The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism Patricia Crone Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01879-2 - The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism Patricia Crone Index More information

Index

The index is also a glossary. Bracketed numbers indictate pages where the subject is mentioned without being named.

Aaron and Moses, al-Muhkhtaˉr and, 250 Ablaq, 87, 88 Abaˉlish, [353, 385] Abnaˉp (descendants of participants in the Abarshahr, 33 qAbbaˉsid revolution), 83, 116 al-qAbbaˉs (uncle of the Prophet, ancestor of Abraham, 90, 91,128, 221, 287, 288, 289, the qAbbaˉsids), 88 465, 469, 474 qAbbaˉsids (descendants of al-qAbbaˉs, Abraˉzkhudaˉ, 18 caliphal dynasty 750–1258), 5, 47, Abuˉ pl-qAbbaˉs, known as al-Saffaˉh (first ˙ 52, 55, 56, 58, 114, 489 qAbbaˉsid caliph), 44, 55, 119 deification of, 87ff. Abuˉ qAwn qAbd al-Malik b. Yazˉıd, 112, extreme devotees of, see Raˉwandiyya; 113, 142 Harbiyya; see also Haˉshimite Shˉıqism Abuˉ Bakr (fi rst caliph, d. 634 ), 43, 44, ˙ and imamate, 44, 85, 87, 89, 94, 110, 279, 85, 478 495, 496f. Abuˉ Daˉwuˉd, 105, 108, 109, 114, 115, loyalty to both Abuˉ Muslim and, 42 119, 123 mistrust Khuraˉsaˉnˉıs, 118f. Abuˉ Dulaf al-qIjlˉı, 41, 54, 55 revolution which enthroned, see Abuˉ Haˉshim (son of Muhammad b. ˙ Haˉshimiyya al-Hanafiyya [q.v.], held by some ˙ qAbd al-Jabbaˉrb.qAbd al-Rahmaˉn al-Azdˉı, to have inherited position of imam ˙ 106, 108–110, 111, 115, 119f., 123, from his father and to have passed it 127, 193f., 195, 196, 254 on by bequest to a non-qAlid), see qAbd al-Karˉım al-Jˉılˉı, 469f., 473, 483, 486 Testament of Abuˉ Haˉshim qAbd al-Qahhaˉr/Qaˉhir/Wahhaˉb, 79, 80 Abuˉ Haˉtim, son of Pˉılawayh (protegé of Abuˉ ˙ qAbdallaˉh (brother of Baˉbak), 48, 51 Muslim), 27 qAbdallaˉhb.qAlˉı (qAbbaˉsid prince), 119 Abuˉ Hulmaˉn, 468 qAbdallaˉhb.qAˉ mir b. Kurayz al-Qurashˉı, Abuˉ Hurayra (Raˉwandˉı leader), 89 6, 136 Abuˉ qImraˉn (Khurramˉı leader), 49, 51, 60, 62 qAbdallaˉhb.Harb/al-Haˉrith al-Kindˉı, Abuˉ qIˉsaˉ al-Isfahaˉnˉı (Jewish heresiarch), 36 ˙ ˙ ˙ 93–5, 224 Abuˉ Ishaˉq (Raˉwandˉı leader), 87 ˙ qAbdallaˉhb.Jaqfar al-Hamdaˉnˉı, 53 Abuˉ Khaˉlid (al-Jawaˉliqˉı), 495–7 qAbdallaˉhb.Muqaˉwiya, 92f.; see also Abuˉ pl-Khattaˉb (founder of the Khattaˉbiyya), ˙˙ ˙˙ Harbiyya/Haˉrithiyya 246, 251, 261, 447 ˙ ˙ qAbdallaˉhb.Taˉhir, adopted by Abuˉ Mansuˉr (founder of the ˙ ˙ al-Mapmuˉ n, 117 Mansuˉriyya), 261 ˙ qAbdallaˉh al-Raˉwandˉı, 86 Abuˉ Mansuˉr al-Isfahaˉnˉı (Sufi), 471 ˙ ˙

543

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01879-2 - The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism Patricia Crone Index More information

544 Index

Abuˉ Muqaˉdh Faryaˉbˉı, 158 with resurrection of the body, see Abuˉ pl-Muqˉın al-Nasafˉı, 448, 449 resurrection Abuˉ Muslim, 20f., 27, 32, 85, 92, 93, 33, Agatharchides, 394, 401, 435 110, 114, 144, 150, 159, 241, 274 Agathias, 353, 425, 442 descendants of 45, 79f., 183, 271, 329 Agathyrsi, 401 devotees of: Ishaˉq, 103–5; Jurjaˉnˉı rebels, Ahl-i Haqq, 179, 275, 322, 369, 414, 431, ˙ ˙ 79f.; in Marw and Herat, 43, 82; 437, 471, 473–9, 480, 489, 498 al-Muqannaq, 106, 108, 109, 112, Ahmad b. Khaˉbit/Haˉpit, 243, 466 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ 127, 128–30, 135, 221; Muslimiyya, Ahmad Khaˉn, 269 ˙ 42–5, 183;Raˉwandiyya, 86f., 89f.; Ahriman (darkness, evil), 203,[220n], 322, Sunbaˉdh, 32–40 323f., 343, 351, 352, 362f., 380, doctrines about: better than angels, 43; did 382f. not die, 38, 42, 43, 80, 103, 183; as Old Testament God, 198, 460 divine spirit in, 43, 89f.,128f.,130, in Plutarch (Areimanios), 201f., 348 233; as imam, 38, 43, 44f., 130, 184, see also darkness 279, 475; nature of divinity of, 329; Ahura Mazda (Phl. Ohrmazd), 132, 146, as Pišyoˉ tan, 39, 104, 126; as prophet, 147, 174, 193, 203, 323, 324f., 330, 89f.; and reincarnation, 324; as white 334, 338, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, dove, 38, 335 355, 357, 362f., 364, 366, 373, 374, Abuˉ Muslimnaˉma, 475 376, 383, 441 Abuˉ pl-Najm (qImraˉn b. Ismaˉqˉıl) anthropormorphic conception of, 322f. al-Sijistaˉnˉı, 154 descends to earth at end of times, 322, Abuˉ Nuwaˉs, 11 341, 326f. Abuˉ Riyaˉh (arbitrator), 94 dies, 341 ˙ Abuˉ Saqˉıdb.Abˉı pl-Khayr, 467, 471 and embodiment of fravahrs, 368, 369 Abuˉ Zayd al-Balkhˉı on huluˉl, 339 enlarges and removes himself, 201f. ˙ Abwaˉp, 110 as father of Soˉšyans, 340 Achaemenids, 174, 304, 320, 327, 330f., 363 in relation to Ahriman, [194], 323, 323n. Acts of Thomas, see Thomas in Sogdia, 97f., 317, 319 Adam, 90, 91, 411, 465, 468, 474, 484, 486 worshipped indirectly, 193 Christ formed first in, 285, 286, 287, as Zeus Oromasdes, 351f. 288, 301 qAˉ pisha on qAlˉı and Prophet’s divinity, 224 as divine incarnation, 93, 128, 221, 223, al-Ajtham/Akhyam b. qAbd al-qAzˉız 224, 288, 290, 292, 467, 475 al-Marwarruˉdhˉı, 154 as image of God, 337, 340 Akbar (Mughal emperor), 491 as inaugurator of cycles, 209, 210, 211, Alamuˉ t, 465 235, 236, 245, 246, 346, 456, 478, Alchasaios, see Elchasai 479, 481 Alcibiades (Elchasaite preacher), 282–6 prophetic/imamic substance in loins of, Alevis, 437 212–14 Algeria, 173 spirit of, 87, 233 qAlˉı [b. Abˉı Taˉlib] (Muhammad’s cousin and ˙ ˙ Adbag, 97 son-in-law, married to his daughter Aˉ dhurfarnbag, 353 Faˉtima, father of al-Hasan and ˙ ˙ qAdˉı b. Musaˉfir, Shaykh, 179, 479f., 488 al-Husayn, fourth caliph in the ˙ adoptianism, 286, 291 Sunnˉı view, should have been the qAdud al-Dawla, 182 first according to Raˉfidˉı Shˉıqites ˙ ˙ Aeneas of Gaza, 348 [see rafd]), 89, 136, 211, 212, 239, ˙ Afghanistan, 11, 25, 96, 116, 150, 159, 465, 469 402f., 404 divine spirit passed to, 87, 88, 93, 223f. Afraˉsiyaˉb, 318, 387 fully deified, 184, 322, 329, 339 Afrˉıduˉn (Freˉdoˉ n), 387 imam after Muhammad, 43f., 279 ˙ Afshˉın, see Haydar b. Kaˉpuˉs new sects on, 474–6, 478, 480, 485 ˙ afterlife (Zoroastrian), 343–7 qAlˉı b. qAbdallaˉh b. al-qAbbaˉs(qAbbaˉsid as ascent to world of light, 343, 350–4 recipient of Abuˉ Haˉshim’s bequest), denial of, see heaven/paradise and hell 44, 94 as life on transfigured earth, 343, qAlˉı b. Buˉya, 182, 184 347–50 qAlˉı b. Hishaˉm, 63, 70

Index 545

q Alˉı b. Mazdak, 41, 42, 446 Apamea, 282, 284 qAlˉı b. Murr al-Taˉpˉı, 53f. Aphrahat (Farhaˉd), 88, 285 ˙ Ali Ilahis, see Ahl-i Haqq Apocalypse of Adam, 294 ˙ qAlid Shˉıqism, see Shˉı qism apocalypses, 91 qAlids (descendants of qAlˉı), 109f., 114, 115, Apocryphon of John, 294 119f., 495 Apostle of Light (Manichaean emanation), God’s spirit in, 93, 223 296, 298, 300 as mubayyida, 122f. apostles ˙ ousted by Testament of Abuˉ Haˉshim, Jesus’, 250 44; see also Shˉıqism Mandaean, 293 alienation, 274–6 Manichaean, 230f., 334 amahraspands (Av. aməšaspəntas), 322n., see also messengers 330, 338, 345, 374, 387, 476n. Appian, 422 amaˉn (promise of security), 58f., 69, 72, Aq Qoyunlu, 491 141, 158 Arab, meanings of word, [19], 74f., 136, 176 al-Amˉın(qAbbaˉsid caliph), 53, 55 Arabia, 172f., 340, 394, 404, 421 qAmmaˉr b. Yazdaˉd, see Khidaˉsh Arabs, 1–13, 15, 17, 170ff. Amorium, 67 Arameans (Semitic-speaking people of the qAmr b. Muhammad al-qAmrakˉı, 80 Fertile Crescent, esp. Iraq), 10 ˙ Aˉ mul, 84 Ardaˉ Vˉıraˉf/Vˉıraˉz, 146, 355, 374 Anahita, 193, 363 Ardabˉıl, 46, 47, 61, 71, 320, 483, 490 Anatolia, 2, 276, 351, 360, 365, 380, 410, Ardashir I (Sasanian emperor), 66, 161, 299, 416, 472, 479, 490 322, 378, 379f., 381, 419 Zoroastrians in, see Maguseans Ardwˉısuˉr, 357 Aneˉraˉn (non-Iranians), 161, 380, 381, 383, Areimanios/Areimanius, see Ahriman 385 Arewordi, 188, 437 angels, 43, 202, 222, 227, 287, 281n., 287, qaˉrif (pl. qaˉrifuˉn, ‘one who knows’), 262f. 303, 461, 470, 474, 475, 476, 487 aristocracy, Iranian, 6, 13, 17,[18], 34, 64, becoming, 88, 91, 234, 236, 244f., 252, 162, 276, 378 346,[350], 455 Armenia, 25, 27, 55, 58, 63, 67, 68, 122, among forms of God, 225 188, 226, 280, 281, 331, 381, 433, inferior, as creators of the world, 443 437, 479 itinerant personnel as, 270 Arminius, 168 animals army eating of, 22f., 198, 254, 257–60, 303, Arab recruitment of non-Arabs for, 310f., 312f., 315, 315f., 364–7, 372, 12f., 15f. 471, 478 Baˉbak’s, 65f. hunting of, 257f., 316 enrolment of defeated opponents in, 57, killing of noxious, 255, 257, 312, 345, 71f., [93f.], 142, 158 363, 365, 367 Haˉshimite recruitment of non-Arabs for, reincarnation as, 235, 237, 238, 239f., 18f., 27 240, 241, 242f., 244, 245, 250, 252 reluctance to serve in, 275, 373 reincarnation of, 256, 258, 466 Roman and European recruitment of sacriﬁce/slaughter of: Islamic, 258, 478; natives for, 16 Jewish, 310f.; justiﬁcations of Arraˉn (Albania), 46, 49, 58, 61, 65, 483 (Zoroastrian), 243, 256, 260, 365f.; Artemidorus, 394 method of (Zoroastrian), 314f., 325, Asad b. qAbdallaˉh (al-Qasrˉı, Arab governor 366; Mithraic, 309, 499; Zoroastrian, of Khuraˉsaˉn), 82, 87, 122, 496 255, 363, 364, 377; see also butchers; Asahara, 255 carrion ascent to heaven and heavenly journeys, 91, animism, 272f., 306, 324, 466 133, 144–7, 265, 354–61, 373, 461 An-Lushan, 5, 100, 115 see also angels, becoming Anoˉsh Uthra, 293 asceticism, 216, 219, 220, 254, 266f., 306, antinomianism, 261–4, 268, 426, 437, 307, 310–12, 363, 462, 467 471f., 478 Asfaˉr (b. Shˉırawayh), 268, 269 Antioch, Antiochene, 303, 380, 381 al-Ashqath b. Yahyaˉ al-Taˉpˉı, 116, 120 ˙ ˙ Antiochus of Commagene, 351f., 360 ashbaˉh, 210–14; see also body substance ˙

