DOCSLIB.ORG

Discursive Continuity of Political Nationalism As a Form of Opposition Politics in Modern Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Discursive Continuity of Political Nationalism As a Form of Opposition Politics in Modern Iran DISCURSIVE CONTINUITY OF POLITICAL NATIONALISM AS A FORM OF OPPOSITION POLITICS IN MODERN IRAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY PINAR ARIKAN SİNKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SEPTEMBER 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. İhsan Dağı (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak Aytürk (METU, IR) Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya Göçer Akder (METU, ARS) Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlker Aytürk (BİLKENT, POLS) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Pınar Arıkan Sinkaya Signature : iii ABSTRACT DISCURSIVE CONTINUITY OF POLITICAL NATIONALISM AS A FORM OF OPPOSITION POLITICS IN MODERN IRAN Arıkan Sinkaya, Pınar Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık September 2015, 392 pages The dissertation examines political nationalism as a transformative power of modern Iranian politics at the societal level through historical-sociological study of four mass opposition movements, which are the Constitutional Movement (1906-11), National Front Movement (1949-53), Iranian Revolution Movement (1978-79), and Green Movement (2009). The appeal to nationalism by these opposition movements leads to ask why and how nationalism becomes an overarching ideology of political opposition? What are the structural conditions that gave rise to nationalist opposition movements? To answer these questions, the framework of non-Western political nationalism was employed, which helped to identify independence from Western impact of colonialism/imperialism and establishment of modern nation state through constitutionalism and popular sovereignty as the two aims of nationalist movements. However, this framework does not explain the rise of nationalist opposition against a nation state. Thus, the dissertation develops the framework of ‘opposition nationalism,’ which is defined as a modern political movement whose driving force is nationalism and manifests itself in opposition to foreign interventionism and state authoritarianism. Nationalist opposition movements are mass movements with a iv political motivation of obtaining and using state power. They emerge when different political groups are coordinated and mobilized by nationalist ideology. On the basis of this framework, the dissertation argues that despite the state authority shifts to three different polities since the beginning of Iranian modernization, the four nationalist opposition movements display discursive continuity of anti-imperialism and anti-authoritarianism due to the continuity in the structural conditions of the foreign influence and the strong state vis-à-vis the society. Keywords: Non-Western political nationalism, state-society relations in Iran, modernization, anti-imperialism, mass opposition movements. v ÖZ MODERN İRAN’DA SİYASAL MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİN BİR SİYASAL MUHALEFET ŞEKLİ OLARAK SÖYLEMSEL SÜREKLİLİĞİ Arıkan Sinkaya, Pınar Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Eylül 2015, 392 sayfa Bu tez siyasal milliyetçiliğin modern İran siyasetinde toplumsal düzeyde dönüştürücü gücünü tarihsel-sosyolojik yöntemle çalıştığı dört milliyetçi muhalefet hareketi çerçevesinde incelemektedir. İncelenen dört hareket Anayasa Hareketi (1906-11), Milli Cephe Hareketi (1949-53), İran Devrimi Hareketi (1978-79) ve Yeşil Hareket (2009)’tir. Muhalefet hareketlerinin milliyetçiliği benimsemesi şu soruları doğurmuştur: Neden ve nasıl milliyetçilik siyasi muhalefet için kapsayıcı bir ideoloji haline gelmiştir? Milliyetçi muhalefet hareketlerini doğuran yapısal durumlar nelerdir? Bu sorulara cevap vermek için tezde Batı-dışı milliyetçilik çerçevesine başvurularak milliyetçi hareketler için iki amaç tanımlanmıştır. Bunlar kolonializm/emperyalizm şeklinde tezahür eden Batı etkisinden bağımsızlık kazanmak ve anayasacılık ve halk egemenliği yoluyla modern ulus devleti kurmaktır. Ancak bu çerçeve