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Çalişma Hayatinda Psikolojik Taciz Olgusu: Türkiye’De Hizmet Sektörüne Ilişkin Bir Araştirma

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Çalişma Hayatinda Psikolojik Taciz Olgusu: Türkiye’De Hizmet Sektörüne Ilişkin Bir Araştirma T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA PSİKOLOJİK TACİZ OLGUSU: TÜRKİYE’DE HİZMET SEKTÖRÜNE İLİŞKİN BİR ARAŞTIRMA MELTEM GÜNGÖR 250202066 Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Gülten Kutal İstanbul 2007 ÖZ Çalışma hayatındaki gizli tehlikelerden biri olan psikolojik taciz, Avrupa ülkeleri başta olmak üzere, Amerika, Kanada ve Avustralya’da uzun yıllardan beri incelenmekte ve araştırılmaktadır. Fakat ülkemiz için oldukça yeni olan bu kavram, genel olarak çok fazla bilinmemekte ve söz konusu olgunun ülkemizdeki boyutlarına ilişkin de çok az araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada öncelikle, bu alandaki literatür incelenmekte, işyerinde psikolojik taciz olgusu; kavramsal açıdan, nedenleri, oluşum süreci, biçimi ve sonuçları açısından, bu konudaki tüm yaklaşımlara yer verilerek ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise, AB ülkeleri ve Norveç’te psikolojik tacizin boyutları, biçimi ve risk grupları değerlendirilmekte, mücadele yöntemleri ve bu ülkelerde psikolojik tacize ilişkin hukuki durum incelenmektedir. Ayrıca sınırlı da olsa ülkemizde bu konuda yapılmış olan çalışmalara da yer verilmekte ve mevcut yasalar çerçevesinde söz konusu olgu değerlendirilmektedir. İşyerinde psikolojik taciz olgusunun Türkiye’deki boyutlarının belirlenmesi açısından, alan araştırmalarına duyulan ihtiyaç göz önünde bulundurularak çalışmanın son bölümünde, hizmet sektörüne ilişin bir uygulamaya yer verilmiştir. Eğitim, sağlık ve finans sektörlerini kapsayan bu uygulamada psikolojik tacizin boyutları ve ülkemize özgü koşulları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. iii ABSTRACT Bullying, which is one of the hidden hazards of working life, has been studied for a long time, especially in the European Countries and also in United States, Canada and Australia. Because it is a new subject for Turkey, people generally don’t know the term “bullying” and also there is not much research about it,. In this study, firstly the definition and causes of bullying are explained, and the process and consequences of the phenomenon is studied by discussing all the aproaches about the subject. In the second part of the study, the prevalance of bullying and risk groups in the European Union and Norway is defined and the methods to combat bullying and legal approaches in these countries are introduced. Furthermore, the studies in Turkey, despite there is not much, and legal aspects are discussed. Because of the need of a field study about this subject, ın the last part of the study, a research in the service sector is made to state the dimensions of bullying in Turkey,. In the field study, including the education, health and finance sectors, we try to state the nature of bullying and the authentic conditions for Turkey. iv ÖNSÖZ Yapılan bu çalışanın amacı, ülkemizde son birkaç yıldır tartışma alanı bulan fakat yurtdışında uzun yıllardır incelenen psikolojik taciz olgusunu etraflıca incelemek ve Türkiye’deki boyutlarını ortaya koymaktır. Özellikle ülkemizde bu konuya ilişkin literatür oldukça sınırlıdır. Yurtdışında yapılan çalışmaların ise sadece bir kısmı dilimize çevrilmiştir. Bu nedenle yabancı literatürün dilimize çevrilmesi psikolojik taciz olgusunun daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Ayrıca söz konusu olgunun Türkiye’deki boyutlarına dair araştırmalar da oldukça yetersizdir. Çalışma hayatına ilişkin bu önemli sorunun önlenmesine yönelik çalışmaların yapılabilmesi için öncelikle sorunun tanımlanması ve boyutlarının belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda öncelikle psikolojik taciz olgusu; tanımı, ortaya çıkış nedenleri, oluşum süreci ve bireyler, kurumlar ve toplum üzerinde yarattığı etkiler açısından ele alınarak etraflıca incelenmiş. Daha sonra bir karşılaştırma yapabilmek amacıyla, konunun ilk olarak incelendiği Avrupa ülkeleri, Avrupa Birliği bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Psikolojik taciz olgusunun AB ülkelerindeki yaygınlık düzeyi, biçimi ve risk grupları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bu konuda Birlik kapsamında, hükümetler düzeyinde, sivil toplum örgütleri, sendikalar ve kurumlar bazında yürütülen mücadele çalışmaları ele alınmış, psikolojik taciz olgusuna dair hukuki durum incelenmiştir. Ülkemizde yapılan çalışmalar ve dahili mevzuat değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise, psikolojik tacizin ülkemizdeki boyutlarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılan alan araştırmasına yer verilmiştir. Psikolojik tacizin oldukça hassas bir konu olması dolayısıyla, özellikle alan araştırması sırasında bazı güçlüklerle karşılaşılmıştır. Pek çok