385 Aachen Research Project Mohenjo- Daro 14 , 114 , 235

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57219-4 - The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society Rita P. Wright Index More information

Index

Aachen Research Project Mohenjo- River systems and daro 14 , 114 , 235 productivity 26 , 166–7 Afghanistan See Dholavira , Harappa , Mehrgarh , See BMAC Mohenjo-daro and other sites See Shortugai , Mundigak , Said See River regimes systems Qala sites Agropastoral and Craft-Producing Agriculture Economies 19 , 146 , Archaeological indicators 168 147– 48 , 166 , 179–81 , 212–14 , Diversifi cation, specialization, 326–30 and organization of Diversifi cation and organization production 102 , 148 , of production, interregional 203–07 , 326–327 exchange and long-distance Arboriculture 170 , 204 , 205–06 trade 145 , 180–81 Centralized or community Intensifi cation and organization 206 specialization 145–78 , Cotton production 205 176 –78 Crop processing 89 , 177 , 205 , See Agriculture , Pastoralism , Craft 206 , 321–22 , 326–27, 341 production Land and labor 168 , 203 , See Regional settlements and 204–07 surveys Multi-cropping 168–70 , 203 , 204 Allahadino site 175 , 192 , 257 , 259 , Plough agriculture 146 , 172 , 342 204 , 206, 327 Al-Maysar site 227 Domestication of plants and Altyn Depe site 228, 229 natural distribution Amri phase zones 45–51 , 65 , 72 , 170 , 231 See Chronology , Pre-urban Period Full-time/part-time, independent Amri pottery and attached producers 147 See Pottery types , Amri Intensifi cation and Amri site 79–80 , 99–100 , 320 , 340 specialization 166–70 Analogies Interregional exchange of plants Cross-cultural 275 , 308 and secondary product Direct historical 274– 282 diversity, organization Aratta 217 of 174 –76 , 210–12 Archaeobotany 47 Regional diversity 169–70 Archaeoclimate modeling 40–1

385

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57219-4 - The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society Rita P. Wright Index More information

386 Index

Archaeological Survey of India 2 , See Lahoma , Lal Tibba , Vainiwal , 317 Chak 76/15L , Chak Purbane Architecture Syal site See Mehrgarh , Mohenjo-daro , Bitumen 228 Harappa , Dholavira and other BMAC 229–30 , 314 , 323 sites Post-urban 320 Aryan invasions 313–314 See Trade , Organization of long- See Mohenjo-daro , Burials distance , Overland trade and See Human skeletal analysis routes Axis of Relative Value See Shortugai , Sibri , Gilund , See Craft production Mohenjo-daro , and Harappa sites Bactrian Margiana Archaeological See Trade , Diplomacy travel and Complex conquest , An interconnected See BMAC third millennium world Bagh Thali site Bone artifacts 86 See Regional settlements and Burials 262–71 , 315–16 surveys , Beas Upper Indus See Chronology , Post-urban period near Harappa See Human skeletal analysis Balakot site 101 , 141 , 158 , 175 , 192 , Burnes, A. 6 199 , 211 , 334 , 340 Balathal site 45 , 51 , 170 , 229, 335 Central Asia 163 Baluchistan 9 See BMAC Bolan Pass 64 , 75 See Altyn Depe , Namazga Kacchi Plain 46 , 133 , 228 , 340 See Trade , Diplomacy , travel and Kej Valley 225 conquest , An interconnected Kalat 75 third millennium world Las Bela 101 –102 Chak Purbane Syal site Loralai 64 , 75 , 344 See Regional settlements and Mula pass 64 surveys , Beas Upper Indus Quetta 80 , 340 near Harappa Zhob 64 , 75 , 344 Chak 76/15L site 316 Beyond Indus and Ghaggar- See Regional settlements and Hakra plains in Pre-urban surveys , Beas Upper Indus Period 100–02 near Harappa Settlement expansion in Pre-urban Chandigarh site 262 Period 79–80 Chanhu-daro site 164–65 , 184–85, See Kulli culture , Damb Sadaat , 195, 232 , 257 , 259, 320, 343 Pathani Damb , Balakot sites Chronology 22 , 339 See Bitumen Early Food Producing Period 22 , See Collapse , Transitions and 84–85 Transformations Mehrgarh 52 , 53 , 54, 84 Bampur site 230 Pre-urban Period 23 , 84–85 , 231 Banawali site 95 , 133–34 , 195 , 204 Amri phase 85 , 99–100 , Bangladesh 11 Early Harappan 87–91 Beas settlement survey Hakra phase 85 , 98–99 See Regional settlements and Kot Diji phase 85 , 87–91 , surveys 98–99

