The Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics
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CavMag JULY 2012 Issue 8 News from the Cavendish Laboratory Inside... How Galaxies Really 2 Formed Two-for-One Solar 4 Do you like butter? 5 Tackling Malaria 6 Shedding Light on Quantum Information 8 Networks Sculpting Quantum Matter 9 with Light Cavendish Industrial Engagement Forum with 10 BP The Teaching Office and the Teaching Support 11 Team Outreach and Educational 12 The Battcock Centre for Events President Daniel Lopez of Experimental Astrophysics the New Mexico Institute 13 of Mining and Technology We are delighted to report that to enable the new Centre for Experimental visits Cambridge construction will begin this summer of Astrophysics to become a reality by about Peter Higgs receives the the Cavendish Laboratory’s new Battcock September 2013. The ground-breaking title of the degree of Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, ceremony will take place later this summer. Doctor of Science, honoris 14 bringing all astronomers, astrophysicists causa, of the University of and cosmologists from the Cavendish Humphrey obtained his first degree in Physics Cambridge Laboratory and the Institute of at the Cavendish and then took an MBA Astronomy together on a single site. Cavendish News 15 at the London Business School. From the very beginning of the present Cavendish n 2009, we celebrated the opening of Redevelopment Programme, Humphrey has the Kavli Institute for Cosmology, which been a very strong and enthusiastic supporter brought together the cosmologists and of our initiatives. In particular, he was host extragalactic astrophysicists of the Cavendish of a breakfast gathering at the Royal Society ILaboratory, the Institute of Astronomy and in 2010 for Alumni with an interest in the Department of Applied Mathematics and supporting our redevelopment efforts – out Theoretical Physics (DAMTP) in a specially of that event, the Winton Programme for designed Centre on the Institute of Astronomy the Physics of Sustainability was created. In site. It was always recognised that this was addition, the event resulted in a number the first step in bringing together all the of generous gifts to the Laboratory’s Cavendish astrophysicists with their colleagues programme. In recognition of Humphrey’s in the Institute of Astronomy and DAMTP, zeal in promoting Cambridge University’s and in particular, in strengthening interactions the Cavendish’s development programmes, between theoretical, observational and it is most gratifying that the University has experimental astrophysicists. agreed that the new Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, an area in which he has a This second phase of the consolidation of particular interest, should be named in his Cambridge Astrophysics, and the next phase honour. of the Cavendish’s redevelopment plan, are Continued overleaf now being realised through the generosity of two major benefactors. We are most grateful Above: An architect’s impression of the Battcock to Cavendish Alumnus Humphrey Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics. The white and to The Wolfson Foundation for their gifts, building on the left linked to the Battcock Centre is which have been matched by the University the Kavli Institute for Cosmology. www.phy.cam.ac.uk Continued from overleaf We also acknowledge the generosity of The Wolfson Foundation in providing support for the construction phase of the new building. This gift continues the Foundation’s long term support of astronomy in Cambridge, the original Hoyle Building of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy and its associated astrophysics programme being provided by the Foundation. An appropriate form of recognition of this latest gift will be incorporated into the new building. This is a key development for the redevelopment programme. As stated by James Stirling, Head of the Cavendish Laboratory, “Investment in new facilities is absolutely essential if Cambridge and the UK are to maintain their international leadership in fundamental astronomy and astrophysics research.” The Cavendish Astrophysics group, led by Paul Alexander, is expected to move into the new building in September 2013. The group members who will be moving are largely associated with Experimental Astrophysics, including the How Galaxies optical-infrared interferometry group led by Chris Haniff and the new activities Really Formed led by the recently arrived Roberto Maiolino, who had been appointed to We are delighted to welcome Roberto Maiolino as the Chair of Experimental Astrophysics Professor of Experimental Astrophysics. His research in the Cavendish. Roberto describes into the formation of galaxies will be central his programme of experimental and to Cambridge’s endeavours in this key area of observational research into the formation astrophysical and cosmological research. of galaxies in the following article. The new building will house offices and experimental design space while the nderstanding how the first stars (Fig. 2, from Gnerucci et al. 2011). This result implementation of major construction formed out of pristine primeval contrasts with the expectations of