kurum yönetimi, kendi kurumlarında bu konuda bir anket yapılmasını hoş karşılamamış, hatta anket yapılmasına izin vermemiştir. Bazı çalışanlar ise anketi cevaplamaktan çekinmişlerdir. Bu nedenle araştırmaya katılan ve böyle bir çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında katkıda v bulunan tüm çalışanlara teşekkürü bir borç biliyorum ve çalışma hayatları boyunca hiçbir çalışanın böyle bir sorunla karşı karşıya kalmamasını diliyorum. Ancak sorunları çözmenin ve ortadan kaldırmanın öncelikle mevcut sorunu tanımlamaktan geçtiğini de unutmamak gerekir. Bu çalışmada, başta danışmanım Prof.Dr. Gülten Kutal’a, tez izleme komitesinin değerli üyeleri Prof.Dr. Berrak Kurtuluş ve Prof.Dr. Ahmet Selamoğlu’na, bu alandaki gelişmelerle ilgili beni sürekli bilgilendiren tüm bölüm hocalarıma ve çalışmamı en kısa sürede bitirmem için beni her zaman destekleyen değerli anabilim dalı başkanım Prof.Dr. Ömer A. Aksu’ya teşekkürlerimi arz ederim. İtalyanca kaynaklara ulaşmama yardımcı olan ve bu kaynaklardan yaptığı çevirilerle çalışmama katkıda bulunan sevgili dostum ve meslektaşım Dr. Şelale Uşen’e, çalışmalarım süresince bana göstermiş oldukları sabırdan ötürü aileme ve anket çalışmaları sırasındaki yardımları için ayrıca sevgili anneme teşekkür ediyorum. vi İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No. ÖZ.............................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................. iv ÖNSÖZ...................................................................................................... v TABLO LİSTESİ...................................................................................... xiii GRAFİK LİSTESİ.................................................................................... xvi ŞEKİL LİSTESİ....................................................................................... xvii GİRİŞ......................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM PSİKOLOJİK TACİZ OLGUSU, OLUŞUMU ve SONUÇLARI I. KAVRAMSAL YAKLAŞIM ve TARİHÇE.................................... 4-14 A. Psikolojik Taciz Kavramının Tarihçesi........................................... 4 B. Psikolojik Taciz Kavramı................................................................ 5 1. Psikolojik Taciz Kavramına İlişkin Farklı Tanımlamalar......... 7 2. Psikolojik Tacize Yakın Anlamlar İçeren Diğer Kavramlar..... 11 II. İŞYERİNDE PSİKOLOJİK TACİZİN NEDENLERİ................... 14-48 A. Kişisel Faktörler.............................................................................. 15 1. Kurbanın Kişilik Özellikleri ve Davranışları............................. 15 2. Tacizde Bulunanın Kişilik Özellikleri ve Davranış Dinamikleri.............................................................................. 17 B. Dışsal Faktörler............................................................................... 19 1. Kurumsal Yapı ve Çalışma Ortamı............................................ 20 a. Kurumsal Yapı...................................................................... 21 b. Örgüt Kültürü ve Örgüt İklimi.............................................. 28 2. Toplumsal Değerler/Normlar ve Modernleşme......................... 32 a. Toplumsal Değer Yargıları ve Normlar................................ 32 b. Modernleşme ve Çalışma Hayatındaki Değişim................... 36 vii C. Karma Faktörler Yaklaşımı............................................................. 42 1. Zapf’ın Yaklaşımı...................................................................... 43 2. Salin’in Yaklaşımı..................................................................... 45 III. PSİKOLOJİK TACİZ SÜRECİ...................................................... 48-72 A. Psikolojik Tacizin Oluşumu........................................................... 48 1. Saldırgan Psikolojik Taciz......................................................... 49 2. Uyuşmazlık Temelli Psikolojik Taciz....................................... 50 B. Psikolojik Tacizin Aktörleri............................................................ 52 1. Psikolojik Tacizde Bulunanlar................................................... 52 2. Kurban....................................................................................... 54 3. Seyirciler.................................................................................... 57 C. Psikolojik Tacizin Yönü................................................................. 58 1. Yukarıdan Aşağıya Psikolojik Taciz......................................... 59 2. Aşağıdan Yukarıya Psikolojik Taciz......................................... 60 3. Eşitler Arası Psikolojik Taciz.................................................... 60 D. Psikolojik Taciz Davranışları......................................................... 61 E. Psikolojik Tacizin Aşamaları.......................................................... 66 IV. PSİKOLOJİK
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