Index 387

Ravi phase 85 Painted Gray Ware (PGW) 318 Sothi-Siswal phase 85 Post-urban Ghaggar-Hakra Post-urban/Late Harappan (Cholistan and Northwest Period 23 , 310 India) 321 Cemetery H at Harappa 310 Post-urban/Late Harappan Kutch, Ghaggar-Hakra 317–18 Gujarat 318–19 Jhukar 310 , 320 Sorath Harappan 323–24 Late Harappan and PGW (NW See Chanhu-daro , Amri , and India and Cholistan) 310 , 324 Mohenjo-daro sites Late Harappan (Sorath See Chronology , Post-urban/Late Harappan) 310, 318–19 Harappan Period , Jhukar Painted gray ware 310 , 324 See Environmental change Sorath Harappan 310 See Harappa site , Cemetery H in Urban Period 23 Post-urban/Late Harappan Cities 16 See Harappa , Agriculture Central Place Theory 137 Multicropping and crop- Uniformity and diversity of social processing strategies groups 19 See Indus civilization , Basic Spatial models and city character planners 138 See Mohenjo-daro site , Massacres See Indus cities and invasions See Regional settlements and See River regimes/systems , surveys Upper and Lower Indus and See States , City-states Ghaggar-Hakra City plans and physical layouts 236 , See Trade , Organization of long- 272, 328 distance , Disruptions of See Indus cities , Uniformity and Community Identity diversity in Urban Period See Indus cities See Dholavira , Harappa , and See Landscapes Mohenjo-daro sites See Mohenjo-daro , Dholavira , and Civilizations Harappa sites Perspectives on 16 Comparative Studies of See Collapse of civilizations civilizations 18 , 282–284, See Comparative studies of 325–38 , 343 civilizations Religion 283 See Indus civilization Craft Production 133 Climate change Axes of Relative Value 201–03, See Environmental and 248–51, 328, 341–2 geographical factors Ceramic/pottery See Environmental change production 131 , 148–149 , Collapse of civilizations 308–11 , 153–58 , 187–88, 339–40 320–25 Family operated craft 187–88 Causes of general nature 312–14 Kilns 154–58 , 187 Causes of local nature 315–20 Craft workshops 232 Transition and transformation Diversifi cation, specialization 315 and organization of Afghanistan, Baluchistan at west production 86–89 , 148 , and southern margins 320 182–89 , 201–03 , 233 , 327–8

