Iranian Intellectuals' Experience of Modern Science

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Iranian Intellectuals' Experience of Modern Science Iranian Intellectuals’ Experience of Modern Science Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Zohreh Liedtke-Khorsandi aus Zahedan, Iran Bonn 2020 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Christoph Antweiler (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Eva Orthmann (Betreuerin) Prof. Dr. Stephan Conermann (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Dagmar Glaß (weiteres Prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10. November 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………….……….I Transliteration …………………………………………………………………………...….......II Deutsche Kurzfassung…...……………………………………………………………..……....IV Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………………….….… 1 Chapter 2: Historical Context …………………………………………………………..….19 2-1 Europe …………………………………………………………………….…....20 2-2 Middle East …………………………………………………………………….30 2-3 Iran …………………………………………………………………………......35 Chapter 3: Analysis of the Texts ……………………………………………………….......50 3-1 Mīrzā Fat‘alī Ākhūndzādeh …………………………………………….…........51 3-2 Mīrzā Āqā Khān Kermānī ……………………………………………….….….69 3-3 ‘Abdul Raḥīm Ṭālibof Tabrīzī ……………………………….………….…..….90 3-4 Seyyed Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī ……………………………………….….….110 3-5 Majalleh-yi Kāveh ………………………………………………………....….133 3-6 Majalleh-yi Forūghi Tarbiyat ……………………………………….…….….168 3-7 Majalleh-yi Iranshahr ………………………………………………………...185 Chapter 4: Context Analysis ……………………………………………………………...207 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………….……….228 I Transliteration Persian (consonants) English - ال ف B ب P پ T ت S̱ ث J ج Ch چ Ḥ ح Kh خ D د Ẕ ذ R ر Z ز Zh ژ S س Sh ش Ṣ ص Z̤ ض Ṭ ط Ẓ ظ A‘ ع Gh غ F ف Q ق K ک II G گ L ل M م N ن H ه V و Y ی Persian (vowels) English A ا َ E ِا O ا ُ Ā آ Ī ايی Ū او III Deutsche Kurzfassung Erfahrungen der iranischen Intellektuellen in den modernen Wissenschaften Historischer Kontext: Während der Qājāren-Dynastie (1796 – 1925) und insbesondere unter Nāṣir ad-Dīn Shāh (1848 - 1896) wurden die Iraner mit einem völlig neuen Phänomen konfrontiert, den neuen europäischen Wissenschaften, die der Ursprung aller Unterschiede zwischen ihrer eigenen Gesellschaft und dem Westen zu sein schienen. Viele Wissenschaftler glauben, dass dies der Anfang der modernen Ära im Iran ist, und dies ist der Moment, in dem der Zeitraum der bei dieser Forschungsarbeit analysierten Dokumente beginnt. Im Jahre 1851 wurde Dār ol-Fonūn gegründet, und als erste Hochschule im Iran ist sie das Symbol des zunehmenden Diskurses der sozialen Reformen und des Willens, neue Wissenschaften im Iran zu etablieren. Seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts begannen die iranischen Eliten einen Prozess des Aufbaus des neuen Bildungssystems auf der Grundlage der europäischen Wissenschaften, indem sie Studenten nach Europa schickten und neue Schulen und Universitäten gründeten. Das Ergebnis der Verbreitung neuer Wissenschaften war eine aufstrebende Klasse von sozialen Akteuren, sogenannte Monavar ol-Fekr (Intellektuelle). Sie waren von den neuen Entwicklungen in den europäischen Ländern beeindruckt und waren überzeugt, die gleichen gesellschaftspolitischen Reformen im Iran einführen zu lassen, um das Gesicht des Landes zu verändern und ihr Heimatland mächtiger zu machen. Alle Intellektuellen waren auch Teil der politischen Elite oder engagierten sich aktiv im politischen Geschäft ihres Landes. Dieser Faktor ist das wichtigste Merkmal des Modernisierungsprozesses im Iran; In den ersten Schritten machte dies es unmöglich, Politik von der Wissenschaft zu trennen. Neue Wissenschaft als neues Phänomen wurde von der politischen Elite eingeführt mit dem Ziel, das Land gegen seine vermeintlichen Feinde zu stärken. In dieser Zeit der Geschichte standen die Verfechter dieses neuen Modernisierungsprozesses vor neuen Fragen, die sie nicht beantworten konnten. Sie waren nicht IV bereit, die neue Zivilisation des Westens zu verstehen und von ihr zu lernen. Sie befanden sich in einer Situation, in der sie keine andere Wahl hatten, als Europa passiv nachzuahmen und deren intellektuellen Leistungen in ihre eigene Sprache zu übersetzen. Sie bestanden darauf, neue Wissenschaften zu erwerben, indem sie sie dem eigenen Volk beibrachten, ohne über die Wurzeln und Voraussetzungen dieser neuen Wissenschaften nachzudenken. Die Idee, die Wissenschaft und Zivilisation Europas kennenzulernen, inspirierte sie und löste unter ihnen zahlreiche Diskussionen aus, die zur Entstehung eines neuen Diskurses führten. Das Ziel und die Hypothese: Die Haltung der iranischen Akteuren gegenüber den modernen europäischen Wissenschaften sowie die hybriden Formen des Wissens, die im Prozess des Erwerbs neuer Wissenschaften