ulus devlete karşı ortaya çıkan milliyetçi muhalefeti açıklamamaktadır. Bu nedenle tezde, itici gücü milliyetçilik olan ve yabancı müdahalesi ile devlet otoriteciliğine karşı kendini gösteren modern bir siyasi hareket olarak tanımlanan ‘muhalefet milliyetçiliği’ çerçevesi geliştirilmiştir. Milliyetçi vi muhalefet hareketleri devlet gücünü ele geçirmek ve kullanmak şeklinde siyasi amaçları olan kitlesel hareketlerdir. Bu hareketler farklı siyasi grupların milliyetçi ideoloji ile koordine ve mobilize olmalarıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Tezde muhalefet milliyetçiliği çerçevesi temelinde İran modernleşmesinin başlangıcından bu yana devlet otoritesi üç farklı siyasi yapıya kaymasına rağmen dört milliyetçi muhalefet hareketinin yabancı etkisi ve toplum karşısında güçlü devletin varlığı olarak süreklilik gösteren yapısal koşullar nedeniyle emperyalizm karşıtlığı ve otoritecilik karşıtlığı söylemlerini süreklilik içerisinde üretmeye devam ettiği iddia edilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Batı-dışı siyasal milliyetçilik, İran’da devlet-toplum ilişkileri, modernleşme, anti-emperyalizm, kitlesel muhalefet hareketleri. vii To my family; Bayram Sinkaya, Nazime Gürsoy, Burcu Arıkan, Hülya Söylemez. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık. This study became possible with her endless encouragement and patient support. She always showed me the right path when I lost the way and saved me from darkness with the light of her wisdom. I am her lifetime student. Thank you very much my dear professor. Also, I would like to thank the members of my examining committee, Prof. Dr. İhsan Dağı, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak, Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlker Aytürk, and Asst. Prof. Dr Derya Göçer, for their investing time and effort in this study and their informed comments and insightful advices. I owe special gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak who always helped me whenever I needed since the beginning of my research. It was in her classes on nationalism and religion at METU where I gained the knowledge to develop the idea of this dissertation. Without her careful listening, to the point questions and valuable advices in the process of writing, this study would not come out. I am also deeply grateful to Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı, who supported me all through my research and facilitated the best circumstances to study as the Head of Department. I also would like to thank all my professor in the Department of International Relations at METU, which is my home since I arrived as an undergrad student years before. I owe my academic and personal development to my professors at METU to whom I express my sincere gratitude. I am glad to be part of METU family both as a student and as a research assistant. I want to thank Özlem, Berna, Aslıgül, Gülşen, Gülriz, Ahu, Ömür, Serdar, Umut, Arıkan, Sait, İnan, Aslı, Funda, Vakur, Murat, Argun, Çağrı, Özgür, Aslıhan, and all other research assistants that our paths crossed at the department for some period of time and the administrative staff that we worked together, especially Mübin Abla. ix I am grateful to research funds provided by the Erasmus-Mundus PhD Exchange scholarship that facilitated the field research in Iran, and by DPT-ÖYP (Faculty Training Program) for the Ph.D dissertation research that partially enabled my stay as visiting researcher in New York, USA. This study would not be possible without the contributions of Iranian scholars during my field research. I would like to thank Dr. Mahmud Sariolghalam, Dr. Hamid Ahmadi, Dr. Mojteba Maqsoudi, Dr. Davood Feirahi, Dr. Gouchani, Dr. Ghadir Nassri, Dr. Sara Shari‘ati, Dr. Homeira Moshirzadeh, Dr. Hermidas-Bavand, Dr. Sajjadpour, Dr. Seifzadeh, Dr. Barzegar, Dr. Kolaee, Dr. Heidari, Dr. Takmil Homayoun, Dr. Hassan-Khani, Dr. Morshadizad, Dr. Javadi, Dr. Seidemami, Emad Afroogh and Kaveh Bayat who patiently answered my questions for long hours in my attempt to understand the subject and guided me in the research. I would also like to Dr. Eslami Nodoushan, Dr. Houshang Tala‘, and Dr. Haddad-Adel for their giving me