546 Index

Ashot, 63, 67 Baˉdghˉıs, 4, 63, 141, 150, 151, 152, 153, assassination, 256, 257, 264 154, 155 assassins (Nizaˉrˉı Ismailis), 264 Badhdh, 49, 53, 62, 71, 183, 228, 270 Assyrians, 174, 200, 201, 327, 331f., 333, Badr al-Dˉın, followers of, 437 336, 368 baga, bay, bey, 98, 328f. qAtaˉp b. Abˉı Rabaˉh, 428 Baghdad, 20, 41, 66, 71, 72, 75, 83, 111, ˙ ˙ atheists, atheism, 374, 384, 458 115, 117, 142, 156, 157, 158, 196, Augustine on seven eras, 129n. 234, 241, 242, 246, 318, 446, Aum Shinrikyo, 255 449, 491 aurentes (arhats), 300 Bahrabad, 146 avatars, 225, 326, 339 Bahram I (Sasanian emperor), 380 Avesta, Avestan tradition, 317–21, 339, Bahram II (Sasanian emperor), 380 364, 370f., 379, 488 Bahram V (Sasanian emperor), 328 denial of afterlife in, 373 BahraˉmYašt, 326 eschatology in, 347, 350f., 354f., 361 Bahrayn, 176, 465 ˙ heretics teaching, 385 al-Baqˉıth/al-Buqayth, 56f. qAwdians, 294 Balkh, 4, 86, 106, 107, 112, 117, 158, 178, Aˉ z, 207, 442 386, 472 Azerbaijan, 25, 31, 40, 41, 42, 119, 122, Baluchistan, 402 123, 245, 250, 258, 448, 471, 483 Baˉmiyaˉn, 125, 403 Arab invasion and colonisation of 46f., baptism, baptists, 281f., 286, 291, 293–5, 51, 69, 276 301, 312, 427 brigands in, 54–9, 114 al-Baqlˉı, 249 Khurramˉıs in, 42, 49, 60, 61, 62–4, 79, Bar Daisan, see Bardesanes ˙ 181, 183–6, 187, 226, 229, 256, 270, Bar Hadbeshabba, 314, 367, 404, 442 ˙ 275, 280, 315, 316, 321, 329, 435 Bar Hebraeus, 404 revolts in, 46–76 Baraˉzbanda b. Bamruˉ n, 109 warlords in, 52–4, 114, 141 Bardesanes (Bar Daisan/Ibn Daysaˉn), 199f., ˙ ˙ Zoroastrianism in, 378, 386 204, 220, 231, 311, 391, 430; see also Azeri (language), 46, 51 Daysaˉniyya ˙ Azraqˉıs, 264 Bardhaqa, 46, 65 Barghawaˉta, 167 ˙ Baˉb (Bactrian member of polyandrous Barkuˉ kiyya, 43 household), 404f. Barsˉıs, see Nasr ˙ Baˉb, the, 465 Baˉryazdshaˉh, 182 Baˉb al-abwaˉb (Derbend), 46, 65 Barzand, 71 Babai, 346 Baˉsand, 102 Baˉbak, 47–76, 140–3, 228, 229, 492 Basil the Great (bishop), 305, 314f. cult organisation of, 62f., 123f., 483 Basra, 6, 8, 12, 52, 53, 89, 136, 187, 231 as évolué, 170 Baˉtinˉıs (Ismailis, also used of Khurramˉıs), ˙ followers of, 60f., 181, 183f., 186, 86, 88, 181, 187, 492 280, 500 Bauls (Bengali mystic singers), 472 and hunting 72, 257, 316 bay (baga; bey), 328f. and Khurramˉıs of Jibaˉl, 40, 41f., 64 Bazˉıghiyya, 236n. and Mazdakism, 72, 445 Bektashism, Bektashis, 473, 480, 482, and Muslimism, 43 488, 493 prophetic/divine spirit in, 226f., 230, 329 Berbers, 169, 170, 428, 435 sons and daughter of, 71, 156 Bessos, 354 violence of, 67–9, 72, 255f. Beth Qardu/Qardwaye, 63, 182 wedding ceremony of, 257, 316, 490–500 Beth Zabde, 63 and women, 59f., 62, 72, 426, 432, 445 Bihaˉfarˉıdh b. Maˉhfarvardˉın, 144–51 Baˉbik, Shaykh, 479 heavenly journey of, 130, 144–7 Baˉbˉıs, 340, 465, 493 and Khurramism, 150f., 159 Baˉbuˉnaj, 58, 76 and messianism, 150 Babylon/Babylonia, 305, 433 as reformist leader 148f., 166 Bactria, 96, 125, 128, 317, 328, 430 and reincarnation, 310 Bactrian documents, 402, 403 Bilaˉlaˉbaˉd, 48

Index 547

al-Bˉıruˉnˉı, 137, 387f., 404 order) Abuˉ Bakr, qUmar, qUthmaˉn; Bishtaˉsb/Gushtaˉsb, 381f., 386 qAlˉı; Umayyads; qAbbaˉsids Black Stone, 454 Calixtus (bishop), 282 Black-clothed ones (musawwida), 90, 121f., capitals, imperial, 1f., 172f. 126f., 279 Cappadocia, 305, 314, 381 blood, spilling of, 314, 315 captives, 7–10, 13, 15 body substance, 212, 463, 485f. Carpocrates, Carpocratians, 416, 436, of Zoroaster (tan goˉhr), 213f, 368, 486 442–4 Bon-po, 396 carrion, eating of, 197, 259f., 261, Book of Nativities, 34 363f., 391 Borborian Melyonaye, 436 Carthage, captives taken at, 7 boys, beautiful, 468 Caspian Sea/coast, 3, 5, 250, 268, 269, 422; brahman (the inconceivable absolute), 338f., conversion of pagans at, 268f. 355, 453 caste system, 457 Brahmins (Vedic priests), 379, 405, 407, Cato, 422 416, 419 cattle, 257, 259, 363–7, brigands, 54–9, 479 Caucasus, 380, 381 Britain, polyandry in ancient, 394 celibacy, 310, 311, 411, 483 British empire, 168f., 172, 173 Celsus, 360, 443 brotherhoods, sworn, 412–14, 447 Cerinthian doctrine, 286 Buckingham, James, 449 Ceylon, 315, 394f. Budayl the Weaver, 184, 431f Chaghaˉniyaˉn, 98, 99, 102, 112, 140 Buddha, Buddhas, 132, 297, 300, 306, chain 307, 379 of being, 455, 456 in Manichaeism, 132, 297, 298, 300 food, 345, 359 Buddha-Urmaysde, 132 of imams, 224, 329f., 465 Buddhism, Buddhists, 265, 380f., of prophets, 288, 289, 290, 292, 294n., 386–8, 396 329f., 335, 465 and colour-coding, 124–6 of transmitters of Prophet’s body and Maga, see Maga substance, 452f. and meat-eating, 315 of Zoroastrian heroes, 332, 333 in message of al-Muqannaq, 131–3, Chakravartin, 163 135, 166 Changan, 4f. Manichaeism and, 306–8 children, 243, 268, 362, 395, 396, 398, 401, in Sogdia, 97–100, 323, 362 404, 427, 430, 445 Buˉdhaˉsaf al-hakˉım, 128 strategies for producing, 415–25, 428 ˙ Bukhaˉraˉ, 96, 111–13, 114, 120, 127, 138, China, 3–6, 167, 100f., 144, 477 139, 142, 180, 270, 434 Arab defeat of, at Talas, 5, 100, 114, 115 bukhaˉrkhudaˉ, 76, 114, 116, 117, 118, Zoroastrianism in, 100f., 382, 386, 387 120, 141 Chou-shu, 402, 421 bull-slaying, 309, 316, 499, 500 Christ, 163, 164, 227, 287f., 341, 342, 379, Buˉmijkath, 111 443, 466, 475 Burzoeˉ, 307, 374, 385 baptism of, 286, 291, 298, 301, 335 Buˉshanj, 4, 116, 158 diverse forms of, 225, 290 Bust, 152, 153, 155 as French God, 165 butchers, outsiders as, 315, 365 as God-receiver, 302, 477 Buˉyids, 268f. as image of God, 337f., 339f. Buˉzbaˉra, 76 of Khurdanaye, 63, 134f., 166, 226 Byzantine empire, 35, 67, 183, 284 Mani as, 132, 299 Arab vs Turkish invasions of, 1f. put on body, 284ff., 301f. Khurramˉıs ﬂee to, 41, 42 sun as, 188, 301 Zoroastrians in, 304n. as teacher of reincarnation, 308, 358 as third principle, 199 Cˇ aecˇasta (MP Šıˉz), Lake, 321 see also Jesus caliphs (actual holders of position as Christianity successors of the Prophet, in principle vs Islam in imperial expansion, 171f. also imams), see (in chronological in late antiquity, 460f.

548 Index

Christianity (cont.) converts, non-Arab, 7ff., 10, 13ff., 171 Syriac, 293, 301–3, 310, 338, 454 and freedom from taxation 13–15, 101 Christians new elite formed from, 17 in Iran, 273, 383f.; 489 stay in adopted community, 9, 176f. and Judaism, 175 see also évolués; gentiles and Mosaic law, 262, 263 Copts, 15 prophets among early, 226–30 cosmology 193–208, 215 in Sogdia, 98 creation, 323, 324f., 454 church, 375ff. Ahriman no share in, 323f. Cilicia, 381 denial of, 248, 374 Cˇ invad bridge, 343, 351, 355 as mixture caused by accident/error, 195, circulation between heaven and earth, 248f., 215, 220, 323, 459 270, 355, 356f., 358, 359 as mixture of three elements, 196f. Nuqtavˉı version of, 485 monotheist view of, 454 ˙ cities see also cosmology Arab garrison, 7f., 12, 13, 14 Ctesiphon, 1, 2, 93, 281 Arabs move power to, 276 cult societies, Khurramˉı, 49, 62f., 64 effect of Turco-Mongol invasions on, 491 and Haˉshimiyya organisation, 123f. citizenship, 16, 174 and Suﬁ lodges, 270, 483 Cˇ itromeˉsan, see Pišyoˉtan cycles (adwaˉr, akwaˉr), 243, 272, 481 civil war, 4, 9, 17, 53f., 58, 69, 172, 173 duration of, 209f., 239, 244, 245, 246, Clement of Alexandria, 292n., 416, 436, 251, 346, 478, 484f. 443, 444 number of: endless, 239; four, 476; seven, clients (mawaˉlˉı, sg. mawlaˉ), 8–10, 18, 21, 88f., 129f., 209, 235, 246 169, 171, 175; see also converts Cyprus, Arab invasions of, 7f close-kin marriage, 382, 406, 408f., 416f., Cyrenaica, Jewish rebellion in, 281 423, 424, 431f., 496 as Mazdakite deviation, 425 Dabistaˉn-i madhaˉhib, 445 peculiar to Persians, 391 Dahrˉıs, Dahrism, 247–9, 309, 375, 458, rejected by Bihaˉfarˉıdh, 148, 149 482, 486, 487, 492; see also in Zoroastrian myth, 441 eternalism see also incest motif daivas, deˉvs, devas, 97, 98, 345, 355; see clothing also demons as form/body, 242, 251, 285, 287, 297, dakhmas, 145 301, 338, 344f., 349, 468, 469f., Damascus, 122, 188 474f., 477 Dargazˉın, 187 of light, 301 Darˉı[g], 161 of paradise, 88, 130, 144, 145, 147, 166 Darius I (Achaemenid emperor), 351, 354 colonial rule, see empires darkness, 194–205, 220, 272, 316, 323 colour-coding, 79, 121–8 as evil, 198, 220 co-marriage, see temporary co-marriage as ignorant, blind and violent, 195f., 220 communism, 439, 443 as matter, 220, 324 family/household, [268], 397, 401, 414, space between God/light and, 194, 200, 441, 442 203, 205 Greeks on Iranian, 400f., 444 see also Ahriman; water Plato’s, 439, 442, 444 Dastabaˉ, 40 Zarduˉ sht of Fasaˉ and Mazdak’s, 22f., dawr (pl. adwaˉr), see cycles 207, 372, 439–44 Daˉwuˉd b. Karraˉr/Karraˉz/Kazzaˉz see also property; women al-Baˉhilˉı, 154 community leaders, prophets and imams Day of Judgement, 164, 210, 237, 311, 478 as, 229 Daylam, Daylamˉıs, 35, 37, 187, 242, 268, Companions of the Prophet, 239, 250 280, 426 concubines/members of harem, 71, 156, 421 ‘Qaraˉmita and Daylam’, 191–3, 234, ˙ Congo, 165 267–9, 275, 414, 447 conjuring tricks, Sogdian, 101, 102, 109, 134 Daysaˉniyya, 200, 256, 311 ˙ conspiracy theory, 40, 67, 492f. dead, revival of the, 134f., 145–7, 347, Constantinople, 2 349, 373