388 Index

Craft Production (Cont. ) Shell working techniques 199 Elaborated crafts diminished in Trader, merchants, Post-urban 323 craftpersons 231 Formalized, “guild-like” or state See Harappa , Craft production administered 189 , 327 See Paste technologies Full-time/part-time, independent See Pottery types , Black storage jars and attached producers 147 See specifi c sites , especially Intensifi cation and specialization Dholavira and rural 148–66 settlements Inter-regional exchange and See Technological styles resources, the organization See Trade , Raw materials and of 147 , 189–201 fi nished products Raw materials and products Cunningham, Alexander 7 Carnelian, chalcedony, agate and jasper 151 , 194–95 , 221 , 231 Damb Sadaat site 64 Chert 189–92 , 231 , 341 Dholavira site 14 , 107–10 , 198 , 212, Control of production and 225 use 192, 327 Architecture 195–96 Segregation of production at Bead production 195 Rohri sites 190–92 Castle and bailey 119 , 330 Weights 192 , 228, 327–328 City plan 241 Lapis Lazuli 193–94 , 221 , 231 Civic breakdown 323 Source areas 193–94 Pastoralism and environmental Limestone 195–96 diversity 173 Ringstones, columns, drain Post-urban erosion of covers, column bases, architecture 318 calendar stones and Public works and water statuary 195–96 , 256–57 storage 124 , 167–68 , 173 Metals, Copper, gold, lead, silver Sedentary pastoralists 174 and tin objects and source Signboard at 187 areas 196–98 , 221 , 226, 342 Statuary 256 Shell 199–200 , 231 Upper and lower town 115–19 , 296 Objects and source Walls 124–25 areas 198–200 See Indus cities , Community Steatite 150 , 200–01 identity , and social order Record keeping devices 182 , 184 See Landscapes , Community Seal production 160–66 , 183–87 , identity and landscape visions , 327 and social order Stoneware production 158–60 , Dilmun 215–17 , 314 188 , 340 See Trade , Organization of long- Nonhousehold production 189 distance Technical Skills 152–166 Diversifi cation Metal working See Agrarian and craft-producing techniques 196–98 economies Paste technologies 200 See Craft production Pyrotechnological See Agriculture techniques 149–52 See Pastoralism Reductive technologies 149–52 Dubi Sites 98 , 134–36

Index 389

See Shah Abdul Latif University Hakra , and Ganges- Survey Yamuna See Regional settlements and surveys , Lower Indus Faience See Paste technologies Early Harappan Phase Figurines 285–288, 303 See Chronology , Pre-urban Period Anthropomorphic 285–8 Egypt 1 , 185 , 276 , 305, 324 At Mehrgarh 62–63 Elam 217 Contexts of recovery 287 Emerging polities 80–1 Cosmology and ritual 287 And generalized patterns 81 Fertility and mother/nature Environmental and geographical goddesses 279–80 , 342 factors 25–44 , 337 Formal properties Geographical features 27–28 Sexuality indicators 286 Glacial activity 27 Gender ambiguity 286 Monsoons and westerlies 27 , 40–3 Gender distinctions 286–8 Present climate 28–29 Mythological beings and Tectonic activity 27 transcendent experience 288 See Agriculture , River systems and Production methods 285 productivity Bone pigments 287 See Environmental change Zoomorphic 285 See Regional settlements and See Narrative imagery , Formal surveys, Ecological and properties , Gender settlement diversity in ambiguities pre-urban Foraging Environmental Change 29–44 , Hunting and gathering 48 , 174 312–313 See Mehrgarh site Climate 31–32 New perspectives on climate Ganweriwala site 14 , 107–10 , change 38–44 132–33 , 137 , 321 Precipitation and monsoon/ Gateway towns and edge westerly effects 29 zones 139–44 Reconstruction of Gharo Bhiro site 136 Archaeoclimate modeling 40 –1 Ghazi Shah site 100 , 141 , 194, 334 Charcoal analysis 32 Gilund site 229–30 Coastal coring 30 Corona satellite imagery 34 Hakra phase Deforestation and baked See Chronology , Pre-urban Period bricks 31–2 Hakra pottery Ocean sediments 30 See Pottery types , Hakra Paleosols 38 , 313 Harappa Site 33 , 107–10 , 137 , 210 , Plant and animal imagery 32 211–212 , 339 , 342 Pollen cores 30 – 1 Agriculture Soil sediments 39 Multicropping and crop Stable isotope analysis 32 processing strategies River courses 312–313 43 , 169–70 , 176 –7 , 204 , See Irrigation , Gabarbands 321–2, 326–7 See River regimes , Upper and Plow agriculture 146 , 204 Lower Indus , Ghaggar- BMAC 343