the opportunity to engage in intellectual conversations about Iranian civilization and identity that enriched my vision. My professor and dear friend in Tehran, Dr. Seyyed Javad Miri deserves special thanks. He not only guided me for my research but also helped me with the appointments he got from prominent scholars that I could never achieve myself. His accompany was precious. I would also like to thank Dr. Mehdi Ahouie for his friendship and invitation for a conference that enabled me to access a broader Iranian academia. Nasser Pourebrahim, Hossein Pashai, Ahmet Yazıcıoğlu, Hossein Yarrokhi, Mohammad Hosseini, Ali Reza Azarpour, Mehdi Jovini, Mehdi Nasrin, Abdullah Rajabi, Peyman Aref, Samira Jamshidi, Marjan Mohamadinezhad,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Iranian Regime and the New Political Challenge
    Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes A Catalyst for Ideas Distributed via Email and Posted at www.fpri.org June 2011 ~MIDDLE EAST MEDIA MONITOR~ AN ENEMY FROM WITHIN: THE IRANIAN REGIME AND THE NEW POLITICAL CHALLENGE By Raz Zimmt Middle East Media Monitor is an FPRI E-Note series, designed to review once a month a current topic from the perspective of the foreign language press in such countries as Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Turkey. These articles will focus on providing FPRI’s readership with an inside view on how some of the most important countries in the Middle East are covering issues of importance to the American foreign policy community. Raz Zimmt is a Ph.D. candidate in the Graduate School of Historical Studies and a research fellow at the Center for Iranian Studies at Tel Aviv University. He is the editor of the weekly “Spotlight on Iran,” published by the Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il/site/home/default.asp . On May 11, 2011 hardliner cleric, Ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi, held a meeting with members of the conservative Islamic Coalition Party. Mesbah-Yazdi warned his audience against the strengthening of deviant religious thought in Iranian society. He claimed that it jeopardizes the concept of “the Guardianship of the Islamic jurist” ( Velayat-e Faqih ), upon which the Iranian regime has been based since the Islamic Revolution (1979). “If this current continues and one day we will see another Seyyed Ali Mohammad Bab 1...we should not be surprised.” 2 A few days later, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Sa’idi, the Friday prayer leader in Qom, warned the “deviant currents” to stop their conspiracies or the people will annihilate them, as they did to [Abolhassan] Banisadr, 3 “the hypocrites” [a reference to Iranian opposition organization, the Mojahedin-e Khalq ] and “the leaders of the sedition” [a reference to the reformist opposition].
    [Show full text]
  • IRAN April 2000
    COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/cipu1.htm). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.6 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2
    [Show full text]
  • Download File (Pdf; 3Mb)
    Volume 15 - Number 2 February – March 2019 £4 TTHISHIS ISSUEISSUE: IIRANIANRANIAN CINEMACINEMA ● IIndianndian camera,camera, IranianIranian heartheart ● TThehe lliteraryiterary aandnd dramaticdramatic rootsroots ofof thethe IranianIranian NewNew WaveWave ● DDystopicystopic TTehranehran inin ‘Film‘Film Farsi’Farsi’ popularpopular ccinemainema ● PParvizarviz SSayyad:ayyad: socio-politicalsocio-political commentatorcommentator dresseddressed asas villagevillage foolfool ● TThehe nnoiroir worldworld ooff MMasudasud KKimiaiimiai ● TThehe rresurgenceesurgence ofof IranianIranian ‘Sacred‘Sacred Defence’Defence’ CinemaCinema ● AAsgharsghar Farhadi’sFarhadi’s ccinemainema ● NNewew diasporicdiasporic visionsvisions ofof IranIran ● PPLUSLUS RReviewseviews andand eventsevents inin LondonLondon Volume 15 - Number 2 February – March 2019 £4 TTHISHIS IISSUESSUE: IIRANIANRANIAN CCINEMAINEMA ● IIndianndian ccamera,amera, IIranianranian heartheart ● TThehe lliteraryiterary aandnd ddramaticramatic rootsroots ooff thethe IIranianranian NNewew WWaveave ● DDystopicystopic TTehranehran iinn ‘Film-Farsi’‘Film-Farsi’ ppopularopular ccinemainema ● PParvizarviz SSayyad:ayyad: ssocio-politicalocio-political commentatorcommentator dresseddressed aass vvillageillage ffoolool ● TThehe nnoiroir wworldorld ooff MMasudasud KKimiaiimiai ● TThehe rresurgenceesurgence ooff IIranianranian ‘Sacred‘Sacred DDefence’efence’ CinemaCinema ● AAsgharsghar FFarhadi’sarhadi’s ccinemainema ● NNewew ddiasporiciasporic visionsvisions ooff IIranran ● PPLUSLUS RReviewseviews aandnd eeventsvents
