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Philip L. Kohl; Lucien R The Balance of Trade in Southwestern Asia in the Mid-Third Millennium B.C. [and Comments and Reply] Philip L. Kohl; Lucien R. Bäck; Henri J. M. Claessen; Antonio Gilman; Christopher L. Hamlin; Kensaku Hayashi; C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky; Hans J. Nissen; Joan Oates; Akira Ono; Daniel Potts; H. D. Sankalia; Jim G. Shaffer; Wilhelm G. Solheim II; Mary V. Stark; Trevor Watkins Current Anthropology, Vol. 19, No. 3. (Sep., 1978), pp. 463-492. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204%28197809%2919%3A3%3C463%3ATBOTIS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G Current Anthropology is currently published by The University of Chicago Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. 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For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Fri Jun 29 17:07:05 2007 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Vo1. 19, NO. 3, September 1978 @ 1978 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research 0011-3204/78/1903-0002603.55 The Balance of Trade in Southwestern Asia in the Mid-Third Millennium B.C.' by Philip L. Kohl THE DELINEATION AND INTERPRETATION of prehistoric ex- change; and variation in stratification systems is related to types of change networks has been the focus of several recent archaeo- exchange between producers and non-producers as they affect and logical studies (Wilmsen 1972, Sabloff and Lamberg-Karlovsky are affected by the spatial distribution of the elite and the level of 1975, Earle and Ericson 1977). Two reasons for this interest commercialization in the region and beyond. have been an increasing awareness of the importance of ex- I shall criticize archaeological discussions which treat trade change for maintaining and transforming cultural systems and as one of a limited number of variables that cumulatively the growing ability of archaeologists, aided by various physical must be evaluated to explain specific instances of cultural and chemical techniques, to distinguish nonlocal from indige- evolution and further argue that the dichotomy between nous artifacts. Archaeologists have been compelled to consider production and exchange is overdrawn. Any diachronic analysis trade or exchange an important independent variable for under- of changing exchange relations presupposes alterations in the standing cultural processes, the explicit goal of contemporary forces and relations of production. History provides countless archaeology. illustrations of the principle that production and exchange Similarly, social anthropologists, tired of the limited per- cannot be separated into distinct analytical spheres or sub- spective afforded by community studies, have begun to analyze system~.~I shall develop this position by summarizing recent exchange networks with increasing frequency. Smith (1976, archaeological work in highland Iran which has shown how vol. 2:309-11, 369), for example, reverses the traditional long-distance trade in both finished commodities and raw Marxian paradigm and argues persuasively for the dominance materials linked geographically separated centers on the of exchange over production. Utilizing an impressive array of Iranian plateau with the urban communities of the alluvial studies of agrarian societies from China and India to Africa plains of Mesopotamia and Khuzistan. I shall review the and Guatemala, she suggests that archaeological evidence for this trade and discuss its relevance the critical variable is the mode of exchange. Stratification is seen to for understanding the development of early state societies in result from differential access to or control over the means of ex- southwestern Asia and the nature of prehistoric exchange networks. 'I wish to thank C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, Annemarie and Abner Shimony, and Robert McC. Adams for critically reading and commenting upon an earlier draft of this paper. The maps were drawn ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR LONG-DISTANCE by Romayne Dawnay Timms; the final manuscript was typed by Jean Norling. TRADE Numerous archaeological investigations have been initiated in Iran in the past decade. Under the direction of Perrot (1971), PHILIPL. KOHLis Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology, Wellesley College (Wellesley, Mass. 02181, French archaeologists at Susa have reexamined sections left U.S.A.). Born in 1946, he was educated at Columbia University from earlier work on the Acropolis, conducted limited excava- (B.A., 1969) and at Harvard University (M.A., 1972; Ph.D., tions, and produced a reliable, stratigraphically determined 1974). He has done archaeological fieldwork with the Harvard- sequence extending from late Susiana times (c. 4000 B.c.) to Iran Project at Tepe Yahya (1968-71, 1973) and surveys in Turkey and Iran (1972) and northeastern Afghanistan (1975-76) the end of the Protoliterate period. Bampur and Tal-i Iblis, two as well as extensive studies in museum collections in Europe, the sites originally investigated by Stein (1937), were reexcavated Near East, and the United States. His publications include, with in the 1960s by de Cardi (1970) and Caldwell (1966, 1967). The C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, "The Early Bronze Age of Iran as seen from Tepe Yahya" (Expedition 13[3-41) and "The Rise and latter site yielded evidence for the melting of copper in the Development of the Earliest Civilizations in the Old World" early 4th millennium and contained rare but diagnostic ceramic (World Civilization Project, vol. 1, chaps. 8-9); "The Archaeology parallels with sites as far west as Mesopotamia. Both Sumner of Trade" (Dialectical Anthropology 1:43-50); '' 'Steatite' Carvings (1974) at Malyan, the ancient Elamite capital of Anshan, and of the Early Third Millennium B.c." (American Joz~rnal of Archaeology 80[1]);"Carved Chlorite Vessels: A Trade in Finished Young (Weiss and Young 1975) at Godin Tepe have unearthed Commodities in the Mid-Third Millennium" (Expedition 18[1]:18- large literate settlements on the Iranian plateau which date to 31) ;and "The Mode of Production: Evolutionary Considerations," in The Mode of Production: Method and Theory, edited by J. 2 For example, the rise of serfdom in Eastern Europe in the late Silverberg (in preparation). Middle Ages depended not only upon the growth of external markets The present paper, submitted in final form 24 VIII 77, was sent for grain, but also upon the relations of production, such as the for comment to 50 scholars. The responses are printed below and relative lack'of common lands, that had distinguished the region in are followed by a reply by the author. earlier periods (cf. Brenner 1976:43, 57-58). Vol. 19 . No. 3 . September 1978 the late 4th millennium. Proto-Elamite tablets have also been that they were products of Sumerian craftsmen. The most published from Tal-i Ghazir (Caldwell 1968, Whitcomb 1971) ingenious thesis, proposed by Piggott (1950:119), attributed and discovered at Tepe Yahya (Lamberg-Karlovsky 1971).3 their manufacture to the Kulli, an obscure people dwelling in Through a series of diagnostic chronological markers at Tepe Pakistani Baluchistan who carried their wares between coastal Yahya, Lamberg-Karlovsky (1972~) has demonstrated the settlements along the Persian Gulf. contemporaneity of these developments in eastern Iran with In the past decade, however, the number of vessel fragments the more spectacular changes in Mesopotamia and Khuzistan. in this distinctive style has more than quadrupled, and their Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta (Tosi 1968, 1969, 1972) have distribution has shifted from a concentration in Sumer to an presented evidence for craft specialization, and the work of almost balanced division among sites in Mesopotamia, the Iranian archaeologists at Shah-dad (Hakemi 1972) has shown Persian Gulf, and eastern Iran (cf. recent studies by al-Gailani the accumulation of wealth and, most likely, the beginnings of 1975 and de Miroschedji 1973). Excavations at Tepe Yahya, class stratification on the eastern Iranian plateau in the 3d Shah-dad, and Failaka Island as well as illicit digging on Tarut millennium. It is still too early to assess the significance of Island have yielded numerous examples in the Intercultural these discoveries, but it is already manifest that both Susa in Style, strongly suggesting that some of the trade in the finished the Khuzistan plain and sites in highland Iran played a critical vessels must have been routed from eastern Iran to Mesopo- role in the transformation of society which for several decades tamia and Khuzistan via the Persian Gulf. Thus,
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