Index 549

deﬂoration rituals, 407, 416, 433f., 436, 438 on meat-eating and marriage, 310f. Deˉmak (Dymk/Smk), 372 modern version of, 479 demiurge, 201, 205, 215, 216, 219 on periodic incarnation, 281–8, 291, demons, 207, 251n., 351, 380, 382f., 459, 294–6, 300, 338 460; see also daivas elements Derdekeas, 341 death and resorption into, 247, 487 deˉvs, see daivas; demons progression from, 480, 484f. Devil (Satan), 198f., 201, 216, 443, 460; purity and veneration of, 193, 324, 383, see also Ahriman; darkness; Iblˉıs 387, 456, 483 devil-worship, 479 three or four, 196f., 200, 248, 249,[482], Dhaquˉliyya (Dafuˉliyya), 185 483–5 dhaˉt al-haqq (divine essence, the deity Elijah, 230 ˙ beyond reach), 473, 481; 323n. Elxai (Elxaios), see Elchasai dietary laws, 24, 86, 148, 180, 257, 259, emanations, 216, 219, 222, 297, 300, 323, 260, 261, 364 329, 453 Dihkhudaˉ, 178, 184, 245, 431 emergentism, 273 dihqaˉns (village squires/headmen), 138 Empedocles, 305 Dihya al-Kalbˉı, 224, 225, 474 empires ˙ Dˉınawar, 41, 92, 185 position of natives in Graeco-Roman, Diocletian (Roman emperor), 412, 423 Muslim and European, 15–17, 39, Diodorus Siculus, 401 162–73 Diogenes Laertius, 347 role of religion in native reponses to, Diraˉrb.qAmr, 231 171–5 ˙ Dˉısnaˉd, 445 end of time/world, 91, 209, 220, 238, 251, Dˉıvdaˉd, Abuˉ Saqˉıd (Saˉjid), 76,[318n.] 327, 335 divine indwelling (huluˉl), see immanence; endogamy, 424, 427 ˙ incarnation Enoch (Idrˉıs), 251, 289, 461; Scrolls of, divine kingship, 327–33, 336f. 90, 91 divorce, 405, 416, 420, 422, 431 Ephorus, 400 Diyarbekir, 188 Epimenides, 348 doceticism, docetic, 294,[297], 302f. Eˉ raˉn (Iranians), 161, 376, 381 Dönme, 437 Eˉ raˉnšahr (land of the Iranians), 376, 379, door-markers, 392f., 400, 404, 405, 421 383, 384, 388 Doughty, C. M., 436 eschatology, 137, 196, 209, 342–62, 370 Douketios, 168 estates, four, 198, 457 dove, divine/holy spirit as, 38, 286, 291, 335 eternalism/eternalists, 220, 238, 239, 240, dualism, 191, 194–6, 219, 370 242, 247–9, 251, 252, 352, 373; see with intermediary, 199–205, 219, 295 also Dahrˉıs vs monotheism, 453–60 ethnic chauvinism, Arab, 171 pre-eternal, 194–96, 323 Euboulos, 303f., 313, 315f., 360f., 362, 367 from single principle, see Maskhiyya; Evagrius, 214, 461 Zurvaˉn Eve, 441, 448, 468 dualists, 272 evil, 218, 455, 459f., 461 Elchasaite, 294 non-existence of, 323f. non-Zoroastrian (thanawiyya), 229, 231, évolués, 168–73 248, 492 exorcism, 103 Dugdav (Zoroaster’s mother), 214 Durkheim, E., 439 Faˉdhuˉsbaˉn b. Kanaˉranj, 32–4 Fadl Allaˉh Astaraˉbaˉdˉı, 476, 481, 483, 488 ˙ earth (element), 196, 197, 203, 324 al-Fadl b. Sahl, 156 ˙ Ebionites 282, 286, 288, 291, 311, 443 al-Fadl b. Shaˉdhaˉn, 231 ˙ Edessa, 200, 289, 429 al-Fadl al-Hadathˉı (‘al-Harraˉnˉı’), 234, ˙ ˙ ˙ Egypt, 12, 14, 15, 168, 281, 336, 427, 243, 466 465, 472 faith-based vs ancestral communities, 375ff. Elburz mountains, 79 Fakhkh, 157 Elchasai, Elchasaites (Jewish Christian falcons, 335, 466 baptists) Faraj al-Qassaˉr, 10f. ˙˙

550 Index

Farghaˉna, 18, 117, 139, 180f, 434 Gaˉthaˉs, 319, 347, 363, 368 farn/ farna/ farr/farra, 330f., 333, 334; see Gayoˉ mard, 333, 441 also khwarra gentiles, non-Jewish and non-Arab, and Faˉrs (Paˉrs) adopted community, 175–7 qAbdallaˉhb.Muqaˉwiya in, 92 Ghaˉlib (qAlid extremist), 496 Arab conquest of, 6 Ghaˉlib (son of Ustaˉdhsˉıs), 156 Arab settlement in, 12 Ghaznayn, 181 Khurramˉıs in, 24, 41, 183 Ghˉıriyya, 447f. language of, 31, 320, 388 Ghulaˉt (extremist Shˉıqites), 43, 192, 193, Zoroastrians of, 314, 321, 322, 340, 350, 215, 228f., 251, 261, 329, 340, 489 361, 370, 386, 388 ghuluww (Shˉıqite extremism), 208, 238, 275, see also Persians 322, 464, 473 ‘fasters’ (al-siyaˉmiyya), 197 qAlid Shˉıqite, 329; see also Kaˉmiliyya; ˙ fasting, 24, 86, 268 Khattaˉbiyya; Mansuˉ riyya; ˙˙ ˙ forbidden, 362 Mufawwida; Mughˉıriyya; ˙ Father of Greatness, 296, 323 Nusayrˉıs; Qaraˉmita/Qarmatˉıs ˙ ˙ ˙ Faˉtima (daughter of Abuˉ Muslim), 45, and Dahrism, 249, 482 ˙ 1183, 329 and Gnosticism, 215, 218–20 Faˉtima (daughter of Muhammad, wife of and subversion of Islam from within, 492f. ˙ ˙ qAlˉı), [43], 44, 212, 495f. Ghumaˉra, 167 Faˉtimids (devotees of descendants of Ghuˉrids, 404 ˙ Faˉtima), 183, 465, 489, 496 Ghuzz, 139 ˙ Fiji Islands, 165 Gˉılaˉn, Gˉılˉıs, 251, 268, 430, 482, 483 ﬁre, 196f., 199, 200, 323, 324f. Gindans, 429 in circulation berween heaven and earth, Gnosticism, Gnostic, 91, 93, 204, 211, 213, 325, 354f., 357 214, 218f., 273, 460f., 472 creative, 324f. controversy over, 215–20 present in all Ohrmazd’s creatures, 325 dualism with intermediary in, 199–201, sample of the divine, 325 295 temples, 377f., 380–2; pre-Zoroastrian, 387 Khurramism and, 219f., 252, 262f., worship of, 98, 148, 193, 317, 324, 383f; 274, 342 Christians and, 383f.; Kanthaeans and panpsychism, 273, 308 adopt, 383; Khurramˉıs and, 271 and periodic incarnation, 290, 294 foreign rule, nationalist and nativist see also Kanthaeans; Mandaean(s); reactions to, 160ff. Manichaeism; Seth; Valentinian(s) form, changes of, 224f., 229, 292, 295; God see also names and forms; qalb dualist vs monotheist conceptions of, 453ff. Fragment Westergaard, 347 Khurramˉı conceptions of, 191–93 fravahrs (Av. fravašis, spirits of past, present, in Zoroastrianism, 322ff. and future mankind), 213, 221, 355, Gospel of the Hebrews, 291 367–9, 477 Greeks fravarane (Zoroastrian creed), 376 and conquered natives, 159, 168, 174 Free Spirits, 267 and Iranian communism, 400f., 442, 444 freedmen, 7–10, 13,[21] and panpsychism, 273 French empire, 168f., 173 green clothes, see paradise, clothes of funerary customs, 98, 145f., 317, 345f., 350, Gregory of Nyssa (bishop), 305, 486 353f., 384 guest prostitution, 265, 415, 421, Fushaˉriyya, 448 427–33, 445 Fustaˉt, 8 Guhya-Samaˉja, 265 ˙ ˙ Guran, 275, 322, 323, 335, 475, 476, 477, Gabriel, 43, 88, 165, 224f., 233, 326, 474, 478, 481 475 Guˉ štasp/Bˉıshtaˉsp (Zoroaster’s patron), garments of light, 301; see also clothing; 296; see also Vištaˉsp resurrection body garoˉdmaˉn, garuzmaˉn (paradise, realm of Hadaˉyoˉ š, 366 endless light), 245, 343, 351, 355 Hadramawt, Hadramˉı, 169, 428 ˙ ˙ ˙ gate (thyra, baˉb), 289, 340 Hadrian (Roman emperor), 303

Index 551

Haˉfiz (Persian poet), 469, 471 Haˉshimite Shˉıqism (‘big-tent’ Shˉıqism ˙ ˙ Haftaˉd u sih millat, 448, 450 deeming all Haˉshimites eligible as Haftawaˉna, 471 caliphs), 92, 109, 496 al-Hajjaˉj (Arab governor), 10, 33, 37 Haˉshimites/Haˉshimite family (the Prophet’s ˙ Hajji Bektash, 472, 480, 488 wider family including both Hakam Taˉlaqaˉnˉı, 158 qAbbaˉsids and qAlids), 44, 92, 94, ˙ ˙ hakˉım, 128 110, 157, 158, 241 ˙ Hakˉım (father of al-Muqannaq), 106, Haˉshimiyya, Haˉshimite mission ˙ 107, 109 (organisation devoted to al-Haˉkim (Faˉtimid caliph), 465 enthronement of a Haˉshimite as ˙ ˙ al-Hakˉım al-Tirmidhˉı, 107, 128 caliph), 17, 82, 94, 159, 171, 176, ˙ Hakˉım-i Ahmad (Hakˉım-i Bukhaˉraˉ), 111, 226, 495f. ˙ ˙ ˙ 112, 127, 138 Ibraˉhˉım al-Imam and, 110, 119, 495; see Hakkari mountains, 479 also Ibraˉhˉımb.Muhammad ˙ al-Hallaˉj (Sufi martyr), 467, 469 and Khurramˉıs, 22, 26f., 79, 82–8, 104, ˙ Hamadhaˉn, 6, 40, 41, 55, 92, 281, 321 107, 109, 128 Haˉp-Mˉım, 167 Khurramˉı-type organisation and colour- ˙ Hammaˉd qAjrad, 413f. coding of, 123f., 270 ˙ Hammaˉdb.qAmr al-Sughdˉı, 154 recruits of, 17–22, 79, 84, 86, 102, ˙ haqˉıqa Muhammadiyya, 470 127, 128 ˙ ˙ Harb b. qAbdallaˉh al-Raˉwandˉı, 87, 94 replace Umayyad and Sogdian elites, ˙ Harb b. Ziyaˉd al-Taˉlaˉqaˉnˉı, 108 118, 120 ˙ ˙ Harbiyya/Haˉrithiyya (aka Janaˉhiyya), 92–5, revolts by members of, 114–16, 118, 119f. ˙ ˙ ˙ 191, 241f., 274 Haˉtim b. Fˉıruˉ z, 60 ˙ antinomianism of, 261, 263 Haˉtim b. Harthama, 64f., 75, 119 ˙ eternalism of some, 247 Hau-Hau movement, 164, 165 as font and origin of all Khurramˉıs, 32 Haydar b. Kaˉpuˉs (the Afshˉın), 55, 65, 67, 71, ˙ huluˉl according to, 93, 223f, 476 75f., 117f., 253, 328 ˙ materialism of some, 247–9, 487 al-Haytham b. Muqaˉwiya, 87f., 225, 233 pre-existence, seven cycles and Hazaras, 429 eschatology of, 209–15, 235f., Hazawwar, 82 ˙ 478, 481f. heaven(s) reincarnation according to, 234–52 holes and balls of, 359 Harbiyya quarter (Baghdad), 87, 251 number of: seven, 235; three, 338n., ˙ al-Harˉısh b. Sulaym/Sulaymaˉn, 83 343, 351 ˙ al-Haˉrith b. Surayj, 114 see also ascent and heavenly journeys ˙ Haˉrithiyya, see Harbiyya/Haˉrithiyya heaven/paradise and hell ˙ ˙ ˙ Harpocrates, 443 denial of, 192, 384; in favour of no Harranians, 239, 388 afterlife, 373f, 248f., 482; in favour Harthama b. Aqyan, 158 of reincarnation, 240, 243, Haˉruˉn (Khurdanaye leader), 63, 70 245, 485 Haˉruˉn al-Rashˉıd(qAbbaˉsid caliph), 40, 53, as internal to the individual, 470, 478, 482 55, 58, 117, 156 as irrelevant, 470 Haruˉ rˉı, 158 Kerdˉır’saffirmation of, 383 ˙ al-Hasan, see Baˉbak see also Dahrˉıs; eternalism ˙ al-Hasan [b. qAlˉı], grandson of the Prophet, heavenly bodies, 246, 324, 352, 359, 387, ˙ ancestor of Hasanids), 43, 212 459; see also moon; stars; sun ˙ al-Hasan b. qAlˉı al-Mapmuˉ nˉı, 63, 75 hekhalot mysticism, 208, 263 ˙ Hasan-i Sabbaˉh (Nizaˉrˉı Ismaili leader), 264 Helkasai, Helkesaites, see Elchasai ˙ ˙ ˙ Hasanids (descendants of al-Hasan b. hell(s), 235, 343, 351 ˙ ˙ qAlˉı), 157 Hephtalites, 3, 178, 402, 421 Haˉshim (ancestor of Prophet, qAlids and Herat, 4, 93, 150, 153, 154, 158 qAbbaˉsids), see Haˉshimites heresy (ahramoˉgˉıh), Zoroastrian books on, Haˉshim b. Baˉtijuˉr, 41 371–5, 384f. Haˉshim b. Hakˉım, see al-Muqannaq Herodotus, 314, 363, 399, 400, 401, 415, ˙ Haˉshimite (aka qAbbaˉsid) revolution, 11ff., 429, 433 68, 79; see Haˉshimiyya hiding behind Islam, 178, 279