390 Index

Harappa Site (Cont. ) See Indus cities , Community Cemetery H in post-urban/Late identity , and Social order Harappan 266–67 , 315–16 See Landscapes , Community Climatic conditions 39–44 identity and landscape visions , Craft production and Social order Black storage jars 153 , 157–8 , Harappa Archaeological Research 227 Project (HARP) 14 Chert production 189 , 192 Human skeletal analysis Kilns and workshop 154–8 , Age and sex ratios 263 188–89 , 340 Genetic affi nities 313–14 Metal products at 196 Health 264 Paste technologies 201 At Mehrgarh 58–9 , 66–7 , 73 Seal production 164–5 Shell working 200 Illustrated London News 10 Stoneware bangles 158 Impressions See Craft production, Ceramic/ See Narrative imagery pottery production, Kilns See Paste technologies Craft technologies and status 249 See Seals, sealings and tablets Early Harappan/Kot Diji phase India 11 Agriculture in Kot Diji Indus cities phase 89 Centralized authority 185 Pastoralism in Kot Diji Cities and regional phase 89 networks 136–38 , 233, Structures and craft 330–37 production 87–89 City plans 126–27 , 241 , 332 Gateway 241 Civic authority 126 , 233 , 271 Hoards 257 , 259 Community identity 240–2 , Pastoralism 245–46 Sedentary pastoralism 174 Diversity and social groups 19 Wild animal exploitation 175 And memory 21 , 262–71 Pre-urban period 81–9 Public works 122–4 , 245–6 Post-urban period 315 , 323 Social order 242–8 Public works 122–24 Uniformity and diversity in Urban R37 Cemetery 262 –7 , 270 Period 142 –44 Ravi phase 83–7 Urban expansion 106–10 Structures and craft See City plans and physical production 86–87 layouts Residential areas 115–22 See Dholavira , Harappa , and Statuary 256–57 Mohenjo-daro sites Walls, platforms and See Landscapes granary 119–22 , 330 See Population Walls, platforms, separated sectors, See Society , Social differences gateway 125–6 Indus civilization Early discoveries and brick Basic character 107–10 , 324 robbing 6–8 Geographical extent 22 See Harappa Archaeological Recent perspectives on 23–4 Research Project (HARP) Script 1 , 8 , 185–7

Index 391 Indus state 144 Kandharki sites 98 , 134 Authority, centralizing and See Regional settlements and consensual systems 331–4 surveys , Lower Indus See Collapse of civilizations Kili Ghul Mohammad site 49 , 64 Intensifi cation Kot Diji phase See Agriculture See Chronology , Pre-urban Period See Craft production Kot Diji site 79–80 , 98–9 , 116 , 340 See Pastoralism Kudwala site 310 Iran 10 , 163 , 228 Kulli culture 102 , 141 , 144 , 226 , And trade 101 230 , 320 , 323 Iranian Plateau 216 Kuntasi site 195 , 199 , 225 , 232 , 319 , See Aratta 334 See Elam See Jiroft Lagash See Marhasi/Parahsum See Mesopotamia See Narrative imagery Lakhueen-jo Daro site 136 See Trade , Diplomacy and travel and Lal Shah Site 74 , 340 conquest , An interconnected Landscapes third millennium world Community identity and landscape See Trade , Organization of long visions 235–42 , 236 , 245–6 , distance , Maritime trade and 297 , 323 , 328 , 330 routes , and Overland trade Death and memory in the Indus 262 and routes Memory 262–71 See Tepe Ya hya , Jiroft , Malyan , Practiced places 20 , 262 , 271–3 , Shahdad , Shahr-I sokhta , 310 Susa , and Tepe Hissar sites Social order 242–48 Iraq 210, 228 Studies of 234 See Tell Asmar site Langhnaj site 144 , 174 See Mesopotamia Lothal site 141–2 , 144 , 163 , 195 , Irrigation 333 196 , 212 , 222, 225 , 227 , 257 , And fl ood regimes 166–7 259 , 262 , 319 , 340 Gabarbands 31 , 100 , 167 Loeshwar site 45 , 50–1 Springs 100 Istituto Italiano per il Medio and Magan 215–17 , 314 Estremo Oriente of Rome See Trade , Organization of long- (IsMEO) distance See Italian Mission to Mohenjo-daro Malyan, Tal-I 341 Italian Mission to Mohenjo- Manda site 257 , 259 , 342 daro 14 , 114 , 235 Marhasi/Parahsum 217 , 220 Masks, terracotta 277 , 285 , 303 Jhukar phase Massacres and invasions See Chronology , Post-urban/Late See Mohenjo-daro Harappan Period Masson, Charles 5 Jiroft Culture 229 – 30 , 299–301 Material culture 21 Maya 18, 324 , 329 , 340 Kalibangan site 79–80, 95 , 133–4 , Mehrgarh site 4 , 45 , 48–9 , 51–78 , 164–5 , 262 , 267–8 , 294 99–100 , 172