    [Show full text]
  • C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26
    C01384460 Approved for Release: 2014/02/26 APPLIND1X A . ;hose Dil? An Abbreviated History of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Dispute,-'194; -53 In 1372, the then Shah of Persia, rlaser ad-Din, in return for much needed cash, gave to Baron Paul Julius de Reuter. .'a concession to. exploit all his country's minerals (except for gold, silver, and precious stones'), all its forests and uncultivated land, and ail canals and irrigation works, as ;sell as a monopoly to construct railways and tranilways. Although the resulting uproar,-zsrac:.a11~ from neighboring Russiaraused this sweeping concession to be cancelled, de Reuter, who was a German Jew with British citizenship, persisted and by 1889 regained two parts of his original concession--the operation of a bank and the working of Persia's mines. Under the latter grant, de Reuter's men explored-for oil without great success, and the concession expired in 1999, 'the year the Baron died.` Persian oil right Shen passed to a British speculator, William Knox D'Arcy, whose first fortune had been made in Australian gold mines: The purchase price of the concession was about 50,000 pounds, and in 1903 the enterprise began to sell shares in "The First Exploitation Company." Exploratory drilling proceeded, and by 1904, two producing wells were in. a,+A - Shortly thereafter,Ainterest in oil was sharply stimulated by the efforts of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Lord of the Admiralty, to convert the Royal Navy.from'burning coal to oil.. As a result, the Burmah Oil Company sought to become involved in eersian oil and, joining with D "lrcy and Lord Strathcona, formed the new Concessions Syndicate, L d, which endured un'ti'l 1907 when Burmah Oil bought D'Arcy out for 200„000 pounds cash and 900,000 pounds in shares.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Sunnis Resist Extremism, but for How Long?
    Atlantic Council SOUTH ASIA CENTER ISSUE BRIEF Iran’s Sunnis Resist Extremism, but for How Long? APRIL 2018 SCHEHEREZADE FARAMARZI ome fifteen million of Iran’s eighty million people are Sunni Muslims, the country’s largest religious minority. Politically and economically disadvantaged, these Sunnis receive relatively lit- tle attention compared with other minorities and are concen- Strated in border areas from Baluchistan in the southeast, to Kurdistan in the northwest, to the Persian Gulf in the south. The flare up of tensions between regional rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran over Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen would seem to encourage interest in the state of Iranian Sunnis, if only because the Saudis present them- selves as defenders of the world’s Sunnis, and Iran the self-appointed champion of the Shia cause. So how do Iran’s Sunnis fare in a state where Shia theology governs al- most every aspect of life? How have they been affected by this regional rivalry? Are they stuck between jihadist and other extreme regional Sunni movements on the one hand, and the Shia regime’s aggres- sive policies on the other? Is there a danger that these policies could push some disgruntled Iranian Sunnis toward militancy and terrorism? A tour of Turkmen Sahra in the northeast of Iran near the Caspian Sea, and in Hormozgan on the Persian Gulf in 2015 and 2016 revealed some of the answers. More recent interviews were conducted by phone and in person in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and with European-based experts. “Being a Sunni in Iran means pain, fear, anxiety, restrictions,”1 said a young The Atlantic Council’s South woman in a southern Hormozgan village.