in nicht- westlichen Gesellschaften wie dem Iran geschaffen wurden, ist noch nicht vollständig erforscht. Die Reaktion auf moderne Wissenschaften in islamischen Ländern ist eine der dringlichsten Fragen für die Geschichte des Denkens im Nahen Osten, um die gegenwärtige Reaktion auf die Moderne in islamischen Ländern zu verstehen. In der vorliegenden Studie werden folgende Fragen beantwortet: - Was sind die Kernelemente des Diskurses? - Was sind die bedeutendsten Aussagen über die modernen Wissenschaften? - Welche Veränderungen erlebte der Diskurs im Laufe der Zeit in Bezug auf historische Ereignisse? - Wie war das Verhältnis zwischen den neuen europäischen Wissenschaften und dem traditionellen indigenen Wissen? Das Ziel der folgenden Studie ist es, das Bild der europäischen Wissenschaft aus Sicht der Iraner und ihre Wahrnehmung des Verhältnisses zwischen neuen Wissenschaften und den traditionellen einheimischen Wissenschaften zu analysieren. Der Zeitraum für diese Studie reicht von der Gründung der ersten Akademie im Iran, dem Dār ol-Fonūn, im Jahre 1851 bis zur Gründung der zweiten Universität im Iran, der „Teheran Universität“, etwa 80 Jahre später im Jahre 1934. Im Rahmen dieser Forschungsarbeit sollen die wichtigen Voraussetzungen und Elemente des in dieser V Ära entstandenen Diskurses herauszuarbeitet werden und wie sich dieser Diskurs im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt hat. Die vorliegende Studie betrachtet die Begegnung Irans mit den modernen Wissenschaften in ihrem besonderen historischen Kontext und analysiert die Mechanismen der ideologischen Bildung über die europäischen Wissenschaften. Es wäre angebracht, den Beginn des Prozesses der Modernisierung im Iran im Paradigma der „Multiple Modernities“ zu untersuchen. Als alternatives Paradigma zur klassischen Theorie der Modernisierung sowie als Kritik an der Theorie des Weltsystems und der globalen Moderne lehnt Samuel Eisenstadt in seiner Theorie der „Multiple Modernities“ den Begriff eines einzigen Modernisierungsmusters ab und verdeutlicht, dass die Erfahrung von Modernität in jedem Land einzigartig ist. Ich habe auch einige von Foucaults Konzepten wie Diskontinuität, Epochenumbruch1, Episteme und Diskurs in dieser Arbeit verwendet2. Die Haupthypothese dieser Forschungsarbeit ist, dass die Iraner die Epochenbrüche vernachlässigt hatten, was in der Geschichte des Denkens in Europa geschehen war. Sie betrachteten sowohl die neuen als auch die alten Wissenschaften als eine Einheit. Sie nahmen keinen Bezug auf den Grundsätzen und Voraussetzungen der neuen Wissenschaften. Deshalb hatten sie sich nicht die Frage gestellt, was die neuen Wissenschaften von früheren Wissenssystemen unterscheidet. Solche Wahrnehmungen der neuen Wissenschaften stellten im Iran ein Hindernis für die Konzeption der Eckpfeiler der europäischen Moderne dar. Angesichts der neuen europäischen Wissenschaften entwickelte sich ein neues Hybrid der Moderne im Iran, dessen Hauptmerkmal Selektivität war; Auswahl unter modernen Konzepten, gesellschaftspolitischen Institutionen, Wissenschaften, Technologien und anderen Aspekten der Moderne. 1 Foucault betrachtet die Geschichte nicht als Gegenstand kontinuierlicher Entwicklung. Er glaubt, dass die Europäer in einigen historischen Momenten einen tiefen intellektuellen Wendepunkt erlebten, der als Bruch bezeichnet werden kann. Weitere Informationen zu diesem Thema finden Sie unter: Die Ordnung der Dinge, New York, 1994. 2 In seinem Buch, Die Ordnung der Dinge, erklärt Foucault, dass alle Perioden der Geschichte bestimmte zugrunde liegende Wahrheitsbedingungen besessen haben, die das bildeten, was als wissenschaftlicher Diskurs akzeptabel war. Er argumentiert, dass sich diese Diskursbedingungen im Laufe der Zeit von einer Periode zur anderen geändert haben. Er nennt diese Bedingungen „Episteme“ und definiert sie als eine Reihe grundlegender Annahmen, die die Grundlage für die Konfiguration von Wissen bilden. VI Die Methode: Der Ansatz dieser Arbeit ist es, den Diskurs in den Texten, die in dieser entscheidenden Zeit geschrieben worden sind, kritisch zu analysieren. In folgenden Texten diskutierten die Autoren über neue und alte Wissenschaften und traten mit mehreren Lesern in Diskurs: 1- Maktūbāt-i Kamāl od-Dowle (Die Briefe von Kamāl od-Dowle), 19853, Köln, von Mīrzā Fat‘alī Ākhūndzādeh (1812- 1878). 2- Se Maktūb (Drei Briefe), 1908, Teheran, und Ṣad Khaṭābe (Hundert Reden), 1925, Teheran, von Mīrzā Āqā Khān Kermānī (1854/5-1896). 3- Safīneh-yi Ṭālibī, yā, Kitāb-i Aḥmad (Ṭālibīs Schiff oder das Buch des Aḥmad), 1894, Istanbul, und Masāʼil al-Ḥayāt (Die Frage des Lebens), 1906, Tiflis, von ʻAbd al-Raḥīm Ṭālibof Tabrīzī (1834-1911). 4- Maqālat-i Jamālī-yi (Die Artikel von Jamāl ad-Dīn), 1883, Kalkutta, und Resāleh dar radd-i Neicherī-yi (Die Widerlegung
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