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Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: from Impunity to Retributive Justice*
The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice* Vahakn N. Dadrian I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 504 II. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND AFTERMATH OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ............... 507 A. Outlines of the Problem .......................................................................... 507 B. Conflict in the U.S. Government Regarding the Lausanne Treaty ........................ 511 M. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE TwO CASES ........................................................... 517 A. The Historical Vulnerability of the Jews and Armenians to Victimization ............... 517 B. The Factorsof Power and Opportunity........................................................ 519 C. Strategiesfor Taking Advantage of the Opportunity Structure ............................ 521 1. The Use of Wartime Emergency Powers by the Executive ......................... 521 2. The Role of PoliticalParties ........................................................... 524 3. Trial Balloons ............................................................................. 529 IV. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE AS A PRECEDENT AND A PRECURSOR OF THE HOLOCAUST ........... 531 A. Nazi Germany's Knowledge of the Fate of the Armenians ................................. 532 B. Hitler'sAppreciation of the Armenian Genocide............................................. 537 C. The Legacy of Genghis Kum as a Functional -
HBO and the HOLOCAUST: CONSPIRACY, the HISTORICAL FILM, and PUBLIC HISTORY at WANNSEE Nicholas K. Johnson Submitted to the Facul
HBO AND THE HOLOCAUST: CONSPIRACY, THE HISTORICAL FILM, AND PUBLIC HISTORY AT WANNSEE Nicholas K. Johnson Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of History, Indiana University December 2016 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Master’s Thesis Committee __________________________________ Raymond J. Haberski, Ph.D., Chair __________________________________ Thorsten Carstensen, Ph.D. __________________________________ Kevin Cramer, Ph.D. ii Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank the members of my committee for supporting this project and offering indispensable feedback and criticism. I would especially like to thank my chair, Ray Haberski, for being one of the most encouraging advisers I have ever had the pleasure of working with and for sharing his passion for film and history with me. Thorsten Carstensen provided his fantastic editorial skills and for all the times we met for lunch during my last year at IUPUI. I would like to thank Kevin Cramer for awakening my interest in German history and for all of his support throughout my academic career. Furthermore, I would like to thank Jason M. Kelly, Claudia Grossmann, Anita Morgan, Rebecca K. Shrum, Stephanie Rowe, Modupe Labode, Nancy Robertson, and Philip V. Scarpino for all the ways in which they helped me during my graduate career at IUPUI. I also thank the IUPUI Public History Program for admitting a Germanist into the Program and seeing what would happen. I think the experiment paid off. -
NARA T733 R10 Guide 97.Pdf
<~ 1985 GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA No. 97 Records of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories (Reichsministerium fiir die besetzten Ostgebiete) and Other Rosenberg Organizations, Part II Microfiche Edition National Archives and Records Administration Washington, DC 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ...................................................... i Glossary ......................................................... vi Captured German and Related Records in the National Archives ...................... ix Published Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, VA ................. xxiii Suggestions for Citing Microfilm ....................................... xxvii Instructions for Ordering Microfilm ...................................... xxx Appendix A, Documents from the Rosenberg Collection Incorporated Within the National Archives Collection of World War II War Crimes Records, RG 238 ........... xxxi Appendix B, Original Rosenberg Documents Incorporated Within Records of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), RG 226 .............................. xxxviii Microfiche List .................................................. xxxix INTRODUCTION The Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, VA, constitute a series of finding aids to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) microfilm publications of seized records of German central, regional, and local government agencies and of military commands and units, as well as of the Nazi Party, its component formations, -
How Much Did the Germans Know About the Final Solution?: an Examination of Propaganda in the Third Reich