552 Index

Hinduism, Hindus, 307, 319, 361, Ibn Maˉmshaˉdh, 169f. [378f.], 396 Ibn Maˉnuˉsh/Baˉnuˉsh, 466 divine images and incarnation in, 338f. Ibn Muqaˉwiya, see qAbdallaˉhb.Muqaˉwiya Tantric, 265f. Ibn al-Rawwaˉd, see Muhammad b. ˙ see also Síva, Visnu al-Rawwaˉd al-Azdˉı ˙ ˙ Hˉıra, 82 Ibraˉhˉımb.qAbdallaˉh(qAlid) 109, 110, 122 ˙ Hisbiyya, 447 Ibraˉhˉım b. al-Layth b. al-Fadl, 70, 75 ˙ ˙ Hishaˉm (Umayyad caliph), 61 Ibraˉhˉımb.Muhammad (al-Imaˉm), 44, 87, ˙ Hishaˉm b. al-Hakam, 90 88, 92, 110, 119, 184, 475, 495, 496 ˙ holy men, 228 Ibraˉhˉımb.Muhammad (scholar), 102, 103, ˙ holy spirit, see spirit 104, 128, 129, 392 Hormizd I (Sasanian emperor), 380 ikhshˉıd (king) of Samarqand, 114, 116, Hortensius, 422 118, 141 houris, 344 Iˉlaˉq, 139, 180, 270, 405 Hsüan-tsang, 402, 409f. Illuminator (phoˉsteˉr), 297 Hu (‘Westerners’, i.e. Sogdians), 3f., 98 image of God, 336–40 Hui-chao, 402f., 409 imamate (rightful leadership of the Hulays (Julays/Halbas), 56 believers), see imams ˙ ˙ huluˉl (divine incarnation, immanence), Imaˉmˉıs, Imaˉmism, see Shˉıqism ˙ changing meaning of term, 467f.; see imams (model leaders whose example the also immanence; incarnation believers should follow and who Hulwaˉn, 20, 35 ought to be caliphs; necessarily ˙ humaˉma, humuˉm, 193, 198 members of the Prophet’s family Humayd b. Qahtaba, 33f., 111f., 157 according to the Shˉıqites, need not be ˙ ˙ ˙ Hurayth b. Abˉı pl-Salt, 414 according to the Sunnˉıs) ˙ ˙ Huruˉfˉıs, Huruˉfism, 137, 450, 476, 480–2, qAbbaˉsid view of true succession of, see ˙ ˙ 483, 487, 488, 491, 493 wiraˉtha vs wasiyya ˙ al-Husayn ([b. qAlˉı] grandson of the Prophet, divine spirit in, 87f., 93, 223f. ˙ ancestor of Husaynids), 43, 212, 271, Haˉshimiyya’s view of true succession of, ˙ 274, 476, 484 see Haˉshimite Shˉıqism; Testament of al-Husayn b. qAlˉı (rebel at Fakhkh), 157 Abuˉ Haˉshim ˙ Husayn b. Muslim, 142 idea of superhuman, 464f. ˙ Husayn b. Yuˉsuf al-Barm, 158 Khurramˉı view of true succession of, 43–5, ˙ Hyrcania (Gorgaˉn, Jurjaˉn), 422 85f., 87, 94, 95, 104, 194 and lawgiver prophets, 231 Ibaˉdˉıs, 169 as link to divine realm, 464 ˙ ibaˉha (short for ibaˉhat al-nisaˉp, ‘holding made of special stuff, 457 ˙ ˙ women to be lawful [for everyone to Persian kings as, 184 sleep with]’, sexual permissiveness), in pre-existence, 212–14, 236 23, 83, 186f., 391, 405, 410, 425, sequence of, culminates in the mahdi, 431, 438 230, 465 laylat al- (the night of), 438 immanence, divine, 370, 454–7, 460, 467–9, Ibaˉhiyya (‘believers in ibaˉha’), 493 482; see also panentheism, pantheism ˙ ˙ Iblˉıs, 468; see also Devil ‘Immortals’, 66 Ibn qAbbaˉs, 463 inbreeding, avoidance of, 424f., 429 Ibn Abˉı pl-qAwjaˉp [qAbd al-Karˉım], (zindˉıq), 231 incarnation, divine (huluˉl), 193, 216, 219, ˙ Ibn al-Ashqath, 33 220, 226, 233, 267, 272, 273, 316, Ibn al-Baqˉıth/Buqayth, see Muhammad b. 326f., 372, 373, 456, 461, 466f., ˙ al-Baqˉıth 469f., 480 Ibn Daysaˉn, see Bardesanes into adults, 229, 303 ˙ Ibn Hafsuˉn, 50 one, 290, 301–3, 338, 455 ˙ ˙ Ibn al-Hanafiyya, see Muhammad b. by ordinary birth, 430 ˙ ˙ al-Hanafiyya periodic, 23, 128–30, 132, 221–4, 229, 281, ˙ Ibn Harb, see qAbdallaˉhb.Harb 284–92, 293–300, 303, 338, 474–7 ˙ ˙ Ibn Khaˉbit, see Ahmad b. Khaˉbit/Haˉpit two, 290, 286–8, 289, 338 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ Ibn Khafˉıf, 426 by virgin birth, 476 Ibn Khalduˉn, 1 see also chain; qalb; spirit

Index 553

incest motif, 391, 405f., 407f., 425, 434, Jamshˉıd (legendary king), 184, 335, 364; see 435f., 438 also Yima India, 169, 172, 273, 433, 455, 470 al-Janad, 428 features shared by Iran and, 362, 378f. Janaˉhiyya, see Harbiyya/Haˉrithiyya ˙ ˙ ˙ Maga in, 405f., 416 Jaˉshakiyya (Khaˉshakiyya), 183 Mani and, 306f. Jaˉvˉıdhaˉn b. Shahrak, 48–51, 60, 62, Nuqtavˉıs in, 483 124, 183 ˙ polyandry in, 395, 397f. and Khurramˉı organisation, 49, 62f., 64, temporary co-marriage in, 418f 123, 270 see also Hinduism nature of divinity of, 329 Indra, 97 as prophet, 226–8 ingesting divinity/holy spirit/divine wisdom, social status of, 49, 60f., 385 224, 224n., 476 son of, 49f. intermediaries, 458, 460f.; see also dualism: spirit of, 50, 74, 226, 230 with intermediary widow of, 49f., 61, 62, 445, 446 Iranian languages, see languages, Iranian jealousy, 409, 442 Iron Gate, 96, 102, 112 Jesus, 133, 230, 443, 467, 469, 474 qIˉsaˉ b. Muhammad b. Abˉı Khaˉlid, 70, 75 born divine by normal intercourse, 230 ˙ qIˉsaˉ b. Muˉsaˉ, 90 Khidaˉsh raised to heaven like, 83, 85 isbahbadh (commander), 33f. in Manichaeism, 229, 231, 297f. ˙ Isfahaˉn, 3, 24, 31, 40f., 92, 95, 182, 185, in Marcionism, 198f. ˙ 280, 321, 382 as seventh son of Adonay, 129 Isfijaˉb, 18 spirit of, in imams, 87, 88 Ishaˉq, Shaykh, see Sahak, Sultan spirit of God in, 128f., 211, 223, 229 ˙ Ishaˉqb.qAmr, 104 as third principle 199, 201 ˙ Ishaˉq b. Ibraˉhˉımb.Musqab, 41 see also Christ ˙ ˙ Ishaˉq (b. qAmr?) al-Turk, 27, 102–5, 139 Jesus the Splendour, 296, 341 ˙ Ishoqbokht, 409, 424 Jew(s), 61, 176, 273; see also Judaism; Parthia Ishtaˉkanj, al-Ishtaˉkhanj, 18, 115, 116, 118f. Jibaˉl (Media), 64, 421, 329, 373, 472 Islam, unique relationship between faith- colonists in, 54, 56, 275, 276 based community and polity in, Khurramˉı revolts in, 27, 31f., 40–2, 70f., 175–7; see also empires 92, 117, 178, 182 qIsma al-Kurdˉı, 57, 60, 62, 385 Khurramˉıs of, 23, 32, 45, 64, 117, 181, ˙ Ismaˉqˉıl b. Arslaˉnjaq, 187 185f., 229, 341 Ismailis (Ismaˉqˉılˉıs), Ismailism, 88f., 263f., resistance to Arab conquerors in, 6f. 440, 465, 473, 491–3 see also Harbiyya/Haˉrithiyya; Media ˙ ˙ allied with/recruit Khurramˉıs and pagans, Jibrapˉıl b. Yahyaˉ al-Bajalˉı, 112, 113, 127, ˙ 180, 181, 184, 268f., 276, 392, 431f. 142, 154 and Mazdak fragment, 208 jihaˉd, Khidaˉshiyya’s understanding of, 86 old, see Qaraˉmita/Qarmatˉıs jinn (spirits), 102, 225, 258 ˙ ˙ share features with Khurramˉıs and related jizya, see poll-tax sects, 176, 199, 210, 224, 322, John the Baptist, 163, 476 342, 465 Jonah, 230, 250 see also Nizaˉrˉıs Joseph, 286, 469 Istakhr, 6f. Josephus, 346, 347 ˙˙ Judaism Jabal al-fidda, see silver mines as ancestral religion, 376 ˙ ˙ Jaqfar b. Abˉı Taˉlib (Haˉshimite), 95 and concept of glory, 332f. ˙ Jaqfar b. Mihrijˉısh/Faharjˉıs, 182 and concept of periodic incarnation, Jaqfar al-Saˉdiq (Imaˉmˉı imam), 210, 464 290–3 ˙ al-Jaˉhiz, 446f. diverse views on afterlife in, 346f. ˙ ˙ Jahm b. Safwaˉn (early Khuraˉsaˉnˉı duration of the world in, 209 ˙ theologian), 468 gentile converts break away from, 175f. Jahwar b. Maraˉr al-qIjlˉı, 35f., 115, 119 and image of God, 337f. Jainism, 273 and mediator figures, 287, 460 and Manichaeism, 306f., 313 Reform, 148f. Jamasp (Sasanian emperor), 346 and reincarnation, 242, 346n.

554 Index

Juˉ r, 378 Khidaˉsh, 22, 26, 27, 264, 274, 279, 405, 495f. Jurjaˉn (Gorgan), 27, 37, 142, 422 Khidaˉshiyya, 44, 82–6, 224, 225, 233, 257, Khurramˉı revolts in, 79–82, 127 262, 263, 326, 495–7 Khurramˉıs in, 81f., 178, 260, 446 Khotan, 125, 132, 134, 317 Juruˉmiyya, 183 Khujand, 180 Justin II (Byzantine emperor), 423 Khuraˉsaˉn, 3, 4, 12f., 154, 342, 386, 472, Justinian (I, Byzantine emperor), 228, 422, 482, and passim 423, 436 ‘disappointment with revolution’ in, 120f. Juˉ zjaˉn, 116, 141, 158 Haˉshimite revolution in, 11–13, 15, 17–20, 27, 32, 114, 184, 496 Kaqba, 38, 39, 474, 479, 487 Khurramˉıs in, 22, 23, 25, 26f., 42f., 82f., Kaˉbul, 18, 84, 152, 428, 430 85f., 87, 178f. Kaˉkaˉpˉıs, see Ahl-i Haqq long period of revolt in, 114–17 ˙ Kaˉmiliyya, 192, 231 regions known as, 11 Kanaˉraˉ, 33f., 37 Khurdanaye, 63f., 66, 67, 70, 76, 182, 479 Kangdiz, 39, 104, 126 divinity of veiled mahdi of, 226 Kanthaeans, 197f., 199, 200, 204, 295, Magians in their cult, 370 383, 384 and treatment of others, 63, 263 ritual lamentation of, 271 Khurramdˉın, meaning of name, 253 Kaˉpis´a, 402, 403, 409 Khushaysh b. Asram, 266, 267, 449 ˙ Karaj, 40, 41, 55, 182, 184 Khusraw (grandson of Peroz), 5 Kardak (Kwtk/Krtk), 372 Khusraw I (Sasanian emperor), 3, 206, 207, Kaˉsaˉn, 180 208, 328, 374, 414 Kashka Daryaˉ, 96 Khusraw II (Sasanian emperor), 1, 3, 329 Kashmir, 404, 406, 407 Khusrawiyya, 150 Kaˉva/Kaˉza, 107, 108 Khuttal, 18, 142 Kavadh (Sasanian emperor), 3, 22, 23, 33, Khwaˉf, 144, 159 254, 257, 316, 442 Khwaˉrizm, 18, 207, 352, 425, 441 Kavian kings, Kavis, 332,347 khwarra (Av. khwarəna, glory), 329–35, kavod, 332 336, 337, 340, 370, 464 kawr (cycle, mega-cycle), 237, ascends daily, 359 239, 240 and biblical glory, 332f. Kay Kaˉpuˉs (eleventh-century author), in circulation between heaven and earth, 81, 260 356f., 358, 360, 361 Kay Khusraw (legendary king), 387 as spirit or soul, 333–6, 357 Kayanid kings, 330 transﬁgures the world, 333, 347 Kaysaˉniyya (early sect of Ghulaˉt), 94 unbroken succession of royal, 332 Kayyaˉk Ghuˉrˉı, 139 Zoroaster’s, 213f., 368 kebulloi, 300, 306 see also melammu Kerdˉır, 146, 373, 374, 380f., 382–4, kings 385, 388 amass women, 421, 425f., 44 Kerman, 3, 321, 388 divine, 327–9; as images of gods, 336f.; Khalaj Khaˉqaˉn, 139 and khwarra, 330–2 Khalbaˉthaˉ, 53 Kish, 96, 100, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 127, Khaˉlid b. Ibraˉhˉım al-Dhuhlˉı, see Abuˉ 136, 141, 179 Daˉwuˉd Kitaˉb al-haft wa’l-azilla, 210–12, 214, 236 ˙ khalˉıfa (successor, deputy), 465; see also Kitaˉb al-Khurramiyya, 358, 359 caliphs Kuˉdak (Kuˉdal), 185, 372 Khalluq Khaˉqaˉn, 139 kuˉdak-i daˉnaˉ, 45, 184, 341f., 490 khaˉqaˉns (Turkish rulers), 3, 122, 127, 137f., Kuˉdhakiyya (Kardakiyya), 184f., 372 139, 328 Kuˉdhshaˉhiyya (Luˉdhshaˉhiyya), 184 Khaˉrijites, 33, 116, 137, 155, 158, 171, 264 Kufa, 7, 9, 12, 33, 52, 82, 249, 250, 405 Khashabˉıs, 250 Kuˉlaˉr Tekin, 139 Khattaˉbiyya (qAlid Shˉıqite Ghulaˉt), 261; Kulayb (‘Spiritual’), 266 ˙˙ see also Abuˉ pl-Khattaˉb Kumayt, 463 ˙˙ Khazars, 46, 47 Kurds, 53, 54, 60, 63, 181, 184, 309, Khaˉzim b. Khuzayma, 155, 156, 157 404, 489

