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An Empty Sufuria: the Effects of a Marine National Park on the Livelihood Strategies and Income Diversification of Fisherman Households at the Kenya Coast

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An Empty Sufuria: the Effects of a Marine National Park on the Livelihood Strategies and Income Diversification of Fisherman Households at the Kenya Coast An Empty Sufuria: The Effects of a Marine National Park on the Livelihood Strategies and Income Diversification of Fisherman Households at the Kenya Coast. Item Type Thesis/Dissertation Authors Versleijen, Nicole Publisher Wageningen University Download date 06/10/2021 06:33:02 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/7358 £fect' "'1IU'&",,""AJ~ .....an ,0_";;)I'I;...I..I.:,"'.Ii.,,....00 t Coast L~lCOJle Vetsleijeo AN EMPTY SUFURIA The Effects of a Marine National Park on the Livelihood Strategies and Income Diversification of Fisherman Households at the Kenya Coast by ,) Nicole Versleijen 7901 11 883080 Wageningen University and Research Center Rural Development Sociology ... Wageningen, The Netherlands August 2001 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been written without the assistance of several people. First I should mention Dr. Marcel Rutten who brought me into contact with Prof. Jan Hoorweg. Had he not done that I would probably never have ended up at the Kenya Coast. I thank Jan Hoorweg1 gratefully for his support and supervision during my stay in Kenya as well as in the Netherlands. He helped me with my field work and corrected the drafts. I also want to thank him and his wife Mrs Alice Hoorweg-Kubo for their great hospitality in Malindi as well as in Leiden. I really appreciate all the hours I spent at their house. Thanks also to my supervisor of Wageningen University and Research Center, Dr. G.M. Verschoor, for reading and correcting the drafts. Moi University should be thanked for the assistance in my visa application. The CERS staff and fellow students in the Malindi office: Mary Gona, Tom Munyao, Joseph Tunje, Masad Omar, Genevieve Atamba, Andrew Wamukota and Abdi Nunow were not only very helpful and supportive during my fieldwork and writing, but also made my stay in Kenya a-very pleasant period! Without the help of my translators, it would have been impossible to carry out this fieldwork. Therefore I want to mention Fred Mulewa, Salim Mohamed, Florence Umazi and Margaret Kai. Next to the translation we had a good time together whenever travelling to meet the informants. My host families made sure that I had a great time living with them and they provided me with lots of information. Many thanks therefore go to the Fondo family in Takaungu and the Cheupe family in Uyombo. Of course I would not have been able to carry out this research without the co­ operation of the fishermen of Takaungu and Uyombo, their wives and relatives. I really appreciate the time they took to answer my questions and explain things to me. In the Netherlands, my parents, my sister, several friends and roommates supported me with the writing of my thesis and sent me loads ofe-mails and mail during my stay in Kenya. This has been a big support for me. They also read and commented on several drafts, helped me with the computer whenever needed and kept encouraging ) me. Thanks to all of you. Although they are too many to mention here, I would like to give special thanks to Henny Petter for her support, advise and great friendship. Her own experiences abroad and on writing a thesis have been very helpful to me and her friendship was encouraging any moment I needed it. Last but not least I want to thank my mother for supporting me in whatever I wanted to do. Not forgetting the piles of letters she wrote to me during my stay in Kenya and the always encouraging words she had ready for me on any occasion. The knowledge to have a loving mother and a safe home somewhere in this world is the best support one can have. Without her love and support I probably would not even have reached university. During my stay in Kenya one of my best friends passed away in a terrible road accident. Jaap, I miss you terribly but your friendly smile, great spirit and the joy in life I Moi university CERS, Afrika Studie Centrum Leiden which you found during the lasts years cheers me up whenever I think I can not bear your loss. To all that I have mentioned above and all that assisted me in one way or another during my studies I want to say: Asante sana. Despite all this support, the author takes full responsibility for any errors occurring in this document. Nicole Versleijen August 2001 Abstract This study was carried out in the districts Kilifi and Malindi. It focusses on the activities of artisanal fishermen and their households: the livelihood strategies they have, their attitude towards conservation, their indigeneous environmental conservation