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Honors Theses Lee Honors College Spring 2010 How Much Did the Germans Know about the Final Solution?: An Examination of Propaganda in the Third Reich Issa A. Braman Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses Part of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons Recommended Citation Braman, Issa A., "How Much Did the Germans Know about the Final Solution?: An Examination of Propaganda in the Third Reich" (2010). Honors Theses. 3371. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/3371 This Honors Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Lee Honors College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Much Did the Germans Know about the Final Solution?: An Examination of Propaganda in the Third Reich by Melissa A. Braman In 1925, while Adolf Hitler was serving a short sentence in jail for his failed Beer Hall Putsch, he wrote in Mein Kampf, “With the year 1915 enemy propaganda began in our country, after 1916 it became more and more intensive till finally, at the beginning of the year 1918, it swelled to a positive flood.” Hitler, a soldier of World War I, had experienced firsthand the power of propaganda during the war. With the failure of Germany to counter-act the Allied propaganda, Hitler noted, “The army gradually learned to think as the enemy wanted it to.”1 Hitler applied this same concept to promoting the rhetoric of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP). -
Das Reichsministerium Des Innern Unter Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945
639 Der Name Himmler wird gemeinhin mit der SS in Verbindung gebracht wie über- haupt mit dem nationalsozialistischen Terrorapparat, mit dem Holocaust und dem ideo- logischen Kern der NS-Bewegung. Weniger bekannt ist dagegen, dass Himmler – neben vielem anderen – auch noch den Posten des Reichsinnenministers übernahm, wenn auch erst spät, im Jahr 1943. Welche Folgen ergaben sich aus dieser Zäsur und vor allem: welche Konsequenzen hatte das für dieses Ressort? Stephan Lehnstaedt Das Reichsministerium des Innern unter Heinrich Himmler 1943–1945 Als Heinrich Himmler am 26. August 1943 neuer Reichs- und Preußischer Mini- ster des Innern wurde1, löste er mit Wilhelm Frick einen nationalsozialistischen Minister der ersten Stunde ab. Schon 1933 war der promovierte Jurist von Hitler ernannt worden und hatte dem Reichskabinett über zehn Jahre angehört. In sein Ressort fielen nicht nur die Innenverwaltung, sondern auch die Polizeigewalt und die Aufsicht über das Gesundheitswesen, das ein eigenes Staatssekretariat im Ministerium bildete. Mit diesen Kompetenzen konnte Frick die Rechtsetzung maßgeblich beeinflussen und für den nationalsozialistischen Staat so wichtige Richtlinien wie die Erbgesundheitsgesetze und die Nürnberger Rassengesetze federführend gestalten. Zu Fricks anfänglich recht bedeutsamer Stellung trug auch die Übernahme des Preußischen Innenministeriums 1934 im Zuge der Beseitigung der Länderhoheit bei, so dass ab diesem Augenblick die vollständige Weisungshoheit für die Landes- und Kommunalbehörden in seiner Hand war. Ferner sorgte -
Division, Records of the Cultural Affairs Branch, 1946–1949 108 10.1.5.7
RECONSTRUCTING THE RECORD OF NAZI CULTURAL PLUNDER A GUIDE TO THE DISPERSED ARCHIVES OF THE EINSATZSTAB REICHSLEITER ROSENBERG (ERR) AND THE POSTWARD RETRIEVAL OF ERR LOOT Patricia Kennedy Grimsted Revised and Updated Edition Chapter 10: United States of America (March 2015) Published on-line with generous support of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference), in association with the International Institute of Social History (IISH/IISG), Amsterdam, and the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust, and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, at http://www.errproject.org © Copyright 2015, Patricia Kennedy Grimsted The original volume was initially published as: Reconstructing the Record of Nazi Cultural Plunder: A Survey of the Dispersed Archives of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), IISH Research Paper 47, by the International Institute of Social History (IISH), in association with the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Amsterdam, and with generous support of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany (Claims Conference), Amsterdam, March 2011 © Patricia Kennedy Grimsted The entire original volume and individual sections are available in a PDF file for free download at: http://socialhistory.org/en/publications/reconstructing-record-nazi-cultural- plunder. Also now available is the updated Introduction: “Alfred Rosenberg and the ERR: The Records of Plunder and the Fate of Its Loot” (last revsied May 2015). Other updated country chapters and a new Israeli chapter will be posted as completed at: http://www.errproject.org. The Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), the special operational task force headed by Adolf Hitler’s leading ideologue Alfred Rosenberg, was the major NSDAP agency engaged in looting cultural valuables in Nazi-occupied countries during the Second World War. -
The Identity of Post World War Ii Ethnic German Immigrants