Index 555

Kushans, 380, 381, 430 Maˉh al-Basra/al-Kuˉfa, 41, 92 ˙ Kuthayyir qAzza, 250 MaˉhYašt, 360 Maˉhaˉn al-Samghaˉnˉı, 18 ˙ Laghaˉriyya, Laghsariyya 151, 153f. Maˉhaˉniyya, 185, 197, 198, 199, 219 lamentation, ritual, 271, 274, 341f. mahdi (redeemer ar the end of time) land, 14, 52, 56–8, 164, 393, 396 chain of imams culminates in, 224 languages, Iranian, 11, 31, 46 distinction between prophets/imams as model of religious diversity, 319f. and, 231 see also Azeri; Pahlavi; Parthian; Persian; frees followers of legal restraints, Sogdian 137, 263 al-Laqata, 185 more fully divine than other prophets/ ˙ Laˉr, 483, 487, 488, 491 imams, 88–90, 222f., 230, 465 law, Islamic, 176f., 261–4, 447 persons cast as: qAbbaˉsids, 87–90, 126; letter speculation, 206, 481 qAbdallaˉhb.Muqaˉwiya, 93; Abuˉ Letter to Flora, 201 Muslim (as or with), 38f., [103], 126, Libya, 429, 435 183; Fadl Allaˉh Astaraˉbaˉdˉı as, 481; ˙ Libyrni, 430 Mahdˉı b. Fˉıruˉ z, 45, 183, 184f.; light, 193, 194f., 196, 197, 200 Mahmuˉd Pasˉıkhaˉnˉı, 485; ˙ ascent to realm of, 308, 316, 343, 344, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, ˙ 350f., 353, 354–6, 358, 360f. 109f.; al-Muqannaq, 128, 129, 133, God as, 191–3, 198f., 201f., 242, 267, 137, 166, 223; unidentiﬁed, at 316, 322, 474 Badhdh, 183f.; veiled Christ of live, sentient, and knowing, 195, 200, 272 Khurdanaye, 63, 166, 226 men of superior, 272 promised by the Haˉshimiyya, 20, 127, 128 monotheism drains world of, 273, 454 roots of Khurramˉı conception of, 329–38 present in everything, 192, 272, 325, 454 see also messiah;Soˉšyans some humans made of, 210, 212, 457 al-Mahdˉı (qAbbaˉsid caliph), 90, 112, 113, space between darkness and, 200, 203–5 116, 133, 136, 152, 153, 155, 156, weaker forms of, 192, 193, 200, 202, 157, 158 220, 455 as divine, 90 world made of, 454, 324f., 454 and doctrine of wiraˉtha, 89, 90 see also khwarra; spirit Mahdˉı b. Fˉıruˉz, 45, 183, 184f.; see also Light-Nous, 296, 300 kuˉdak-i daˉnaˉ Ling, empress dowager, 3 Mahmuˉd of Ghazna, 187, 259, 269, 426 ˙ living beings, see non-violence Mahmuˉd al-Iˉlaˉqˉı, 180, 270 ˙ Living Spirit (Manichaean emanation), 205 Mahmuˉd Pasˉıkhaˉnˉı, 483, 484f., 488 ˙ logos, 201, 205, 213, 334, 461, 465 Maˉhruˉ (mother of Baˉbak), 47f., 51, 59 Lord of Time, 476 Maiden of Light, 299 Lucian of Samosate, 439 Maitreya Buddha, 100, 124f., 126, 132f., Lycurgus, 419 137, 167, 299 Lydia, 429f. majuˉs (Zoroastrians), see Zoroastrianism majuˉsiyya (Zoroastrianism), see al-Madaˉpin, see Ctesiphon Zoroastrianism Maga (Zoroastrian priests as known to Makraˉn, 26, 321 Indians), 309f., 405–7 Malabar, 394, 397f. Magi (magoi, Zoroastrian priests as known Maˉlik b. Haytham al-Khuzaˉqˉı, 83 to Greeks), 201, 303f., 313f., 347f., Malikshaˉh, 180 360f., 363, 367 al-Mapmuˉ n(qAbbaˉsid caliph), 41, 53, 54, 56, in Anatolia, 304f., 314f. 63, 64, 69f.,159, 241, 353, 385 Magian (Zoroastrian), 63, 271, 279, 370 and Khuraˉsaˉn, 117f. Magianism (Zoroastrianism, Syriac meaning of green colour adopted magushutha, Arabic majuˉsiyya), 319 by, 131 magic, magicians, 102f., 134, 208, 461 mother of, 156 Maguseans (Gk Magousaioi, Christian Maqnb.Zaˉpida, 155 term for Zoroastrians in Anatolia, al-maqnaˉ (divine essence, highest deity), from Syriac magushaye), 304–6, 212, 323n. 314f., 365 Mandaˉ dHayyˉı, 341, 342 ˙

556 Index

Mandaean(s), 197, 200, 295, 302, marriage 338, 341f. of Arabs and non-Arabs, 9 Mani, 31, 91n., 311, 373 close-kin, see close-kin marriage as borrower of pre-Manichaean levirate, 410–12 doctrine,194f., 204 negative view of, 312, 447, 448 doctrines of, see Manichaeism polyandrous, see polyandry and Elchasaite sect, 294f., 296, 312 positive view of, 310–11, 362 father of (Pattikos), 281f., 282n., 284, 298 temporary, see temporary and heavenly journeys, 146 co-marriage and India, 306f. Marw, 3, 8, 11, 12, 17, 18, 79, 98, 105, models evil on rulers, 461 107f., 111, 113, 116, 117, 124, and Paraclete, 298–300 127, 136 Manichaeism, 31, 91, 129f., 166, 204, and Haˉshimiyya, 82, 114, 123 274, 289, 309, 323, 326, 371, 436, Marw al-Ruˉ dh, 116, 154, 158 493, 500 Marwaˉn b. Muhammad (later Marwaˉn II, ˙ Buddha/Buddhas in, 125, 132, 135 last Umayyad caliph), 47, 56, 110, continuous sequence of apostles in, 230f. 122, 127, 495 intermediate deities in, 205 Marwaˉnids (Umayyad branch in power and Khurramism, 196, 316, 362 684–750), 92 and non-violence, 306, 307, 312f. Mary (mother of Jesus), 129, 230, 286, panpsychism of, 272f., 312f., 324 298, 338 passage of light particles in, 248, 359 Maˉsabadhaˉn, 41, 186, 431 periodic incarnation of the divine in, Mashhad, 490 296–301, 338 Maskhiyya (dualists holding that darkness and reincarnation, 306–9, 358–60, 361 developed out of light), 194, 195, saviour as child in, 341f. 197, 215, 323 and vaˉkhš, 333 Maslama, 46, 61 void between light and darkness in, 205 Massagetes, 400, 401, 415 Mankijuˉ r, 55 Mašya and Mašyaˉne, 441 al-Mansuˉr(qAbbaˉsid caliph), 35, 36, 52, 69, materialism, 247–9, 482, 483, 485 ˙ 92, 106, 109f., 112, 142, 154, 318, Matswa, André, 165 495, 496 matter, 215, 216, 220, 272, 274, 324, and Abuˉ Muslim, 20f., 89, 119 482, 483 cursed by Muslimˉıs, 183, 271 mawlaˉ (client, non-Arab Muslim, pl. as divine, 87–90, 233, 237 mawaˉlˉı), see clients forfeited the imamate, 44 Maximilla, 227 suppressed Raˉwandiyya, 489 Mazdaism, 319; see also Mazdayasnian and suspicion of Khuraˉsaˉnˉıs, 119 religion; Zoroastrianism Mansuˉrb.qAbdallaˉhb.Yuˉsuf al-Barm, 158f. Mazdak, 22f., 24, 26, 185, 259, 267, ˙ Mansuˉr I (Saˉmaˉnid ruler), 180 447, 481 ˙ Mansuˉriyya (qAlid Shˉıqite Ghulaˉt), 231, alleged cosmologies of, 185, 193–7, 198, ˙ 238, 261 206–8 manumission, 8, 15 communism of, 440ff. Maoris, 164, 165 and internal paciﬁcism, 254 Mar Aba, 409, 410–12, 423, 433 ‘old’, see Zarduˉ sht b. Khroˉsak/Khurrak of Mar qAmmoˉ , 333 Fasaˉ Maraˉgha, 53, 56, 65, 70 and prophecy, 196, 228f., 446 Maraˉjˉıl (mother of al-Mapmuˉ n), 156 and reincarnation, 233, 254f., 310, 458 Marand, 56f, 58, 62, 63 revolt of, 22f., 207 Marcia, 422 vegetarianism of, 257, 316 Marcion, 198, 199, 201 and violence against opponents, 68, 254–6 Marcionites, Marcionism, 185, 198–201, Zoroastrian view of, 372 204, 216, 220, 295, 436, 460 see also Neo-Mazdakites Marcus Aurelius (Roman emperor), 247 Mazdakism, Mazdakites, 22f., 492f. Mardaˉvˉıj, 251, 268, 269 formation and relationship with Mardˉın, 188 Khurramism of, 22–6, 196, 320, 386, Marquesas Islands, 394, 397, 398–400 445f., 441–4

Index 557

and Mazdak in reports on Khurramˉıs, Montanism, Montanists, 227f., 436 38, 39, 50, 72, 103, 137, 279f., moon, 134, 301, 311, 324,[356], 383, 487 431, 445f. ascent via, 308, 354–6, 355, 359f., 360f. Mazdakites in sense of/conflated with in circulation between heaven and earth, Khurramˉıs, 185, 187, 261, 391, 392, 355–7 414f., 425 waxing and waning of, 355–7, 358, Mazdaknaˉma, 445 360, 361 Mazdaqiyya, 185, 195f., 198, 219f., Moses, 90f., 230, 250, 262, 263, 286, 289, 230, 446 458, 469, 474, 479, 484 Mazdayasnian religion (Zoroastrian term al-Muqannaq and, 128, 131, 133, 221 for Zoroastrianism), 380f. in nativist movements, 163, 165 Maˉzyaˉr (king of Tabaristaˉn), 60, 66f., as rebellious évolué, 168 ˙ 81, 445f. Mosul, 52, 53, 55, 58, 133, 182, 386 Mecca, 413, 490 Mount Mugh, 328 Media, 6, 31, 46, 315, 320, 321, 340, 342, Mount Sabalaˉn, 48 362, 369, 493 Mount Sinai, 131, 479 marital practices in, 391, 410, 416, al-muqaddil, 199–204 421, 430 Muqaˉdh b. Muslim, 113, 142, 154 mediators, see intermediaries Muqaˉwiya (brother of Baˉbak), 48, 51, 60 melammu, 351f.; see also khwarra Muqaˉwiya (first Umayyad caliph), 4, 136 mercenaries, see saqaˉlˉık Muqaˉwiya (secretary), 108 ˙ mesiteˉs, 201, 205n. Muqaˉwiyya, see Harbiyya/Haˉrithiyya ˙ ˙ messengers of God (Ar. rusul,defined in mubayyida, see White-clothed ones ˙ Islamic doctrine as prophets bringing Mufaddal b. qUmar al-Juqfˉı, 210, 211 ˙ ˙ a law), 23, 128f., 221, 229, 230f. Mufawwida(qAlid Shˉıqite Ghulaˉt), 193 ˙ messiah (Parthian Jewish and Christian), al-Mughˉıra b. Saqˉıd al-qIˉjlˉı (founder of 289–93, 327–33, 336–8 Mughˉıriyya), 208, 212, 236 metempsychosis, see reincarnation Mughˉıriyya (qAlid Shˉıqite Ghulaˉt), 231 Mihraˉnids, 61 Muhaˉjiruˉn (baptist sect), 427 Mihrijaˉnqadhaq, 41, 186, 431 Muhalhil b. Safwaˉn, 80 ˙ Milky Way, 358, 359 Muhammad, see Prophet, the ˙ Mˉımadh, 61 Muhammad b. qAbdallaˉh (al-Nafs al- Ming dynasty, and expulsion of Zakiyya, Hasanid rebel claiming ˙ Mongols, 167 status as mahdi), 109f., 122 Minhaˉliyya, 225 Muhammad b. qAlˉı (qAbbaˉsid recipient of the ˙ Mir-Yazad, 328 Testament of Abuˉ Haˉshim), 44, 85, misogyny, 312 94, 495 missionaries, 17f., 26f., 84, 86, 88, 92, 107, Muhammad b. qAlˉı b. al-Husayn (al-Baˉqir, ˙ ˙ 135, 163, 333, 496 Imaˉmˉı imam), 496 Mithra (Mithras/Mihr/Mihr Yazad), Muhammad b. al-Baqˉıth, 57, 72, 73 ˙ Mithraism, 98, 193, 201–5, 303, Muhammad b. Farruˉkh, 89 ˙ 304, 309, 313, 315f., 317, 323, 331, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya (son of qAlˉı by ˙ ˙ 360f., 498–500 slave-girl), 43f., 104, 224, 250, 475 mixture, see creation Muhammad b. Humayd al-Hamdaˉnˉı, 53, 54 ˙ ˙ Mˉızaˉn, 484 Muhammad b. Humayd al-Tuˉsˉı al-Taˉpˉı, 40, ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ Moabitis, 282 55, 58, 59, 70 modernisation, 148f. Muhammad b. Ismaˉqˉıl (mahdi of early ˙ Mongolia, Mongols, 100, 167, 188, 276, Ismailis), 264 404, 429, 465, 472, 490, 491 Muhammad b. Khafˉıf, 426 ˙ monism, 453 Muhammad b. al-Rawwaˉd al-Azdˉı, 48, 49, ˙ monogamy, 431, 432 52f., 57 monotheism Muhammad b. Saqˉıd, 152 ˙ as seen by Khurramˉıs, 273 Muhammad b. Shabˉıb, 200, 311 ˙ Bihaˉfarˉıdh and, 147, 149 Muhammad b. Shaddaˉd, 152, 154 ˙ vs pagan monism/dualism, 453–60 Muhammad b. Sinaˉn, 210 ˙ monotheists, Khurramˉıs claiming to be, 185, Muhammad b. Sulaymaˉn [b. Kathˉır al- ˙ 191, 192 Khuzaˉqˉı], 85

