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5 Gumboots CCW13MS.Cros.59-69 Étrange destin à l’étranger : la reconnaissance internationale de l’Afrique du Sud. Le cas paradoxal du gumboot dancing Bernard Cros To cite this version: Bernard Cros. Étrange destin à l’étranger : la reconnaissance internationale de l’Afrique du Sud. Le cas paradoxal du gumboot dancing. Cultures of the Commonwealth, Societe d’Etude des Pays du Commonwealth, 2007, Strange, Stranger, pp.59-69. hal-03241491 HAL Id: hal-03241491 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03241491 Submitted on 1 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cultures of the Commonwealth 59 ÉTRANGE DESTIN À L’ÉTRANGER : LA RECONNAISSANCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’AFRIQUE DU SUD, LE CAS PARADOXAL DU GUMBOOT DANCING Bernard CROS Université Paris X-Nanterre epuis les années 1990, le « gumboot dancing », danse en bottes de caoutchouc pratiquée à l’origine par les mineurs noirs dans les foyers D qui leur étaient réservés aux abords de leurs lieux de travail, est devenu la forme artistique la plus utilisée à l’étranger pour illustrer la vigueur de la création artistique sud-africaine. Il est donc légitime de s’interroger sur les raisons de son apparition brutale comme représentant exemplaire de la culture nationale, autrement dit sur sa « sud-africanité ». Le gumboots renvoie en effet à une interrogation devenue majeure depuis une quinzaine d’années, celle de l’identité nationale : qu’est-ce que l’Afrique du Sud, qu’est-ce qu’être sud-africain aujourd’hui ? L’objectif de cet article est d’expliquer comment et pourquoi le gumboots a été propulsé comme symbole culturel de l’Afrique du Sud sur la scène internationale, puis de voir comment, en s’appropriant un statut culturel neuf, il se retrouve pris – prisonnier ? – dans le grand œuvre post-apartheid de création de la nation sud- africaine, en tant que partie désormais noble du patrimoine national. Une ébauche de réponse vient du fait que, comme l’Afrique du Sud elle-même, le gumboots a un pied en Afrique et l’autre en Occident, et c’est de cette tension entre étrange et familier, original et conforme, étranger et identique, que proviennent sa nature et son succès. Les circonstances historiques (chute du communisme, essor de la mondialisation etc.) fournissent d’autres éléments permettant de prendre la mesure de ce phénomène. Arrière-plan : le gumboots, danse métissée aux frontières de l’étrange En soi, le gumboots est une danse pour le moins étrange. Qui a pu avoir un jour l’idée de danser avec de lourdes bottes de caoutchouc aux pieds et, plus étonnant encore, d’en inventer une pratique codifiée ? Parce qu’ils sont détournés de leur utilisation première, ces objets du quotidien, banals, voire laids, confèrent au gumboots une dimension bizarre. Ceci est dû à sa naissance à l’intersection d’une relation entre Afrique et Occident. De ce point de vue, il est parfaitement représentatif de l’Afrique du Sud elle-même, dont l’histoire et l’identité fluctuante, sans cesse redéfinie, est traversée par cette tension. Comme elle, le gumboots est intrinsèquement double. Né à la fin du XIXe siècle dans les mines du Witwatersrand, il mêle rythmes, musiques et chorégraphies africains aux instruments européens, dont les bottes font partie. Les danses traditionnelles nguni (surtout zouloues et xhosa) comprennent des éléments de pieds frappés au sol, mais elles furent souvent interdites par les missionnaires chrétiens, qui introduisirent en revanche des « step dances » européennes, ainsi que certains exercices, marches militaires notamment, qui laissèrent une influence profonde, tout comme l’introduction des chaussures qui, en modifiant le son des pieds sur le sol, fit naître une forme de danse neuve, 60 Le Gumboots à l’étranger l’isicathulo (« chaussure » en zoulou). Certains