RELATIVES AND STRANGERS: THE IDENTITY OF POST WORLD WAR II ETHNIC GERMAN IMMIGRANTS By Hans P. Werner A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of History University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba ©by Hans P. Werner, February 1996 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract . -. ii Acknowledgments . iv Introduction . • . 1 Chapter One: 'Official' Identity and the Politics of Migration .......................... 10 Chapter Two: The Burden of Memory ......................... ·................... 29 Chapter Three: Reconstructed Identity: The Politics of Socialization ..................... 46 Chapter Four: 'Making It': Work and Consumption .................................. 66 Chapter Five: Family: Kinder, Kuche, Kirche ...................................... 86 Chapter Six: Church, Language and Association: Contesting and Consolidating New Identities .............................................................. 106 Conclusion: Identity as Process . 122 Bibliography ............ -.............................................. 126 i Abstract The years after the end of World War Il were characterized by the constant arrival of new Canadians. ~etween 1946 and 1960, Canada opened its doors to over two mmion ----·--··'"___ ~ .. --immigrants and approximately 13 per cent of them were Geonau. The first ten years of German immigration to Canada were dominated by the arrival of ethnic Germans ..Ethnic Germans. or Volksdeutsche, were German speaking irnn)igrants who were born in countries other than the Germany of 1939. This thesis explores the identity of these ethnic German immigrants. It has frequently been noted that German immigrants to Canada were inordinately quick to adapt to their new society. As a result, studies of German immigrants in Canada have tended to focus on the degree and speed with which they adopted the social framework of the dominant society. -
The Wannsee Protocol
1 Primary Source 13.3 WANNSEE PROTOCOL, JANUARY 20, 1942 On January 20, 1942, fifteen senior Nazi officials met in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee. Present were representatives of the foreign office; the justice, interior, and state ministries; and the SS—the brutal paramilitary organization concerned with internal affairs. The meeting was headed by Reinhard Heydrich (1904–42), director of the SS secret police, the Gestapo. The Wannsee Conference was to coordinate the ministries involved in the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question,” that is, the deportation and extermination of all the Jews in Europe. The killing of Jews had already begun with the invasion of Poland in September of 1939. Death squads of the SS, Einsatzgruppen, executed insurgents, educated elites, nobles, priests, and Jews. During the course of the war, they killed roughly 2 million people, including 1.3 million Jews. However, squads of executioners would take a long time to annihilate the millions of Jews spread throughout Europe, and the Nazis were in a rush. The war had accelerated at the end of 1941, as the USSR went on the offensive, and the Pearl Harbor attack had pushed the U.S. into the war. Moreover, individual Nazi officials in the Baltic States and Eastern Poland, on their own initiative but sure of finding favor in Berlin, began the mass murder of whole Jewish communities, including women and children. Then, in September 1941 at Auschwitz, 600 Soviet POWs were put to death using the insecticide Zyclon-B. Ultimately, in six death camps (all in Nazi-occupied Polish territory: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek, and Auschwitz-Birkenau) some 3 million Jews and many tens of thousands of Gypsies, or Roma, and other non-Jews perished. -
Series One: Archives of the Wiener Library, London Author Index
Testaments to the Holocaust: Series One: Archives of the Wiener Library, London Author Index A., Mrs. Adelsberger, Dr. Lucy (formerly Berlin). A report from a nurse who worked in the Berlin Letter to a friend & short extract from an Jewish Hospital throughout the war until the Auschwitz diary. liberation in 1945. January 1946 November 1954 Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.h. No.126. Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.a. No.4: 15 (Auschwitz): 4 pages. pages. Reel: 53 Reel: 49 Adler, Dr. H.G. A., Prof. Dr. - Amsterdam. Erlebnisse einer deutschen Juedin in Berlin, Sterilisation Juedischer Frauen in Mischehe. Theresienstadt und Deggendorf. September 1943 1938-1947 Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.e. No.428: 2 Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.h. No.25. pages. (Theresienstadt): 14 pages. Reel: 51 Reel: 58 A.A., Dr. Adler, Dr. H.G. Erlebnisse von Dr. A.A. in Holland and Belgien Erlebnisse und Erfahrungen in Bartenstein, während der Besetzung. Ostpreussen, und Berlin von Dr. Paul Graetz. 1938-1945 1933-1939 Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.i. No.13. Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.II.b. No.24: 2 (Belgium): 29 pages: Pagination error - page 23 pages. omitted. Reel: 47 Reel: 60 Adler, Dr. H.G. A.F. Freizeitgestaltung Gruppe Manes. Protocol A.F. Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.h. No.320. 9 March 1944-September 1945 (Theresienstadt): 9 pages: Programme. (Photocopy). Eyewitness Accounts: Doc. No. P.III.i. No.104. Original document of poor quality. (Hungary): 6 pages. Reel: 59 Reel: 62 Adolf Hitler: Bilder aus dem Leben des Führers. -
