, feelings and opinions of the chosen sample being the younger generation from within the European Union. The findings indicated that the younger generation from within the European Union communicated climate change issues to a global audience with affection and emotion combined with educating features. The majority perceive climate change issues as a serious problem being the main discourse, while those who are skeptic about it form a counter-discourse. Globally climate change issues is a subject that is spoken about broadly and most of us experience this through the media or in everyday conversations. This only supports it as being the main discourse. The dominating discourses amongst the younger ​ generation’s communication regarding climate change issues have been identified as the responsibility discourse and the apocalyptic discourse. 3 1.0 Introduction Climate change is a subject we hear about frequently in our everyday life. Whether it is on the radio, television, in the newspapers or on social media we are encouraged to reconsider our ways of living, the choices we make and our eating habits. But why is everybody talking about and discussing climate change issues right now? Climate change is not something happening in 50 or in 100 years it is happening right now. The issue of climate change poses something of a puzzle, and all the attention accorded to the issue, climate change, global warming etc. is on everyone’s mind and especially the younger generation all over the globe are mobilizing to save the planet. The slow pace of climate change is a tall tale perhaps as harmful as the tale about climate change not happening. Starting with the pace of the changes the earth has experienced five mass extinctions before the one we are living in right now (Wallace-Wells, 2019:9). Unless you are a teenager you most certainly read in your books that these extinctions were caused by asteroids. As a matter of fact, four out of five included climate changes caused by greenhouse gases. The worst one took place 252 million years ago when carbon dioxide heated up the planet by five degrees Celsius and accelerated when that heating released methane and caused the death of all life on earth (Wallace-Wells, 2019:9). Currently, we are pouring carbon into the atmosphere at a remarkably higher pace due to industrial and technological developments. According to experts, this pace is a hundred times faster than any other detection in the history of mankind before industrialization (Wallace-Wells, 2019:10). The climate is global and collective and therefore to some people it can sound like the most forlorn politics. Some would say that, selfishly, people do not mind ruining the planet as long as the consequences do not affect them significantly, while others would say that it is time for change. In 2016 The Paris Agreement established maximum two degrees Celsius, preferably maximum 1,5 degrees, as a global goal, a goal that at the current time seems unrealistic (Wallace-Wells 2019:14). And in 2016 the agreement took effect, but it was not applicable until 2020. According to experts the two degrees seem more as an ‘at best’ result 4 (Wallace-Wells 2019:14). Perhaps some people felt that they were unable to believe in more terrifying future scenarios as the situation could not have worsened that significantly or because people still liked to drive fast cars and eat meat as they were used to. Or perhaps some people feel that they were too post-industrial and could not imagine a world where fossil fuel was not playing that big a role as it is in societal innovation and progress as it is today. One important group to take into consideration in the fight for social change and improvements in climate change issues is the younger generation. Aside from being a part of the society today they are also the future decisions-makers who will be those experiencing the consequences of climate change issues. Recently, the prime minister of the Marshall-islands suggested another word for the description of the current climate change: ‘genocide’ (Wallace-Wells, 2019:14). This description insinuates that climate is being killed and mitigated, which is also a widespread opinion amongst human beings currently. The communication of climate change issues is going on everywhere in society no matter where we turn our ears. Lately it seems that the under 30 crowd is hearing one particular high frequency on a higher level than the rest of us including, decision-makers: the alert that climate scientists have been sounding. This alert has been evoking what may be the largest youth-led protest in history. But what has caused this attention and action? and what are the common values, habits and banners that the younger generation on a global scale unites under? Using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis theory this thesis examines how climate change issues are communicated by the younger generation from within the European Union - here represented by Greta Thunberg and Naomi Seibt. Furthermore, another analysis will be conducted based on a descriptive research design of a survey in order to uncover a more general understanding of how the younger generation communicates climate change issues and to uncover some of the dominating discourses amongst them. 5 2.0 Literature review There is a rising number of movements encouraging the world to engage in ‘saving the planet’ and various movements globally spread preaching this exact subject. Climate change is becoming a more and more frequently examined subject in social sciences. In order to get an overview of the previously examined angles to youth and climate change issues communication, some previous literature and research upon the area has been revisited and will be presented as a literature review in the following section. Based on that a possible knowledge gap has been assessed and a problem formulation will be formulated based on it. Youth and climate change When it comes to young people and climate change many studies show that age is contrariwise related to concern for climate change, that is, young people seem to be more concerned and, also, sometimes have more knowledge about this issue (Ojala & Lakew, 2017).
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