392 Index

Mehrgarh site (Cont. ) See Trade , Diplomacy , travel and Architecture 57–8 , 65–6 , conquest , An interconnected 72–3 third millennium world Burials, 58–9, 66–7, 73 Metal Center of innovation and expanded See Craft production , Raw interaction 77–8 materials and products , Chronology 52 , 54 , 84 Metals Compartmented buildings 57 , 65 Middle Asian Interaction Dwellings 57 , 65 , 72–3 Sphere 228–29 Expansion of settlement, Miri Qalat site 102 technologies and craft Mohenjo-daro site 37 , 137 , 212 , production 76–7 236–40 , 340 , 342 External contacts 63 , 70 , 75 BMAC 229 Grave goods, sex and age Bathing areas and toilets 237 differences 58–59 , 66 , 73 Burials 268–69 See Human skeletal analysis Caches or hoards 257–62 Household storage 73 Ceremonial places 275–7 Material culture and City plan 110 –22 , 242 technologies 57–63 , 66–9 , College 117 72–5 , 148–50 Craft production Craft production 74–5 Bead production 195 Lal Shah kiln 74 Metal objects at 196 Mosaic of villages and Paste technologies 201 towns 71–6 Seal production 164–5 Platforms and walls 57–8 , 66 , 73 Shell working 200 Post-urban Period 320 Stoneware bangles 158 Subsistence 56 , 65 , 71–2 Stoneware workshop 160 , Village at the crossroads 64–71 188–89 See Figurines , At Mehrgarh Craft technologies and See Pottery types , Togau , Faiz status 249 , 252 Mohammad , and Kot Diji Decline of /or abandonment 308 Meluhha 4 , 216–17 , 220–21 , 232 , Discoveries at 9–11 297–99, 314 , 336 Drainage system 237 Mesopotamia 1 , 163 , 220–25 , 276 , Granary 107–10 , 117 314, 324 , 331–2 Great bath 117 , 238 , 341 Ancient languages 187 Households 242–45 Archaeological evidence for Massacres and invasions 313–14 interaction with Indus 10 Nonresidential structures and Decipherment 185 ceremonial places 276 Diffusion 12 , 21 Platforms and walls 237–8 Economy and infrastructure 18 , Post-urban decline 323 180–81 Prestige goods 253 Texts 215–16 , 220–1 , 341 Public works 32 , 124 , 237–40, 328 See Trade , Organization of Statuary 252–56 long-distance , Text ual and Stupa 117–19, 227 archaeological evidence , See Aachen Research Project Maritime trade and routes , Mohenjo-daro and Overland trade and routes See Italian Mission to Mohenjo-daro