Russoâœgerman Placeâœnames in Russia and in North America
Russo-German Place-Names in Russia and in North America 1 EDMUND HEIER IN STUDIES OF GERMAN COMMUNITIES in Russia, place-names have always played an important and interesting part. Especially when reliable information has not been available as to the geo- graphic origin of the settlers has the place-name - coupled with some definite dialectal features - been helpful in the tracing of the provenance of the founders of a certain community.2 With these migratory Russo-Germans t,vo patterns for naming may be observed: they gave their settlements totally new place-names having no relation at all to the colonists' origin in Germany or they used names suggesting their German ancestry. The purpose of this paper is to show the variety of place-names and the flexibility of their formation among Russo-Germans in Russia and North America. Russo-Germans in Russia were settlers with special privileges who had been invited by the Russian Imperial government, for reason of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century state policy, to occupy 1 Place-names of the reformed colonists such as the Hutterites and the Men- nonites are not discussed in this paper. Extensive research has been done elsewhere regarding these groups. lowe a special debt of gratitude to Professor Herbert Penz!, University of Michigan, and the editors and unnamed readers for their suggestions concerning arrangements and style. 2 Many Russo-German communities preserved the dialects of their ancestry in Germany. Others, however, formed relatively new dialects as Germans from various areas settled in one colony. Though there is no systematic linguistic analysis of all the colonies available, dialect studies of note were. -
To a Millennial Kingdom: the Nazi Aryanization of Christianity
TO A MILLENIAL KINGDOM: THE NAZI ARYANIZATION OF CHRISTIANITY Daniel Lucca Honors Thesis: Department of History University of Colorado Boulder Defense Date: April 5th, 2018 Defense Committee: Primary Advisor: Dr. David Shneer, Department of History Outside Advisor: Dr. Saskia Hintz, Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures Honors Council Representative: Dr. Matthew Gerber, Department of History Dan Lucca To a Millennial Kingdom: The Nazi Aryanization of Christianity One of the most defining characteristics of the Nazi regime was a virulent antisemitism, which manifested itself in the ideology and actions of the Nazi leaders and party. For instance, in his work Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler demonstrated virulent antisemitism by portraying the Jew as a parasitic being that corrupts others. As parasites, Hitler believed that Jews are “people without any true culture, especially their own.”1 This disdain for the Jews manifested itself in many hateful laws and acts. one of the most important being the strategy of Arisierung (Aryanization), which began in 1933. The process of Aryanization, according to Roderick Stackelberg and Sally A. Winkle, largely refers to the process of confiscating and selling off of Jewish property.2 However, Aryanization also encompassed the process of the removal everything that was Jewish or perceived to have Jewish influence from Germany. Besides the confiscation of Jewish property, the process of Aryanization included, but was not limited to: the destruction of Jewish books in book burnings, the exclusion of Jews from participating in national sports teams, and the the removal from Jews from the civil service and professions, the ban on Jews performing German music, and many other laws that seeped into every aspect of German society and culture during the Third Reich. -
Study Guide for the Holocaust Memorial Miami Beach
i Study Guide for the Holocaust Memorial Miami Beach by Dr. Michael Berenbaum ii Study Guide for the Holocaust Memorial Miami Beach Copyright© 2015 All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. ISBN: 978-1-935110-21-7 Printed in the United States iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................v Foreword by Dr. Michael Berenbaum A Basic Introduction to the Holocaust............................................................................................ix PART I: How to Use the App............................................................................................................1 PART II: FILMS..................................................................................................................................41 Introductory Film Survivor and Eight Films The World Before The Rise of Nazism Ghettoization Einsatzgruppen Deportation Death Camps Liberation The World After PART III: Five Audio Programs......................................................................................................36 “Kristallnacht” “The MS St. Louis” “Kindertransport” “Partisans” “Hiding” PART IV: Sculpture Tour of the Memorial....................................................................................49 PART V: Lesson Plans for the Memorial.......................................................................................54 LESSON PLAN 1: Refl ection...........................................................................................................56