practices and the effects of the Watamu Marine National Park on these. In this study, data were collected through semi structured questionnaires, participant observation, life and career histories, network analysis and genealogies in Uyombo, Takaungu and the Watamu Marine National Park. Discussions were also held with the fishermen, Kenya Wildlife Service employees and people employed at the Watamu Marine National Park. In order to analyse the findings, an actor oriented approach is used, combined with the theories of political ecology and legal pluralism. By using these theories attention is paid to the historical background, wider context, human agency, property rights and community based natural resource management. The study revealed that fishermen are aware of the degradation of marine resources ) but are unable to do something about it because of their poor situation. Due to their declining standard of living people start to diversify. Two types of diversification can be found: fishermen who diversify by starting to cultivate on a shamba and farmers who diversify by starting to fish. Because of this, people of other ethnicities and religions, than those of the -traditional fishermen started fishing. This ended indigeneous ways of conservation. Finally the study revealed that many fishermen are willing to stop fishing. However, the lack of employment possibilities will probably only drive more people to fishing, causing more severe degradation of marine resources. The thesis ends with some recommendations which might attribute to a decline of the degradation of marine resources and the deteriorating situation of fishermen at the Kenya Coast. Table of contents Page Chapter One Introduction 1.1 National Parks, Reserves, Marine Protected and Unprotected 1 Areas 1.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 The Conservation-Development Conflict 2 1.2 Watamu Marine National Park and National Reserves 3 1.3 Fishing and Fishermen at the Kenya Coast 4 1.4 The Research Area 6 1.5 The Research Question and Sub-Questions 7 1.6 Unit of Analysis 7 1.7 Objectives of the Research 7 1.8 Specific Objectives 8 1.9 Main Assumptions 8 Chapter Two Study Area 2.1 Kenya and the Coast 9 2.1.1 Republic of Kenya 9 2.1.2 Coast Province 9 2.1.2.1 Characteristics 9 2.1.2.2 Beach tourism 11 2.2 Kilifi District 12 2.2.1 Topography and Climate 12 2.2.2 Agriculture and Forestry 12 2.2.3 Tourism 13 2.3 Population 13 'i / 2.3.1. The Mijikenda 13 2.3.2 The Waswahili and the Bajuni 14 2.4 Uyombo and Takaungu 15 2.4.1 Takaungu, the History 15 2.4.2 Uyombo, the History 16 2.4.3 Takaungu versus Uyombo 16 2.5 Fishing 23 2.6 Watamu Marine National Park 24 2.6.1 Introduction 24 2.6.2 Regulations of the Watamu and Malindi Marine National Park 26 Chapter Three The Research 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 The Theoretical Framework 27 3.3 Methods 33 3.4 Sampling 33 3.5 Data Collection 36 3.6 Problems 37 Chapter Four Takaungu 4.1 Demographic Characteristics 39 4.2 Household Characteristics 44 4.3 Fishing 54 4.4 Conservation 60 4.5 Case study 65 4.6 Summary 70 Chapter Five Uyombo and the Watamu Marine National Park 5.1 Demographic Characteristics 73 5.2 Household Characteristics 80 5.3 Fishing 89 5.4 Conservation 95 5.4.1 Watamu Marine National Park 96 5.4.1.1 Management of and conflicts with the Watamu Marine 96 National Park 5.4.1.2 Benefits of the Watamu Marine National Park: Employment 97 Generation 5.4.2 Conservation and the Fishermen of Uyombo 100 5.5 Case Study 105 5.6 Summary 112 ) Chapter Six Discussion and Conclusion, Takaungu versus Uyombo 6.1 Demographic Characteristics 115 6.2 Households Characteristics 116 6.3 Fishing 119 6.4 Conservation 121 6.5 Conclusion 124 6.6 Recommendations 126 Appendices 1 Acts Related with the Management of Marine Protected 129 Areas 2 List of Tables 130 3 List of Figures 131 4 Ust of Plates 132 5 List of Boxes 133 6 List of Swahili words 134 7 List of Acronyms 135 References 137 J Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 National Parks, Reserves, Marine Protected and Unprotected Areas 1. 1. 1 Introduction Conservation of natural resources is a highly actual topic at present. The conflicts between National Parks and local population have often been addressed and attempts to incorporate involvement of local population in the National Parks and conservation have been made. Most of these conflicts are based in history. Neumann (1995) shows, with the example of the Serengeti National Park, the changing perceptions of the Europeans concerning the role of the local population in National ( Parks. Initially the vision of the pure African nature, as supposed to be inside the National parks, included the people who claimed customary rights of occupation and use. The local people were considered primitive and living harmonious together with nature and wildlife.
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