Index 393

See Landscapes , Community Niai Buthi site 101 identity and landscape visions , Nindowari site 226 and Social order Monies 260–61 Oman 153 , 232 Mounds and tells 53 See Trade , Organization of Mughal Empire 4 long-distance , Maritime Mundigak site 229 trade and routes , Overland Murda Sang site 101 trade and routes , Arabian Penninsula sites Nageswar site 199 , 232, 334 See Trade , Diplomacy travel and Nagwada site 194 , 195 conquest , An interconnected Nal site 9–10 third millennium world Namazga site 228, 229 Organization of production Narrative imagery 162 , 277–97 , 180–81 334 , 337 See Agriculture Cross-cultural comparisons, See Agrarian and craft producing Indus, Iran and economies Mesopotamia 297–303 See Crafts Binary oppositions 307 See Pastoralism Common themes 297–301 Oriyo Timbo site 319 Contest theme 289, 297 , 290 , 308 Human and supernatural Pakistan 11 beings 305 Paste technologies 149–51 , 162 , Offering/presentation 200, 250 theme 289 , 291 , 297 , Pastoralism 299–300 Archaeological indicators of animal Parallel technologies and exploitation 171 symbolism 304–06 Diversifi cation and organization of Function and production 148 , 207–10 meaning 280–282 Animal provisioning 209 Conceptions of hierarchy and Land and labor order 294 , 303 , 330 , 337 allocation 208–09 Pantheon 293 , 300 , 307 , 337 Nomadic, semi-sedentary and Performance and ritual sedentary groups 173 –74 , spaces 306 327 Stories 294 Sedentary, small farming 173 Proto-Siva and Hinduism Domestication of animals 280–82 , 289 , 299 , 306–07 and natural distribution Themes and Motifs 290–293 zones 45–51 , 65 , 72 , 231 Gender ambiguities 296 Full-time, part-time, Gender differences 296 independent and attached Figurine representation producers 147 compared 296 Intensifi cation 89 , 170 –73 , 176 –78 Wholly other 284 , 307 Cattle for dairying and See Seals, sealings and tablets traction 87 , 172 , 207 , Nausharo site 71 , 140 , 144 , 172 , 218–21 , 322 , 327, 335 173 , 175 , 194 , 204 , 227 , 230 , Sheep for fi ber 172 , 335 320 , 323 , 335 , 340 Water buffalo 172 , 335

394 Index

Pastoralism (Cont.) In Pre-urban Periods 90–1 Organization of interregional In Urban and Post-urban exchange of animal and Periods secondary products 175 , Ecological and settlement diversity 210–12 in Pre-urban 102–05 Specialization and regional Expansion of settlement diversity 102 , 173 – 4 , Lower Indus 100 209–10 , 327 Upper Indus and Ghaggar- Specialized breeds camel, donkey Hakra 97 and horse 172 , 324 Ghaggar-Hakra 79–80 , 321 See Foraging Cholistan 37–8 , 91–5 , 102–04 , See Trade , Organization of long- 132 , 143 , 313, 339 distance Craft production 133 Pathani Damb Site 75 Early Harappan/Kot Political Economy 18 Diji 93–95 Infrastructure 309 , 321–24 Hakra Phase 92–4 Pre-urban transition 102–05 Post-urban Period 311–12 Population Single function sites 127–9 Age and sex ratios 263 Urban period 340 Genetic affi nities 263 , 267 , In Northwest India 95–97 , 269–70 , 313–14 133–34, 313 Health factors 240 , 264 In Post-urban settlement Pottery types 60 expansion 317–18 Amri 85 , 99 Lower Indus 97–100 , 102 , Black storage jars 153 , 157–8 134–6 , 312–13 227 Jhukar Post-urban/Late Contemporaneity of 108 Harappan 316–17 Faiz Mohammad 60 , 69 , 74 Uniformity and diversity in Urban- Hakra 83 period 142– 4, 333–6 Kot Diji 75 , 85 , 87 , 95 , 98 , 117 , See Ganweriwala site 187 See Shah Abdul Latif University Nal 9 Survey Ravi 83 , 187 See Sindh Archaeological Research Sothi-Siswal 95 Project Togau 60 , 69 Rehman Dheri site 139–40 , 144 Religion Rajasthan 314 See Figurines Rakhigarhi site 14 , 97 , 107–10 , See Masks, terracotta 133–34 See Mohenjo-daro , Ceremonial Ras al-Jinz site 227 places Ravi phase See Narrative imagery See Chronology , Pre-urban Religious Ideologies 21 Period Research, history of 4–15 , 22–3 Regional settlements and 19 th century surveys 5–7 surveys 143 Early to mid-20th century Beas, Upper Indus near excavations 8–12 Harappa 39–44 , 89–91 , Early scholarship and East India 127–33 , 143 , 206 Company 4