many projects will remain on the main gas clouds, how they enriched the theories, which predict that the majority of Cavendish site. Universe with chemical elements galaxies should be interacting and irregular Uand how they were assembled and evolved systems at such early times. Another puzzle Rob Kennicutt, Plumian Professor of into the galaxies that we observe in the is that these young galaxies have a deficiency Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy, local Universe is one of the major challenges of chemical elements in their central regions of modern astrophysics. The investigation former Director of the Institute of (Cresci et al. 2010), quite the opposite of of the earliest phases of galaxy formation Astronomy and now Chair of the School what is observed in local galaxies where the requires the use of observing facilities central regions are more chemically enriched. of Physical Sciences, stated: capable of detecting primordial galaxies in This result may suggest that at early epochs the early universe. In such galaxies the bulk massive flows of unprocessed gas are “The Centre for Experimental of the starlight, as well as optical nebular conveyed into the central region of galaxies Astrophysics will bring together lines associated with star forming regions, diluting the concentration of chemical world-class groups in astrophysical are redshifted into the near-infrared bands elements and boosting star formation at the theory, observation, and at 1-5µm as a consequence of the expansion same time. instrumentation, and set the future of the Universe. Strong far-IR fine structure path for Cambridge’s continued lines, which dominate the cooling of gas These results show that our understanding pre-eminence and leadership in in galaxies, are also redshifted into the of galaxy formation in the early universe is astronomy and astrophysics.” millimeter and sub-millimeter spectral bands. still quite immature. Observations of large In recent years my main research interests samples of distant galaxies, extending to This is a major milestone in the have focused on extensive near-IR and the epoch of formation of the first stars redevelopment of the Cavendish and sub-mm observations aimed at finding and and probing the faint galaxy population exemplifies our determination to make characterising galaxies in the early Universe are required to obtain a clear picture of the bold steps in advancing research in with the goal of understanding their nature origin of galaxies. That is my motivation for collaboration with our colleagues in and their mechanisms of formation. dedicating substantial efforts to supporting cognate disciplines. With the delivery major future observing facilities that are of these facilities, it will be up to the I have exploited near-IR spectrometers expected to play a key role in this field. astronomers to capitalise upon these on some of the largest telescopes in the I am the project scientist of MOONS, a near- wonderful opportunities and lead world to map star formation, dynamics IR multi-object spectrograph in its design Cambridge Astronomy, Astrophysics and the production of chemical elements phase for the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of and Cosmology to even greater levels of in distant galaxies (Maiolino et al. 2008). the European Southern Observatory. With innovation and distinction. These observations revealed an unexpected 1000 fibers positioned in the telescope focal large population of massive galactic disks plane, MOONS will simultaneously take near- Malcolm Longair in regular rotation at an epoch when the IR spectra of several hundred galaxies, which Universe was only 10% of its current age would take hundreds of nights with single- 2 CavMag JULY 2012 and interstellar gas clouds through their al. 2012) and the detection of far-IR fine absorption signatures against the stellar structure lines much fainter than [CII]. As light of primordial galaxies. By measuring an example, Fig. 3b shows the ALMA map the relative abundance of various elements obtained by us of the [NII] 205µm line, in the early Universe, the SIMPLE data redshifted into the millimeter band in a will reveal the chemical imprint of the galaxy at z=4.7 – the line is 20 times fainter enrichment produced by the first generation than the [CII] 158µm transition (Nagao et of stars. Such chemical patterns will allow us al. 2012). The detection of this line indicates to determine the properties of the first stars that surprisingly this primeval galaxy was that populated the Universe. already ‘chemically mature’ at an epoch when the Universe was less than 10% of its The millimeter-submillimeter spectral region current age, a challenging result for current is a complementary, extremely powerful theories of galaxy formation. waveband for exploring the early Universe. The strongest emission lines in any galaxy ALMA has however a relatively small field are the far-IR fine structure lines, which are of view, which is not suitable for surveying redshifted into the mm/submm bands at large areas of the sky, which is required high redshift. The [CII] 158µm fine structure to investigate the relation between galaxy line is the strongest of these transitions.