    [Show full text]
  • Jcc Iran Bg Final
    31ST ANNUAL HORACE MANN MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE OCTOBER 22, 2016 JCC: IRAN IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS JAMES CHANG & MEHR SURI GEORGE LOEWENSON CHAIR MODERATORS TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND 5 COMMITTEE PROCEDURE 6 THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 9 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC 9 HISTORY 9 CURRENT SITUATION 14 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 17 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 18 POSITIONS 18 SOURCES 25 Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 2 LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT Dahlia Krutkovich DEAR DELEGATES, Isabella Muti Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General Welcome to Horace Mann's 31st annual Model United Nations Daniel Frackman conference, HoMMUNC XXXI! Since 1985, HoMMUNC has Maya Klaris engaged the future leaders of the world in a day full of learning, Noah Shapiro Directors-General debate, and compromise. The conference brings together intellectually curious high school and middle school students to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor contemplate and discuss serious global concerns. We are honored Ananya Kumar-Banarjee to have inherited the responsibility of preparing this event for Livia Mann over 1000 students that will participate in HoMMUNC XXXI. William Scherr Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Regardless of your age or experience in Model UN, we challenge Senior Executive Board you to remain engaged in the discourse of your committees and Joshua Doolan truly involve yourself in the negotiation process. Each committee Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris is comprised of an eclectic group of delegates and will address Charles Hayman and important global concern. Take this opportunity to delve deep Valerie Maier Radhika Mehta into that problem: educate yourself think innovatively to create Evan Megibow the best solutions, and lead the committee to a resolution that Jada Yang Under-Secretaries- could better the world.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of The
    “The West” in the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of the Interwar Years (1919–1939) Mehrzad Boroujerdi n 1929, after a lecture by Arnold Toynbee (from the notes of Denison Ross, the fi rst director of the School of Oriental and African Studies) on the subject of the modern- ization of the Middle East, a commentator said, Persia has not been modernized and has not in reality been Westernized. Look at the map: there is Persia right up against Russia. For the past hundred years, living cheek by jowl with Russia, Persia has maintained her complete independence of Russian thought. Although sixty to seventy percent of her trade for the past hundred years has been with Russia, Persia remains aloof in spirit and in practice. For the past ten years, Persia has been living alongside the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, and has remained free from any impregnation by their basic ideas. Her freedom is due to her cultural independence. For the safety of Persia it is essential, if she is to continue to develop on her own lines, that she should not attempt modernization, and I do not think that the attempt is being made. It is true that the Persians have adopted motor-cars and in small way railways. But let us remember that the Persians have always been in the forefront in anything of that sort. The fi rst Eastern nation to enter the Postal Union and to adopt a system of telegraphs was Persia, which country was also among the fi rst of the Eastern nations to join the League of Nations and to become an active member.
    [Show full text]
  • Women Musicians and Dancers in Post-Revolution Iran
    Negotiating a Position: Women Musicians and Dancers in Post-Revolution Iran Parmis Mozafari Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Music January 2011 The candidate confIrms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 2011 The University of Leeds Parmis Mozafari Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to ORSAS scholarship committee and the University of Leeds Tetly and Lupton funding committee for offering the financial support that enabled me to do this research. I would also like to thank my supervisors Professor Kevin Dawe and Dr Sita Popat for their constructive suggestions and patience. Abstract This research examines the changes in conditions of music and dance after the 1979 revolution in Iran. My focus is the restrictions imposed on women instrumentalists, dancers and singers and the ways that have confronted them. I study the social, religious, and political factors that cause restrictive attitudes towards female performers. I pay particular attention to changes in some specific musical genres and the attitudes of the government officials towards them in pre and post-revolution Iran. I have tried to demonstrate the emotional and professional effects of post-revolution boundaries on female musicians and dancers. Chapter one of this thesis is a historical overview of the position of female performers in pre-modern and contemporary Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran, Country Information