558 Index

Muhammad b. Yuˉ suf al-Thaghrˉı, 71, 75 names and forms/bodies (incarnations), 229, ˙ Muhammad II (Nizaˉrˉı imam), 465 289f., 292f., 323, 470, 475 ˙ Muhammira, see Red-clothed ones Nana (Nanai/Nanaia), 97, 317, 320, 342, ˙ Mu-hu (Zoroastrian priests as known to the 379, 461 Chinese), 100 Narˉız, 53 Mukhammisa (qAlid Shˉıqite ghulaˉt), 212, Narsai (Syriac Christian), 340 213, 246, 329, 447 Narseh (Sasanian emperor), 380 al-Mukhtaˉr, 9, 94, 250, 464 Narshakh, 111, 127 Munkar and Nakˉır, 344 Nasaˉ, 83, 266 Muˉqaˉn plain, 65 Nasaf (Nakhshab), 96, 100, 112, 116, 117, al-Muqannaq, 106–43, 492 136, 140, 141, 179 and Abuˉ Muslim 108, 112, 128–30, Nasamones, 399, 400 135, 166 Nasareans, 311 community left behind by, 178–81 naskh, maskh, raskh, and faskh, 242f. as divine incarnation, 128f., 130ff., 164, Nasr b. Sayyaˉr, 19 ˙ 221–3 Nasr/Nusayr/Barsˉıs (Khurramˉı leader), 41, ˙ ˙ as évolué, 168–70 42, 61 as mahdi, 128f., 137, 166, 223, 228 nationalism, nationalists, 160–2, 171, 173 and Mazdakism, 137, 445 Baˉbak and al-Muqannaq as, 142f. requisitions women, 426, 445 nation-state, 160, 162, 170f. view of Arabs and Islam, 135f. nativism, 162–8 see also nationalism, nationalits; veil(s); Nawaˉkit, 111 White-clothed ones Nayars, 397f., 399, 415 Murjipites (theological school stressing faith Nazoreans, 282, 291, 293, 311 over acts), 185, 187, 497 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 172 Murr b.qAlˉı, 53 Neocaesarea, Council of, 410 Murra b. Abˉı Murra al-Rudaynˉı al-qIjlˉı, 54 Neo-Mazdakites, 24, 445 Muˉsaˉ (Khurdanaye leader), 76, 182 Neoplatonism, 214, 273, 303, 455, 461, Muˉsaˉ al-Kaˉzim (Imaˉmˉı imam), 210 472; see also Plato, Platonists ˙ Musaˉﬁrids (Caspian dynasty), 268 Nero (Roman emperor), 331 musawwida, see Black-clothed ones Nestorius, Nestorianism, 302, 338, 340, al-Musayyab b. Zuhayr al-Dabbˉı, 113 409, 410, 477 ˙ music, 253, 271, 276, 454 New Prophecy, see Montanism Muslimˉıs, Muslimiyya, 38f., 42–5, 85, 86, New Year’s feast, 378 102, 103f., 130, 178, 187, 234, 274, New Zealand, 164 294, 335 Nicolaus of Damascus, 435 on Abuˉ Muslim leaving his body, 38, 294 Nihaˉwand, 1, 41, 92, 185 in Azerbaijan and Jibaˉl, 42, 45, 85, 183 Ni-li-shih (Narsai, Sasanian pretender), 5 on the law, 262f. Nimrud Dag˘ , 351, 360 organisation of, 270f. Nino, Saint, 322 as Zoroastrians hiding behind Islam, 279 Nˉıshaˉpuˉr, 2, 4, 32f., 37, 38, 79, 144, 150, al-Mustaqˉın(qAbbaˉsid caliph), 142, 158 152, 154, 231, 495f. al-Muqtadid (qAbbaˉsid caliph), 241 Niyaˉza, 111 ˙ Mutahhar b. Faˉtima bint Abˉı Nˉıza, 18 ˙ ˙ Muslim, 183 Nizaˉmˉı (poet), 448, 471 ˙ mutakallim(s) (rationalising theologian(s)), Nizaˉrˉıs (branch of Ismailis), 181, 184, 276, 465 179, 199, 243 Noah, 128, 165, 221, 289, 465, 469; al-Muqtasim (qAbbaˉsid caliph), 41, 60, 67, occupants of Ark of, 239, 250, 474 ˙ 71–2, 118, 156, 182 non-violence to all living things, 326, al-Muqtazz (qAbbaˉsid caliph), 142 471, 478 mysticism, 462, 472 Khurramˉı, 23, 256, 272, 310, 315 Manichaean, 272, 306, 307, 312f., 373 Nabataea, Nabataeans, 282, 423 Zardusht of Fasaˉ and Mazdak’s, 22, 254f., nabˉıdh (date wine), 253 386 Naˉbigha al-Jaqdˉı, 7 see also animals; opponents Nag Hammadi, 200, 215, 216, 294 North Africa, 167, 169, 399, 427, 428, Nambudiri Brahmins 397–8 429, 435

Index 559

Nuqaym b. Sahl (pious Arab), 136 Paˉrsˉıs (Khurramˉıs), 184, 187, 191, 245, Nudnud (executioner), 73 258f., 329, 431f., 446, 471 Nuqtavˉıs, Nuqtavism, 481, 483–8, Parthia, Parthian, 7, 31, 144, 281, 320, 362, ˙ ˙ 491, 492f. 391; Jews of, 91, 281, 283, 292, 293 Nusayrˉıs, 210, 211, 213, 438 Parthian language (pahlawanˉıg), 31, 148 ˙ particularism and tolerance, 175 Oghuz Turks, 151 paternity, assignation of, 395, 398 Ohrmazd, see Ahura Mazda Pattikos (Mani’s father), [281f., 282n., 284], Oman, 169 298 On Justice, 443f. Paul of Tarsus, 231, 286, 301, 337f., 349 opponents pearl, God in a, 473, 479 caliphal use of sons and daughters of, 71, peasant revolts, 167 156, 158f. Perfect Man, 470, 486 justiﬁcation of killing, 254f. Peroz (Sasanian emperor), 197, 383 killed and/or despoliated by the only Peroz (son of Yazdegerd III), 4f. saved, 137, 263f., 482 Persian language as legitimate prey at all times, 256f. Middle (Paˉrsˉıg), 31, 148, 161, 320 as legitimate prey during revolt, 256 New (Faˉrsˉı), 108, 148, 388 Oracles of Hystaspes, 296 Persians (inhabitants of Paˉrs; all speakers of orgiastic night, 262, 435–8 Persian; all Iranians or even non- Origen, Origenists, 213, 214, 219, 282, 283, Iranians incorporated in empires 291, 305, 349, 435, 461, 466 established by Persians, mostly used Oˉ romazeˉs, 201 in the ﬁrst sense in this book) Osrhoene, 422, 423 Peshawar, 380, 404 Osseans, 282 phantom bodies (Manichaean), 297, 326 Ottoman(s), 449, 475, 490 phantoms (ashbaˉh), 210–14 ˙ Oxus, River [Jayhuˉn], 96, 111 Pharisees, afterlife according to, 346 ˙ Pˉılawayh (protégé of Abuˉ Muslim), 27 Paˉbag/Paˉpak, 66, 419; see also Baˉbak pilgrimage, 86, 268, 275, 378, 490 padaˉm, 130 pˉır, 464 paganism, 63, 305, 334, 345, 386f., 437, Pˉıshdaˉdids, 386 453, 454, 460 Pišyoˉ tan, 39, 104, 126 Pahlavi (Ar. fahlawˉı), different meanings of, planets, 198, 207, 360 31, 46 Plato, Platonists, 200, 201–3, 205, 213, 214, Palestine, 282, 284, 290f. 247n., 273 Pallas, 303, 306, 360, 361, 362, 367 and Gnosticism, 216, 219, 294 panentheism, pantheism (both positions and reincarnation, 246f., 304, 305f., 361 identify God as immanent in this and wife-sharing, 400, 439, 440, 442, 444 world, but the former sees him as see also Neoplatonism extending far beyond it too), 308n., pleroma, divine, 213, 460 471, 472, 483; see also immanence Plotinus, 213, 461 Panjikant, 97, 99f., 318 Plutarch, 201–3, 304, 348, 361, 363, 419, Panjshˉır, 404 420, 421, 424 panpsychism, 272f., 306, 308, 311, 313, Poland, 394 324, 325, 367, 369, 370 poll-tax (jizya), 13, 14, 279f. pantheism, see panentheism pollution, 314f., 325, 384, 433; see also Paraclete, 132, 227, 298, 299f. purity paradise, 351, 383 polyandry, 83f., 392–415, 441f. clothes of, 88, 130, 145, 147 outsiders’ view of, 83f., 396f. as intermediary stage, 343f., 346, 353 as particularly moral form of pleasures of, 266, 267 marriage, 442 see also afterlife; heaven/paradise and hell Polybius, 394, 420 ‘Paraphrase of Seth’ (lost), 201, 205, 295 polygamy, 165, 187, 421 Paraphrase of Shem, 200, 201, 205, 295, polygyny, 396, 421, 423, 431 296, 341 Porphyry, 303f., 309, 310, 313, 361 Paˉrs, see Faˉrs; Persians poˉryoˉtkeˉšıˉh (orthodoxy), 376 Paˉrsˉıg, see Persian prayer, ritual, 23, 86, 147, 268

560 Index

pre-existence, 212–14, 219, 236, 284f., 286, Qaˉdisiyya, battle of, 1, 33 287, 297, 305, 323, 369, 462f., 466, Qahtaba [b. Shabˉıb al-Taˉpˉı], 19f., 150 ˙ ˙ ˙ 470, 477 qaˉpim-i qiyaˉmat (lord/executor of the pre-marital intercourse as prerequisite for resurrection), 465 marriage, 429f. qalandars, 471, 472 Prepoˉn, 201, 203 qalb (change of form, metamorphosis), 86, Presocratics, 273, 355n. 224–6, 233, 326, 470 priests, 293, 321, 433f., 416, 444 Qara Qoyunlu, 491 non-Persian Zoroastrian: Khurramˉı, 259f., Qaraˉmita/Qarmatˉıs, Qarmatism (Old ˙ ˙ ˙ 270, 321, 367–70; Magusean, 315 Ismailism), 176, 181, 208, 234, 242, Persian Zoroastrian, 125, 270n., 334, 263, 264, 276, 436f., 465, 493 342, 344, 350 371, 376–9; and ‘Qaraˉmita and Daylam’, see Daylam ˙ Bihaˉfarˉıdh, 149f.; Christians and, Qarluqs, 139, 428f. 384; deviant, 383, 385, 386–8; dream Qartmˉın, 63 ˙ of restoration, 162; formation and al-Qaˉsim b. al-Rashˉıd, 56 collapse of hierarchy of, 379–82, Qatarˉı, 33, 37 ˙ 388; and laity, 377f., 379, 385 Qayrawaˉn, 8 see also Kerdˉır; Maga; Magi; Mu-hu; Qazwˉın (Qazvˉın), 187, 259, 269 Tansar qibla, 147, 148 Primal Man, 323 Qinnasrˉın, 122 property, 88, 440 Qizilbaˉsh, 437, 475 and polyandry 393, 396, 397, 403, 408, 409 Qubaˉvˉı, 106, 180, 434, 446 sharing: as a political ideal, see Quˉmis, 38, 92 communism; within the sect only Qumm, 92 268, 414, 439, 447f., 475 Quqites, 429 as source of sin and strife, 22, 198, 207, Qurpaˉn, 91, 130, 131, 147, 166, 455, 456, 372 458, 461, 478 taking other people’s, 137, 257, 263, 440, Qutayba [b. Muslim al-Baˉhilˉı], 96f., 425 448, 449, 450 qutb, 464f., 469 ˙ prophecy, continuous, 186, 230–2 Prophet, the (Muhammad), 211, 470, 477 Rabaˉh (‘Spiritual’), 266 ˙ ˙ as divine, 212, 329, 447, 465, 469, 470, Rad-Ohrmazd, 413 476; due to light in, 184, 231; due to rafd (deeming the three caliphs before qAlˉı to ˙ purity of particles of, 483f., 485, due be usurpers), see Raˉfidˉıs ˙ to divine spirit in, 93, 128f., 221f., Raˉfiq b. Layth, 116f., 119, 120 223f., 329 Raˉfidˉıs (adherents of rafd), 39, 43, 264, 279 ˙ ˙ in pre-existence, 212, 470 rajqa (in sense of reincarnation), 234, 237, primordial substance of, 212, 462f. 238, 240, 250f., 464, 482 true successors of, see imamate; imams RašnReˉš (heretic), 371 prophets, passim Raˉwand, 86 Christian, 227f.; and relationship with Raˉwandiyya, 27, 86–91, 93, 94, 129, 181, imams, 229 223, 224, 225, 229, 233, 237, 250, in Islamic understanding, 230 265, 266, 329, 431, 489 see also chain of prophets; incarnation; perceived as Zoroastrians, 279 spirit Rawshaniyya, 473 Proudhon, P. J., 443 al-Rawwaˉd b. al-Muthannaˉ, 53 Pseudo-Clementines, 288, 289, 290, 291, Rawwaˉdids, 61, 73 292, 295, 300, 463 Rayy, 2, 31, 80, 90, 92, 116, 142, 154, Pseudo-Scylax, 430 269, 426 Pseudo-Scymnus, 400 Abuˉ Muslim in fortress at, 38, 103f. Ptolemy (Gnostic teacher), 201, 203 Ismailis in, 268 puritanism, puritan, 454, 462 Khurramˉıs and ‘Mazdakites’ in, 40, 181, purification, 24, 148, 343, 353 185, 187, 259, 446 purity, 267, 269, 271, 311, 325, 483, and Sunbaˉdh, 35, 37f., 80 486; see also pollution al-Raˉzˉı, Abuˉ Bakr, 256, 258 Pythagoras, Pythagorean, 205, 284, 288, recruitment, see army 304, 306, 313, 314, 315, 361 Red Eyebrows, 125

