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“Jewish Problem”: Othering the Jews and Homogenizing Europe

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“Jewish Problem”: Othering the Jews and Homogenizing Europe NOTES Introduction 1. Dominick LaCapra, History and Memory after Auschwitz (Ithaca, NY; London: Cornell University Press, 1998), 26. 2. Lyotard, Jean Francois, Heidegger and “the jews,” trans. Andreas Michel and Mark S. Roberts (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990). 3. Kathy Acker, Empire of the Senseless (New York: Grove Press, 1988). 4. Charles Maier, The Unmasterable Past, History, Holocaust and German National Identity (Harvard University Press, 1988), 1. 5. See Maurizio Passerin d’Entrèves and Seyla Benhabib, eds., Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1996). 6. LaCapra, History and Memory after Auschwitz, 22, note 14. 7. Ibid., 41. 8. Ibid., 40–41. 9. Jeffrey Alexander et al., Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004). 10. Idith Zertal, Israel’s Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood, trans. Chaya Galai, Cambridge Middle East Studies 21 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 4. 11. Angi Buettner, “Animal Holocausts,” Cultural Studies Review 8.1 (2002): 28. 12. Angi Buettner, Haunted Images: The Aesthetics of Catastrophe in a Post-Holocaust World (PhD diss., University of Queensland, 2005), 139. 13. Ibid, 139. 14. Ibid., 157. 15. Ibid., 159–160. 16. Ibid., 219. 17. Tim Cole, Selling the Holocaust: From Auschwitz to Schindler, How History Is Bought, Packaged and Sold (New York: Routledge, 1999). 18. LaCapra, History and Memory after Auschwitz, 21. Chapter One Producing the “Jewish Problem”: Othering the Jews and Homogenizing Europe 1. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, “Exile and Expulsion in Jewish History,” in Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World 1391–1648, ed. Benjamin R. Gampel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 20. 2. For another reading of this history see Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989), especially Chapter 2. Bauman works with a rather more uni- versalist understanding of Jewish difference. Thus, for example, Bauman writes that: “Once the term ‘antisemitism’ had been coined and come into general use toward the end of the nineteenth century, it was acknowledged that the phenomenon that the newly forged term 242 Notes tried to capture had a long past, reaching deep into antiquity, virtually unbroken continuity was recognized in historical evidence of resentment and discrimination towards Jews extend- ing over two millennia.” 33. 3. See Enrique Dussel, The Invention of the Americas: Eclipse of the “Other” and the Myth of Modernity (New York: Continuum, 1995), 35. See also Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997). 4. Jon Stratton, Coming Out Jewish: Constructing Ambivalent Identities (London: Routledge, 2000). 5. Doreen Massey, “A Global Sense of Place,” in Studying Culture: An Introductory Reader, ed. Ann Gray and Jim McGuigan (Arnold: London, 1993), 232. 6. James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 3. 7. Christopher Columbus, Journal of 1492. 8. Jael Silliman, Jewish Portraits, Indian Frames: Women’s Narratives from a Diaspora of Hope (Hanover, NH.: University Press of New England, 2001), 5–6. 9. Ibid., 167–168. 10. Jonathan Israel, European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism 1550–1750 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), 7. 11. Frédéric Mauro, “Merchant Communities 1350–1750,” in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World 1350–1750, ed. James D. Tracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 267. 12. Timothy Brennan, At Home in the World: Cosmopolitanism Now (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 21. 13. Joseph Goebbels, “Heil Moskau!” Der Angriff 21 November (1927). 14. Anna Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 25. 15. Ibid., 24. 16. Kenneth Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews in Late Medieval Latin Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 62. 17. Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, vol II of A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 20. 18. Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, 27. 19. Israel, European Jewry, 5. 20. Stow, Alienated Minority, 281. 21. Israel, European Jewry, 6. 22. Ibid. 23. Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, 154–155. 24. Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust, 48–49. 25. Stratton, Coming Out Jewish, 183. 26. See Esther Benbassa and Aron Bodrigue, Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th–20th Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). 