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The Next Generation Spectrograph for the Very Large Telescope JANUARY 2015 ISSUE 13 News from the Cavendish Laboratory Maxwell Centre On-site Construction MOONS: the Next Generation Cavendish Kinetics Spectrograph for the DNA Origami Flying UAVs above SKA Antennae Very Large Telescope Global Challenges for Science and Technology EDITORIAL NEWS After 6 years and 12 issues, our graphic designer Matt Bilton and I decided that Maxwell Centre On-site we should freshen up the design of CavMag, in keeping with the practice Construction Begins of most journals. We aim to keep the content at as high a level of interest as before, but with the ability to try out some experiments. In this edition, we experiment with instructions for an origami Kapitsa crocodile, with a suitable “brick” effect insert, inspired by the DNA origami described by Ulrich Keyser in CavMag 9 and in a further essay in this issue by Kerstin Göpfrich. Be warned, this is a significant paper-folding challenge! We always welcome suggestions for interesting articles and for information about alumni, their distinctions and achievements. On behalf of everyone in the Cavendish, we wish readers a Very Happy and Prosperous 2015. Malcolm Longair INSIDE Maxwell Centre On-site Construction Begins 2 ork has begun on the and exposing the best early career Chris Carilli - John Baldwin Director of £26 million Maxwell Centre. researchers to scientific problem-solving Research 3 To mark the beginning that relates directly to industrial needs. Cavendish Kinetics 4 of on-site activities, an Wopening event was hosted by the At the event, Richard Friend, Cavendish Flying UAVs above SKA Antennas at Lord’s Bridge 6 contractors SDC Builders Ltd. As is Professor of Physics, who will be the apparent from the picture, excellent first Director of the Centre, said: “This MOONS: the Next Generation Spectrograph for the Very Large Telescope 8 progress has been maintained towards building will affect how we work a completion date in the last quarter of together and promote the free-flow of Global Challenges for Science and Technology 10 2015. Once completed, the building will ideas, providing the right sort of meeting DNA Origami - Folding on the Smallest Scale 12 offer laboratory and meeting spaces for places for people to generate innovative Make your own Origami Crocodile 13 more than 230 people. research. The Maxwell Centre design means it is a building that brings in Kapitsa’s Crocodile 16 The new facilities will result in research other departments such as Chemistry DIY Physics with Advanced Sensors 17 scientists from industry occupying and Material Sciences. It will also very New Faces 18 laboratory and desk space alongside much promote engagement with members of the collaborating industry, large and small, showing that Outreach 22 Cambridge research groups, with the we recognise industry as a source of Cavendish News 23 aim of creating a two-way flow of ideas intellectual innovation”. ABOVE: Some of those involved in the design and construction phase of the Maxwell Centre project. In the front row, from left to right, Angus Stephen (Director of Operations, Estates Management), Andy Parker (Head of Cavendish), Malcolm Longair (Cavendish Director of Development), Francis Shiner (Managing Director of SDC Builders Ltd) and Richard Friend (Cavendish Professor and Director of the Maxwell Centre). Cover image: Aerial view of Paranal Observatory © ESO/C.Madsen, H.Zodet 2 Chris Carilli – John Baldwin Director of Research In CavMag11, we were delighted to announce the appointment of Chris Carilli in a part-time capacity as Director of Research in the Cavendish Astrophysics Group. We are pleased that this position has been designated the John Baldwin Directorship of Research, in honour of the late John Baldwin who pioneered many advanced techniques in radio, infrared and optical astronomy. hris Carilli is a world leading radio Array. His edited volume, Science with a field entails using the 21cm emission line astronomer, exploring the radio Square Kilometre Array, with the late Steve of neutral hydrogen atoms to observe Universe from the Milky Way to the Rawlings of Oxford University, has stood the evolution of large scale structures in most distant galaxies. He was a for over a decade as the standard reference the Universe during the epoch of cosmic CPhD student at the Massachusetts Institute for setting the scientific programme for the reionization, and the preceding dark ages. of Technology, where he performed next generation of mega-radio facilities. During these epochs, the first galaxies definitive work on the physics of the Likewise, the edited lectures on Synthesis emerged from the diffuse intergalactic archetypal powerful radio galaxy, Cygnus Imaging in Radio Astronomy II, with G. Taylor gas that pervaded the early Universe. He is A. His postdoctoral work at the Harvard- and R. Perley, remain the standard textbook involved with a team that has constructed a Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and at for radio astronomy schools worldwide. novel low frequency telescope in the Karoo Leiden University, extended these studies desert of South Africa to perform the first to the most distant galaxies known at Chris's current research focuses on the measurements of the HI signal. the time, namely, the high redshift radio formation of the first galaxies in the galaxies. Universe. Using centimetre and millimetre In 2005 Chris was honoured with the Max telescopes, Chris is investigating the Planck Research Award, awarded jointly Since his student and postdoc years, Chris evolution of the cool gas and dust by the Humboldt Society and the Max has been an astronomer at the US National component of galaxies within 1 Gyr of the Planck Society. Chris was also a visiting Radio Astronomy Observatory. For the Big Bang. These constituents represent the Humboldt Fellow in Bonn in 1999. We are last 6 years he has been the Observatory fuel for star formation in galaxies, driving delighted to have Chris as a member of the Chief Scientist. Chris has been instrumental the formation of the earliest generation of Astrophysics Group where he will support in defining the science programme and stars within galaxies. many of our activities in radio astronomy design of major radio facilities, such as the and cosmology. Jansky Very Large Array, the Atacama Large In parallel, Chris is a pioneer in the area of Millimetre Array, and the Square Kilometre HI 21cm cosmology. This rapidly emerging JANUARY 2015 ISSUE 13 3 RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY Cavendish Kinetics – From Fundamental Research to Mobile Phones CHARLES SMITH describes the tortuous route from fundamental physics to commercial products with the potential to be used in billions of mobile phones. an research into the A number of years ago I was making to perform binary logic computations understanding of low small metal bridges across a man-made in all semiconductor computer chips temperature quantum Lilliputian canyon to study the quantisation manufactured today. I made some simple phenomena result in of thermal properties. Ten million of these estimates concerning how a metal switch applications that could improve bridges set side by side would fit in 1mm would behave when shrunk to these the quality of life of the wider and they spanned a gap one hundred nanoscale dimensions and to my surprise Ccommunity? There are obvious cultural times bigger than their width. At the I discovered that their small mass and benefits from knowing how the universe extremely low temperature of only 300 mK reduced spring constants meant that works, but can this type of fundamental above absolute zero, the thermal properties such a switch could be operated at low research have more tangible rewards that become quantised as only an integral voltages and at very high speeds. This could have a positive impact on our day to number of lattice vibrations can fit within could provide a simple low power switch, day activities? the wire (Fig. 2). It was while performing which if designed correctly, could be made this research that I became interested in the bi-stable. When manufactured into an My research involves investigating how idea of turning these structures into simple array it could have applications for storing carrier transport in conductors and metal switches. I wondered how such information with the advantage of being semiconductors changes as they are made a device would perform in comparison faster to program and erase and consume extremely small. The computer chips in with the semiconductor devices used lower power. mobile phones and laptops now have billions of devices on a chip of silicon a few millimetres on a side. To fit these in, the smallest feature sizes can be so small that a million devices side by side would fit in a length of just 11mm. Every two years the minimum device size shrinks to allow two times as many devices to fit on a chip of the same area making them faster and cheaper. The technological advances which have revolutionised the semiconductor industry over the last 40 years are used by the Semiconductor Physics Group for studying quantum phenomena where the wave nature of matter becomes important when the devices are cooled to 50 mK, close to absolute zero (Fig 1). This technique was pioneered by the former Group Head, Michael Pepper, and is now used in hundreds of research laboratories around the world to investigate quantum phenomena in solids. FIG 1. 4 “ As an academic, I was faced with semiconductor processing factories. In commercial technologies - fundamental a difficult choice. Either I could 2007 a second round of funding led to the studies can also lead to products with setting up of a larger development activity commercial value. publish this idea and allow others in a facility in San Jose and the movement to follow it up, or I could take of the head office to California.
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