    Iran, Country Information COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2003 Country Information and Policy Unit I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III HISTORY IV STATE STRUCTURES VA HUMAN RIGHTS - OVERVIEW VB HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VC HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A - CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B - POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX C - PROMINENT PEOPLE ANNEX D - REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1. This assessment has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2. The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum/human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum/human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3. The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4. It is intended to revise the assessment on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom. 2. GEOGRAPHY 2.1. The Islamic Republic of Iran Persia until 1935 lies in western Asia, and is bounded on the north by the file:///V|/vll/country/uk_cntry_assess/apr2003/0403_Iran.htm[10/21/2014 9:57:59 AM] Iran, Country Information Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, by Turkey and Iraq to the west, by the Persian Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south, and by Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxists Into Muslims: an Iranian Irony Abdolrahim Javadzadeh Florida International University, [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Florida International University Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-13-2007 Marxists into Muslims: An Iranian Irony Abdolrahim Javadzadeh Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Javadzadeh, Abdolrahim, "Marxists into Muslims: An Iranian Irony" (2007). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 36. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/36 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida MARXISTS INTO MUSLIMS: THE IRANIAN IRONY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh 2007 To: Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh, and entitled Marxists into Muslims: The Iranian Irony, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ____________________________________ Douglas Kincaid ____________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi ___________________________________ Barry B. Levine, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 13, 2007 The dissertation of Abdolrahim Javadzadeh is approved. ___________________________________ Interim Dean Mark Szuchman College of Arts and Sciences ____________________________________ Dean George Walker University Graduate School Florida International University, 2007 ii © Copyright 2007 by Abdolrahim Javadzadeh All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • In All the Major Political Developments in Twentieth-Century Iran, From
    THE WORKING CLASS AND THE ISLAMIC STATE IN IRAN H A I D E H M O G H I S S I A ND S A E E D R A H N E M A n all the major political developments in twentieth-century Iran, from the Iconstitutional revolution of 1906–11 and the nationalization of the oil industry in early 1950s to the political upheavals of early 1960s and the 1979 revolution, workers were major participants and demonstrated a high level of militancy. However, governments of diverse persuasions, from the Pahlavis’ modernizing dictatorial monarchy to the liberal nationalists, and the Islamists’ pre-modern theocracy, have ignored workers’ legitimate demands and suppressed their dissent. Many factors account for this failure, not least of them being the qualitative and quantitative weaknesses of the working class—a result of the specific nature of capitalist development and industrialization in Iran. Because of its own internal weaknesses, the workers’ movement has depended historically on left social democratic and communist movements both organi- zationally and intellectually. In fact, socialist and communist ideas about the workers’ right to form unions and emancipate themselves preceded the emer- gence of the working class itself. Yet dependence on external leadership made Iranian workers susceptible to the theoretical and political wavering and internal conflicts of the country’s left intelligentsia. As well, the continuous suppression of the left by successive dictatorial regimes inevitably also affected the militancy and organizational efficacy of the working-class movement. In this context, it is reasonable to argue that the progress of the working-class movement has been and continues to be directly linked to the movement for democracy and social change.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Iran's Nuclear Deal
    A Discourse Analysis of the Conflict Coverage in the Mainstream Media: A Case Study of Iran’s Nuclear Deal Amir Yoosofi Submitted to the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication and Media Studies Eastern Mediterranean University July 2016 Gazimağusa, North Cyprus Approval of the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research ______________________ Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tümer Acting Director I certify that this thesis satisfies the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication and Media Studies. ___________________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ümit İnatçı Chair, Department of Communication and Media Studies We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication and Media Studies. ______________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tuğrul İlter Supervisor Examining Committee 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hanife Aliefendioğlu _____________________________ 2. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tuğrul İlter ____________________________ 3. Asst. Prof. Yetin Arslan _____________________________ ABSTRACT In an attempt to examine the possibility of a constructive communication with a country like Iran, the intention of this thesis is to acquire a diverse perspective toward the current political and cultural struggles in the relationship between the country and the wider world. Studying the very recent Iranian nuclear deal, I am hoping that this study will provide creative alternative perspectives for more constructive conflict coverage in the future. Very often the conflict between Iran and the rest of the world has been reduced to simple binary oppositions such as dictatorship vs.
    [Show full text]