27. Ella Shohat, Israeli Cinema: East/West and the Politics of Representation (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 3–4. 28. James Clifford, “Notes on Travel and Theory,” Inscriptions 5 (1989) at http://humwww.ucsc. edu/DivWeb/CultStudies/PUBS/Inscriptions/vol_5/clifford.html/. 29. Edward Said, The World, the Text and the Critic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 226. 30. Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, 130–131. 31. Israel, European Jewry, 18. 32. Israel, European Jewry, 20. 33. Foa, The Jews of Europe after the Black Death, 106. 34. Ibid., 105–106. 35. See also Milton Shain, The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), 48–50 for a summary of the arguments about the implications of this development. 36. Ella Shohat, “Taboo Memories and Diasporic Visions: Columbus, Palestine, and Arab-Jews,” in Performing Hybridity, ed. May Joseph and Jennifer Natalya Fink (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 136. 37. Ibid., 137. Notes 243 38. Ibid., 136. 39. Denys Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 1968), 73. 40. Ibid., 95. 41. Ibid., 86. 42. Ibid., 107. 43. Ibid., 117. 44. José Rabasa, Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentricism (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), 207. 45. Jonathan Boyarin, Storm from Paradise: The Politics of Jewish Memory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 85 describes how, in the German-Jewish development of Wissenschaft des Judentums, in which “they wished to purify Judaism of elements of folkloric ‘superstition,’ to separate out those universal elements that could inform a modern Judaism compatible with ecumenical liberalism,” there was “a strategy of Othering in time, allowing identity to draw on identification with a heritage that now can be dispensed with.” 46. Yerushalmi, “Exile and Expulsion in Jewish History,” 22. 47. Jon Stratton, Writing Sites: A Genealogy of the Postmodern World (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 1990), 50. 48. Enrique Dussel, The Invention of the Americas, 35. 49. Ibid., 38. 50. Quoted in Hay, Europe, 120–121. 51. Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (New York: Orion Press, 1965), 15. 52. Ibid., 15–16. 53. Silliman, Jewish Portraits, 176. 54. Ibid. 55. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony: The World System 1250–1350 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 354–355. 56. For the role of Jews in the Mediterranean area of the premodern world system see the six volumes of S. D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967–1993). 57. Abu-Lughod, Before European Hegemony, 355. 58. For a discussion of the historical shift of the center of modernity from Spain and Portugal to the countries of the northwest of Europe see the lengthy Preface to Walter Mignolo, The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995). After this shift Spain, Portugal, and Italy get marginalized—indeed, their inhabitants get constructed as only marginally “white.” 59. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System (New York: Academic Press, 1974), 38. 60. Israel, European Jewry, 44–45. 61. Ibid., 49. 62. Foa, The Jews of Europe, 167. 63. ibid., 39. 64. Jacob Katz, Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770–1870 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), 9. 65. Ibid., 15. 66. Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books 1974), 15. 67. Ibid., 28. 68. Ibid., 17. 69. Ibid., 18. 70. Johann Fichte, quoted in Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds. The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 309. 71. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Hutchinson, 1974), 138. Hitler wrote that: “The Jewish state was never spatially limited in itself, but universally unlimited as to space, though restricted in the sense of embracing but one race. Consequently, this people has always formed a state within states.” 72. Fichte in Mendes-Flohr and Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World, 309. 73. Foa, The Jews of Europe, 138. 74. Ibid., 140. 75. Ibid., 142. 244 Notes 76. Ibid., 140. 77. Ibid., 141. 78. Israel, European Jewry, 74. 79. Stow, Alienated Minority, 305–306. 80. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1979), 141. 81. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 36. 82. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Octagon, 1978), 144. 83. Benny Morris, 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 103–104. 84. Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914
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