Index 561

Red-clothed ones (muhammira) 79, 80f., doctrine, 342, 343; as return of the ˙ 121–7, 178, 185, 280, 475, 499 dead, 347f.; as reassembly of endorse deception and assassination, 256 scattered body parts, 344–6, 349f. reductionism, 249, 273, 327 see also afterlife; heaven/paradise and hell Reformation, European, 276 resurrection body as non-fleshy, luminous, reincarnation, 23, 86, 129, 186, 188, 191, not casting a shadow, 348f., 350; see 192, 226, 272, 306, 450, 460 also angels, becoming with denial of, or as, paradise and hell, revelation, continuous, 230f. 192, 238, 240, 243, 245, 309 ritual observance, 209, 235, 246, 261, 449 forms of: as animals, 234, 235, 237f., no need for 23, 192, 193, 471, 472, 242–4, 245, 250, 466, 469, 477, 478, 478, 482 485; as animals alternating with see also antinomianism; law humans, 238–4, 252; with doctrine of Rizaˉmiyya, 42 release, 234–6, 244f., 251f., 268, Rokhshan the Bukharan, see An-Lushan 309f., 358, 361, 369; without Roman(s), 7, 16, 168, 174f, 383f., 412, 422 doctrine of release, 238, 239, 240, Rome, 282, 284, 444 242, 247–9, 251,[485f.]; as plants, ruˉh (spirit), ruˉh al-qudus (the holy spirit), see ˙ ˙ 243, 485; across sexes, 432; as stones, spirit 246, 466 Ruˉm, 184, 482 Greek: of Empedocles, 305; Gregory of Ruˉmˉı, 469, 472, 474 Nyssa on, 305; Platonic views of, al-Ruˉmiyya, 20 246f., 304, 305f.; Plutarch and Rusaˉfa, 158 ˙ Porphyry on, 361;in Rustam, 60 Pythagoreanism, 284, 288, 304 Rustum b. qAlˉı al-Daylamˉı, 187 Khurramˉı:ofHarbiyya/Haˉrithiyya, 211, ˙ ˙ 234–52; Manichaeans and, 306–9, saqaˉlˉık (sg. suqluˉk, strongmen, mercenaries, ˙ ˙ 358–60, 361; of Muslimˉıs, 134;of brigands), 54–9, 138 ‘Qaraˉmita and Daylam’, 268;of Saba (Christian saint), 309 ˙ Raˉwandiyya, 233 Sabapiyya (polemical name for qAlid Shˉıqite Muslim: of Ahl-i Haqq, 369, 477f.; of Ghulaˉt), 234, 237 ˙ Huruˉfˉıs, 482; of Nuqtavˉıs, 485f.; of Sabbatai Zvi, 437 ˙ ˙ Suhrawardˉı, 471 Sabians, 197, 234, 242 non-Persian Zoroastrian: Maga on, 309f.; sacrifice/slaughter, see animals Magi on, 303–6; Mazdak on, 23, Sadaqa b. qAlˉı b. Sadaqa b. Dˉınaˉr, 53, 58f., ˙ ˙ 254f., 310, 458 70, 75 Persian Zoroastrians and, 342, 350, 354– ‘Sadducees’, 309 7, 372, 373, 375 Safavids, 276, 480, 489, 490, 491, ˙ vs a single life and eternal requital, 457f. 483, 492 Upanisads on, 355ff. and Ahl-i Haqq, 474, 475 ˙ ˙ Reitzenstein, R. A., 219 and imposition of Shˉıqism, 489f. religion as key to secrets of universe, [206], al-Saffaˉh (first qAbbaˉsid caliph), 119 ˙ ˙ 208, 481 Saffaˉrids, 55 ˙ Religionsschule 219 Safˉı al-Dˉın, Shaykh, 480 ˙ renovation (frašgerd), 343–7, 347–50, 352, Sahak, Sultan, 322, 473, 474, 475f., 480, 353, 373 481, 488 Ohrmazd descend to earth during, Sahl b. Sunbaˉt, 59, 67, 71, 72, 73 ˙ 326, 341 Šahrestaˉnˉıhaˉ ˉı Eˉ raˉnšahr, 318, 387 ‘rest of the garment’, 295, 296 Saqˉıd b. Khuraˉsaˉn-Khurra, 34 restorationism, 162, 163 Saqˉıd b. Salm b. Qutayba [al-Baˉhilˉı], 158 resurrection, 349f., 465, 486 Saqˉıd al-Harashˉı, 113, 136 ˙ Khurramˉı (qiyaˉma): denial of, 237f., 240, Saqˉıd the Weaver, 105, 123, 127 243; and flying, 88; as reincarnation, saints, 334, 461, 487 234, 240, 245 Salama b. Muhammad al-Taˉpˉı, 150 ˙ ˙ Sufis and new sects on, [470], 481f., 487 Saˉlih (Berber prophet), 167, 474 ˙ ˙ Zoroastrian (ristaˉkheˉz): brought about by Saˉlih b. Mudrik, 94 ˙ ˙ Soˉšyans, 333, 336, 340, 365f.; denial Salmaˉn al-Faˉrisˉı, 184, 329 of, 309, 346, 373f.; as offical Salonica, 437

562 Index

Samarqand, 96, 98, 99, 100, 111, 114, 115, Sharwˉın, 184 116, 143, 181, 269 Shaˉsh, 117, 180 conquered by al-Muqannaq, 112, 139, Shibl b. al-Munaqqˉı (Muthannaˉ) al-Azdˉı, 53 141, 142 Shˉıqism (the form of Islam which holds the Samarra, 57, 71, 142 Prophet’s family to be the only source Sampseans, 282, 285, 311 of true religio-political leaders Sanaˉm (Sinaˉm/Siyaˉm) mountains, 111 [imams] of the Muslim community Sanjarda, 111 found in many forms) Sapˉıdjamagaˉn, see White-clothed ones qAbbaˉsid (vests the imamate in the Saraˉb, 48 qAbbaˉsid family, either by bequest al-Sarraˉj, 469 from qAlids or by direct inheritance Sasan, 296, 419 from the Prophet, see wiraˉtha vs Sasanian, Sasanians, 46, 60, 61, 66, 67, wasiyya; now extinct), 44, 110 ˙ 170, 208 qAlid (vests the imamate in the descendants and divine kingship, 325, 327–9, 331, of Alˉı; the normal sense of ‘Shˉıqism’; 332, 336 now represented by qAlid Shˉıqite and religious unification, 376, 379–85, Ghulaˉt, Imaˉmˉıs, Ismailis, Zaydˉıs), 83, 386, 488 109f., 184, 192f., 211, 219f., 231, Sasanian empire, 34, 96, 161, 162, 276, 251, 261, 274, 279, 329, 447, 320, 419 473, 495f collapse of, 1ff. extremist (deifies the imams and/or mahdi Satan, see Devil and endorses other ideas generally saviour, see mahdi; messiah; Soˉšyans regarded as unacceptable), see al-Sayyid b. Anas al-Azdˉı, 58 Ghulaˉt; ghuluww; Gnosticism al-Sayyid al-Himyarˉı, 250 Haˉshimite (vests the imamate in all ˙ sayyids (descendants of qAlˉı and Faˉtima via descendants of Haˉshim; now extinct), ˙ Husayn), 473 see Haˉshimite Shˉıqism ˙ Scholem, G., 437 Imaˉmˉı (vests the imamate in qAlˉı and his scientific universe, 458, 459 decendants by Faˉtima, singling out ˙ Scrolls (suhuf), 90 twelve specific individuals; dominant ˙ ˙ Scythians (Sakae), 314, 400f., 444 today, often what is meant by Scythianus, 297, 298 ‘Shˉıqism’), 95, 212, 213, 214, 269, Seˉn (pious Zoroastrian), 371 457, 463, 464, 475, 478, 490, 496; Seˉres of Parthia, 283 Baˉbi, 340, 465 Seth, Sethians, 93, 200f., 294, 297, 223, 294 Ismaili (splits off from Imaˉmˉıs under ‘Paraphrase of’, 201, 205 mahdi, later also imams, of their own Scrolls of, 90, 91 descended from the sixth Imaˉmˉı see also Paraphrase of Shem imam), see Ismailis; Qaraˉmita/ ˙ Severus (Roman emperor), 7 Qarmatˉıs ˙ shab-i gulhirzaˉn, 436 Khurramˉı (extremist, but not qAlid; splits Shabˉıbb.Waˉj, 150 off from qAbbaˉsid Shˉıqism under non- shadows, 209, 210, 212–14, 235, Arab mahdi and/or imams; now 236, 237 extinct), see imams; mahdi Shaˉfiqite classification of Khurramˉıs, 279 Zaydˉı (vests the imamate in descendants of Shaˉh qAbbaˉs, 483, 490, 491, 492 Hasan and Husayn, sometimes ˙ ˙ Shaˉh Ismaˉqˉıl, 474f., 489f. without rafd [q.v.], always without ˙ shaˉhaˉnshaˉh, 208, 384 hereditary succession), 268 Shaˉkiriyya, 57 al-Shirbˉınˉı, 427 al-Shalmaghaˉnˉı, 427 Shirwaˉn, 482, 483 Shamaniyya, see Sumaniyya Shˉız, 378 Shamash, 461 shrines, local, 275, 378 Shams-i Tabrˉızˉı, 469 Shujaˉq b. qAtaˉp, 152 ˙ Shamsiyya, 188, 437 Shumraˉkhiyya, 448f. Shapur I (Sasanian emperor), 146, Shuquˉbˉıs, 21, 169f. 299, 380 Sicily, revolt against Greeks in, 168 Sharˉık b. Shaykh al-Mahrˉı, 114, 118, Sijistaˉn, see Sˉıstaˉn 119, 120 Sikels, 168

Index 563

Silk Route, [3], 100, 101 239, 243, 250; as source of silken clothes, 88, 130, 144, 145, 146, 147 sensations, 242 Silvanus, Teachings of, 290, 339, 340 other: as fifth principle, 248; between light silver mines, 153, 154f., [157] and darkness, 200, 205 Sind, 152, 153 see also fravahrs; immanence; Sirius, see Tištrya panpsychism Sˉısaˉniyya, 151, 153 spiritual beings, 350, 487 Sˉıstaˉn, 3, 152, 153, 155, 321, 401 ‘Spirituals’ (ruˉhaˉniyya), 266f. ˙ Síva, 97, 338 Srawyoˉ k, son of Tišyaˉn, 352 slaves, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 430, 431, 449 Sroˉš, 326 small-town intellectuals, 491f. stars, 236, 301, 354f., 359 Sobiai, 281 closer than planets, 354, 355n., 358 Socrates, 442 as holes and balls, 358 Soˉg, 357 statues, 336–40 Sogdia, 18, 27, 96ff., 270, 401, 402 Stephen Bar Sudaili, 461 elite of, replaced, 118, 120 Stoics, Stoicism, 247, 487 king of, 3, 112, 116 Strabo, 314, 353, 394, 400f., 410, 421f., religions of, 97–102, 317f., 319, 320, 340, 430, 433 342, 362, 488 Suˉbakh, 111, 136 Sogdian (language), 96, 100 Suˉdgar Nask, 373 Sogdians in China, 3f., 100f., 477 Sufis/Sufism, 128, 146, 218, 263, 463, 464, Solomon, Mardaˉvˉıj as, 251; Odes of, 227 465, 478, 492, 493 ‘Sons of the Covenant’, 410f. legacy of non-Persian Zoroastrianism in, Soˉšyans, 39, 150, 326, 333, 347, 365 466–72, 480 chain of legendary kings culminates lodges of, and Khurramˉı? organisation, in, 332 270, 483 and khwarra, 333, 340, 347 and women, 267, 426f., 449f. as son of God, 340 Sufyaˉnˉı, 122 soul, 357, 462, 486, 487, 485f. al-Suhrawardˉı, 464, 471 ascent of the, 351, 354f., 358, 360f. Sulaymaˉn b. Kathˉır, 83, 85 as immortal part of man, [306], 368 Sumaniyya/Shamaniyya, 100, 386, 387, 388 see also spirit Sumeria, 331 ‘Soul of the Bull’, 255, 258 sun, 301, 308, 311, 317f., 354, 355, 360, South Africa, 164 361, 474 Spaˉhaˉn, see Isfahaˉn as Christ, 188, 301 ˙ Spand Nask, 368, 370 Mithra and, 201f., 499 Spandaˉrmad (Av. Spəntaˉ Aˉ rmaiti), 387, 441 veneration of and prayer towards, 147, Sparta 188, 301, 324, 383, 487 polyandry in, 394 Sunbaˉdh, 18, 32–40, 103, 144 temporary co-marriage in, 418f., 420, as évolué, 169, 170 422, 424 and Khurramism, 151 spirit Sunbaˉdhites, 185 God’s: descends to lodge in Christ, mahdi, sun-worshippers, see Arewordi and prophets/apostles, 211f, 226, superbia motif, 215, 219 285–93, 294–6, 296–300, 301–3, Suˉreˉn clan, 6 336, 338; as female, 285; is more fully Surkhjaˉmagaˉn, see Red-clothed ones in Christ or mahdi than other syncretism, 135, 166 prophets, 222f., 292; and khwarra, Syria, 1f., 8, 11, 12, 13, 19, 27, 52, 55, 122, 332–5; Mani as, 132, 298–300; 123, 168, 472 moves from one prophet or imam to Syriac Christianity, see Christianity the next, 223f., 332, 333; origins of Syro-Roman Lawbook, 412f. conceptions of, 327–35, 336–8; prophecy as, 226, 227f.; seeks final Tabaristaˉn, 3, 5, 36, 37, 38, 66, 72, 80, 81, ˙ resting place, 291f., 293, 295f.; Sufis 178, 245, 432 on, 470 Taborites, 440 human: as immortal part of man, 362, Tabrˉız, 48, 49, 53, 448, 481, 482, 491 368; reincarnation of, 233, 234, 237, Taˉhir, 75, 116, 117 ˙