Index 395

Mid 20th century to Social hierarchies and elaborated present 12–15 crafts 241–2 , 257 , 332 Rheinisch-Westfalischen Techniscen Social identity 270 Hochschule Aachen (RWTH) Social relations 104 , 267 , 273 See Aachen Research Project Status 270 Mohenjo-daro See Craft production , Agriculture , River regimes/systems Pastoralism , and Trade Beas 34 , 39–44 Sorath Harappan 318–19 , 323–4, Coastline 37 Sothi site 95 Ganges-Yamuna 38 Sothi-Siswal phase 95 Ghaggar-Hakra 1 , 37–8 , 79 , See Chronology , Pre-urban Period 91–7, 312–13 , 317–18 Sotka-Koh site 141 , 144 , 225 , 232, Indus River Valley 1 , 79–80 320 , 322 , 335 Riverine locations and settlement Specialization expansion 79–80 See Agriculture Upper and Lower Indus 33–7 , 79 See Craft production Lower Indus 34–7 See Pastoralism Upper Indus 33–4 States 17–18 See Environmental change , City-states 137–8 , 233 , 330–8 Climate See Comparative studies Rohri site 134–6 , 337 Statuary Rojdi site 169–70 , 319 See Dholavira , Harappa , and Ropar site 262 Mohenjo-daro sites Statuettes 252–57 Said Qala site 229 Surkotada site 195 Seals, sealings and tablets 8 , Sutkagen-dor site 9, 141 , 144 , 225 , 160–6 , 187 , 222–3 , 288–301 , 232 , 320 , 322, 335 305–6, 334 , 336–7 Susa 11 , 229 Shah Abdul Latif University Survey 97–8 , 134–6 Tarakai Qila site 341 Shahdad site 230 Technological styles 20 , 149 , 156 , Shahr-I Sokhta site 74 , 229 – 230 236, 273, 328 Shortugai site 139 , 144 , 193– 5 , Figurines and bone 228–9 , 232 , 313 , 320 , 323 , pigments 287–8 , 305 334 Technology Sibri site 321 See Craft production , Axes of Value Sindh Archaeological Research Tell Abraq site 228 Project 34 , 97 , 134–6 Tell Asmar site 163 , 229 Siswal site 95 Tepe Hissar site 228 Society Tepe Siyalk site 228 Access to resources 248–52 Tepe Yahya site 229 , 300 Artisans and merchants 260 Textiles 152 , 226 Prestige, political infl uence, Thar sites 98 , 134 symbolic material wealth Trade 177 Diplomacy, travel and conquest Social differences 20 , 233–4 , 21 , 217–20 , 232 , 334–6 241 , 246–52 , 261, 271 , An interconnected third millen- 272–3 , 328–30 nium world 230–2 , 336

396 Index

Trade (Cont.) See Baluchistan Translator/“language See Dilmun , Magan , and Meluhha turner” 187 , 223 See Rajasthan See Transport, forms of See Seals, sealings and tablets Organization of long-distance Transport, forms of 172 , 218– 220 , Arabian Peninsula 335–36 sites 226–28, 335 Disruptions of 314 Umma Maritime trade and routes See Mesopotamia 225 –28, 231–32 , 322 , 336 Ur Merchants and traders 224–25 , See Mesopotamia 228 , 231 , 232 Urbanism 17 , 330–38 Mesopotamian At its margins 138–42 contact 225–30 , 336 Cities and rural networks 332–37 Overland trade and routes See Cities 228–30 , 231 , 336 See Gateway towns and edge Textual and archaeological zones evidence 221–25, 336 See Indus cities Raw materials and See Indus state products 211–12 See Regional settlements and Carnelian, chalcedony, agate, surveys jasper 221 , 226 , 228 , 229 Chert 229 , 334 Vainiwal site 129–31 , 137 , 316 , 340 Ivory 229 See Regional settlements and “Knobbed” ware ceramic 223 surveys , Beas Upper Indus Lapis lazuli 231 , 234 near Harappa Marine shell 231 Veesar Valley sites 134–36 Metal 221 , 223 , 226 , 227 , 228 Vijayanagara Empire 18 , 181 Pendant 222 Textiles 226 Wood 174 , 226 Wood 221 , 226 , 335 Yogurt/ghee 226 , 335 Zahara 220 See Afghanistan Zooarchaeology 47