564 Index

Taˉhirids (Iranian dynasty), 114, 117, 118, Tukhaˉristaˉn (ancient Bactria), 5, 12, 96, 98, ˙ ˙ 142, 158 99, 106, 116, 117, 403 Tahiti, 164 Tur qAbdin, 63 ˙ Tahtacis, 427, 437 Turaˉrkhudaˉ, 18 Taiyuan, 4 Turco-Mongol invasions, 188, 490f. Tajikistan, 11, 96 Turfan, 98, 129 Taˉlaqaˉn, 87, 116, 138, 158, 181 Türgesh confederacy, 96, 97, 139 ˙ Talas, battle of, 5, 100, 114, 115 Turkestan, 24, 96, 102 Taˉlibids (qAlids and collaterals), 496 Turkic languages, 11, 45 ˙ Tammuz, cult of, 97, 320, 341 Turkmenistan, 11 tan goˉhr (body substance), 213f, 368, 486 Turks, 2, 4, 5, 100, 103, 104, 114, 117, 118, tan ˉı pasen, 350 122, 151, 251n. tanaˉsukh and tanaˉsukh al-arwaˉh, 129, effects on Iran of, 489, 490f. ˙ 225f., 233 and ghuluww, 187, 472–4 Tang dynasty, 4f., 100 and al-Muqannaq, 112, 118, 137, 138, Tansar (Toˉsar), 247n., 379f. 139, 140f. Tantrism, Tantric, 265f., 431 Tuˉs, 33 ˙ Tapyri, 422 twin, heavenly, 298f. Taˉraˉb, 102 Tylor, E. B., 272 taˉriya, 245 ˙ Tarkhaˉn, 60, 66, 385 Ubulla, 378 ˙ Tarsus, 338 Uighur, Uighurs, 125, 430 Taurus mountains, 2 qUmar b. Abˉı pl-Salt b. Kanaˉraˉ, 33, 37 ˙ Tawwaj, 12 qUmar b. al-qAlaˉp, 36, 80 taxation and conversion, 13f. qUmar b. al-Khatt aˉ b (second caliph, d. 644), ˙˙ temporary co-marriage, 415, 416–25, 438 10, 43, 44 , 46, 85, 478 Testament (wasiyya) of Abuˉ Haˉshim, 44, 89, qUmar Suˉbakhˉı, 127 ˙ 94, 223, 224, 230, 241, 279 Umayyads (caliphal dynasty 661–750), Theopompus of Chios, 347f., 349 7–11, 13, 16, 17, 46f., 55, 61, 92, third principle, 198–205 104, 114, 118, 241 thkaˉna/tkaˉna, 270 and colour-coding, 123, 126 Thomas veneration of, 479 Acts of, 289f. Umm al-kitaˉb, 211 Gospel of, 308 Upanisads, 339, 355–8, 360f. ˙ Psalms of, 293n., 341, 342 Urmiya, Lake, 57, 58 Thrace, 401, 430 Ushruˉ sana, 117f. Tibet, 395, 396f., 398, 403, 411, 415, 429, Ustaˉdhsˉıs, 27, 151–7, 167, 492 433, 442 qUtayba b. Muˉ saˉ, 152 Tien-pao, Emperor, 125 Uthmaˉ nb.qAffaˉ n (third caliph, killed 656), time, limited and boundless, 352 46, 47, 52, 478 Timothy (Catholicos), 411 qUthmaˉn b. Nahˉık, 87, 233 Timur, Timurids, 188, 490f. al-Utruˉ sh, 268 ˙ Tˉıraˉhiyya, 404 Uzbekistan, 11, 96, 473 Tiridates (king of Armenia), 331 Tirmidh, 87, 96, 99, 112, 140 Vahman/Bahman (Av. Vohu Mana), Tištrya (Tištar, Tˉır), 326 326, 351 tolerance, religious, [23], 175 Vahraˉm ﬁres, 377, 380, 382 Trajan (Roman emperor), 281f. vakhš (Phl.)/vaˉkhš (Parth.), 333f. transgressive sacrality, 264–9, 392 vakhšvar (prophet), 333–5 ‘translation’ Valentinian(s), 292n., 201, 213, 289 of polemical charges, 409–10 Vasubandhu, 363, 406 of religious concepts, 166 Vayu (Vaˉy, Veˉšparkar), 203, 205, 323 Transoxania, 11, 12, 14, 76, 101, 122, 123, Vedas, 379 128, 139, 198, 386, 468 vegetarianism, see animals, eating of Khurramˉıs in, 23, 25f., 79, 179–81 Veh-Shaˉpuhr, 374 see also Sogdia veil(s) Tripolitania, 429 of God, 210, 226, 480

Index 565

of Khurdanaye’s Christ, 63, 226, 228, 302 421, 425, 441; by king of Khwaˉrizm, of al-Muqannaq, 106, 130f., 135, 222, 302 425f.; by al-Muqannaq, 426 removal of, 131, 135, 226, 246, 272, 274 compared to basil sprigs, nosegays, rivers, of Shaˉh Ismaˉqˉıl, 475 ﬂowers, fruit, etc., 392, 405–7, 432, white, of Zoroastrian priests, 130 446, 447, 448, 449 Verethragna (Vahraˉm, Bahraˉm), 326, offer themselves/offered to holy men, 335, 351 426f., 432 victimhood, Iranian sense of, 21,[274] position in Azerbaijan 59f., 62, 68 violence sharing of: in Islamic thought, 266f. Baˉbak’s, 67–9, 72, 255f. 446–50; see also ibaˉha; as marital or ˙ justiﬁcation of, 254f. private arrangement, see guest as the only saved, 137, 263f. prostitution and polyandry and see also non-violence temporary co-marriage; as political virgin birth, 230, 284, 285, 286, 296, ideal, see communism, Zarduˉsht of 340, 476f. Fasaˉ and Mazdak’s, and virgins, 405, 407, 416, 433f., 436 communism: Plato’s; as transgressive Visnu, Vaisnavites, 326, 338f. sacrality, 264–9, 392 ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ Vištaˉsp (Av. Vˉıštaˉspa; Ar. Bˉıshtaˉsb, succession through, 393, 396, 414f. Guˉshtaˉsb, Zoroaster’s patron), world week, 209f. 146, 330 Vohu Mana, see Vahman Xanthus of Lydia, 410, 416f., 418, Vuzurjmihr, 374 420f., 425

Wahhaˉbˉıs, 454, 470 Yahyaˉ b. Muqaˉdh, 70, 75 ˙ Waˉhidiyya, 483 Yahyaˉ b. Saqˉıd al-Harashˉı, 52 ˙ ˙ ˙ Wahsuˉdaˉn (of Musaˉﬁrid dynasty), 268 Yahyaˉ b. Zayd (qAlid), 104 ˙ al-Wajnaˉp b. al-Rawwaˉd, 53, 57 Yaqquˉb the Coppersmith (upstart ruler of al-Walˉıd II (Umayyad caliph), 92 ninth-century Sˉıstaˉn), 169, 170 Waˉqid b. qAmr al-Tamˉımˉı (al-Ardabˉılˉı), 47f., Yaˉrisaˉn, see Ahl-i Haqq ˙ 49, 51, 52, 62, 72, 183, 445, 446 Yarmuˉk, battle of, 1 warlords, 49, 52–4 Yasna, 325, 376, 377 Waˉsit, 10 Yazdegerd II (Sasanian emperor), 3 ˙ wasiyya doctrine, see Testament of Abuˉ Yazdegerd III (last Sasanian emperor), 1, 2, ˙ Haˉshim 3, 4, 37 water, 196f., 200, 324, 383 Yazˉıd (= Baraˉzbanda b. Bamruˉ n), 109 dark, 199, 200 Yazˉıdb.Haˉtim al-Muhallabˉı, 52, 53 ˙ al-Waˉthiq (qAbbaˉsid caliph), 182 Yazˉıd b. Mansuˉ r, 155 ˙ Wei dynasty, 3 Yazˉıd b. Mazyad, 158 Westernisation, 166, 172, 174 Yazˉıd b. al-Muhallab al-Azdˉı, 79 White-clothed ones (mubayyida), 79, 105, Yazˉıd III (Umayyad caliph), 15 ˙ 110, 121, 122–8, 137, 138, 139, 142, Yazˉıdˉıs, see Yezidis 178, 179–81, 221, 222, 233f., 260, Yellow Turbans, 125 261, 270, 280, 392, 434 Yemenis White Lotus society, 167 in Azerbaijan, 52, 61, 70 Widengren, G., 316, 327, 498–500 in Yemen, 423, 428, 437 wine Yezidis, Yezidism, 179, 275, 427, 437, Khurramˉıs and, 50, 72, 253, 271, 479f., 498 310, 391 Yima, 332, 335, 363, 364; see also Jamshˉıd renunciation and prohibition of, 276, 310, Yonaˉkadeva, 309 312, 454 Yuˉsuf (Paˉrsˉı leader), 184, 245, 431, 432 Zoroastrian acceptance of, 198, 364 Yuˉsuf al-Barm, 116, 141, 157–9 wiraˉtha vs wasiyya, 89; see also Testament Yuˉsuf b. Mansuˉrb.Yuˉsuf al-Barm, 158 ˙ ˙ of Abuˉ Haˉshim ‘wogs’, 168f. Zaˉbulistaˉn, 403 women Zagros mountains, 24, 31, 32, 147, 249, accumulation of: by Baˉbak, 72, 426;by 250, 258, 309, 316, 342, 344, 426, Daylamˉı chief, 42; by Iranian kings, 448, 478

566 Index

zanaˉdiqa pl-nasaˉraˉ, 229 posthumous sons of, 357, 476 ˙ zandaqa (Gnosticising dualist heresy), 80, Zoroastrianism 178, 249, 487; see also zindˉıq as ancestral religion rather than church, Zand, 385 375ff. Zanj (Africans, Blacks), 55 anti-ascetic ethos of, 254, 362 Zanjaˉn, 56, 65, 71 best name for, 319 Zarades, see Zoroaster Bihaˉfarˉıdh and, 27, 147–50 Zarafshaˉn valley, 96 calendar and feasts of, 378 Zaranj, 4 in China 3f., 98, 100 Zarduˉsht b. Khroˉsak/Khurrak of Fasaˉ, ‘old creed of, 376, 383 Mazdak’, 22, 26, 253, 254, 255, 267, deities of, 317, 319, 322f., 382f., 453f. 280, 281, 303, 304, 310, 316, 320, diversity of, 379 372, 386, 440, 442, 444 formation by deposits of, 488 Zareˉr, 382 Khurramism as offshoot of, 279f. Zeran (shared wife), 403 legacy in Islam of, 388, 462ff. Zeran (slave woman), 404n. majuˉsiyya as distinct from, 319, 387f. Zeus (Ohrmazd), Zeus Oromasdes, pilgrimages and shrines of, 378 351f., 363 regional vs Persian, 320–70, 488 Zibatra, 67 Sasanian unification of, 379–82 ˙ zindˉıq (pl. zanaˉdiqa, heretic, adherent of Sasanians as first kings to practise, 379 zandaqa), 88, 220,[231], 254 in Sogdia, 97f., 317f., 488 Ziyaˉdb.Saˉlih, 114, 115, 119 survival of non-Persian forms in official, ˙ ˙ Zoroaster, 146, 188, 204, 231, 321, 340f., 367–70, 387f. 348, 350, 363, 365, 376, 381 Zoroastrian terms for, 253, 380f in chain culminating in Soˉšyans, 330, Zuhayr b. Muhammad al-Azdˉı, 152 ˙ 332, 333 Zuˉn, 317, 378, 379 denial of death of, 103 Zurayq, see Sadaqa b. qAlˉı b. ˙ encounter with Ohrmazd, 97f., 322 Sadaqa b. Dˉınaˉr ˙ geˉtˉıg creation of, 213f., 249, 368, Zurvaˉn, 97f., 194, 323, 323n. 369, 486 Zurvaˉndaˉd i Yuvaˉn-Yam, 419 as identical with Christ, 296 Zurwaˉniyya, 194 majuˉs before, 387f. Zuwaˉra al-Bukhaˉrˉı, 18, 115, 119 in Manichaeism, 297, 298, 301 Zuˉzan, 144, 150, 66