voient même la patte de missionnaires allemands qui auraient enseigné les danses bavaroises et tyroliennes de type « Schuhplattler »1. La danse commença en fait à se codifier, se nourrissant d’éléments africains et européens, d’abord dans les mines à la toute fin du XIXe siècle, grâce aux travailleurs migrants, venus des zones rurales, puis sur les docks de Durban, en partie sous l’influence de marins russes dans les années 20. L’Amérique joua à son tour un rôle décisif, sans doute moins par le biais des « minstrels »2 (dont certains, venus en Afrique du Sud à la fin du XIXe siècle, se produisirent devant des publics essentiellement blancs) que grâce aux comédies musicales hollywoodiennes, très populaires dans les années 30 et 40 auprès des jeunes urbains noirs. Fred Astaire devint un modèle pour les mineurs noirs, qui avaient parfois le droit à une séance de cinéma le samedi, et tentaient de recréer ses pas, bottes aux pieds. Le gumboots est à l’intersection de mondes étrangers les uns aux autres, rural et urbain, africain et occidental, sud-africain et européen ou américain, qui fusionnent dans cette pratique. In its contemporary context, gumboot dancing embodies the simultaneous presence in a single performance of ancestral beliefs and dance style, Hollywood cowboy and tap dance films, nineteenth-century Anglo-American minstrel performance, industrial labour relations, European folk music, mission Christianity and ethnic tensions.3 Le gumboots devient une activité réservée exclusivement aux noirs et confinée aux limites des mines. Dès les années 50, sous l’égide paternaliste et bien-pensante de la toute-puissante Chambre des Mines, on organise le week-end des spectacles et des compétitions entre troupes de danse. Malgré leur accoutrement détribalisé (chemise, foulard, pantalon, bottes, parfois casque), les danseurs de gumboots étaient souvent présentés comme danseurs de gumboots bhaca ou zoulou puisque, selon la doctrine d’apartheid qui s’impose à partir de 1948, la différenciation ethnique, et pas seulement raciale, devait être encouragée. Dans des amphithéâtres en plein air, ces danseurs divertissaient la classe moyenne blanche banlieusarde venue prendre en famille une bouffée d’authenticité indigène. Le gumboots, produit multiculturel, est donc tribalisé, alors qu’il ne l’avait jamais été, devenant au passage un produit des mines comme l’or ou le charbon et symbole paradoxal de l’asservissement de la population noire. Parallèlement, le gumboots était utilisé par les mineurs comme une réponse à leur aliénation, rare espace de liberté dans un système de nature carcérale4. La « world music » va donner une impulsion inattendue à la musique sud- africaine et au gumboots dans la deuxième moitié des années 80. La world music renvoie à toutes les formes musicales populaires n’appartenant pas à la tradition 1 Voir les remarques de Fredrik HAGEMANN, professeur de danse à la School of Arts de l’université du Witwatersrand, dans le documentaire inclus dans le DVD Gumboots! Warner Vision International, 2000. 2 Apparus vers 1830 aux États-Unis, les « minstrel shows » étaient des spectacles comiques dans lesquels des blancs grimés en noirs, imitaient chants, danses et mélodies des esclaves au travers de numéros burlesques. Le Coon Festival du Cap, autre symbole culturel de l’Afrique du Sud qui a lieu tous les 2 janvier, a été influencé par ces artistes. Il a d’ailleurs été récemment rebaptisé Cape Town Minstrel Carnival. 3 Carol MULLER et Janet TOPP-FARGION, « Gumboots, Bhaca Migrants, and Fred Astaire: South African Worker Dance and Musical Style », African Music 7(4) 1999, 92. 4 Voir Bernard CROS, « Gumboot dancing : le plaisir, de la ségrégation à la réconciliation ? », Actes du colloque « Le plaisir », organisé par le GERB, Université Michel-de-Montaigne, Bordeaux III, 11 mars 2005 (à paraître). Cultures of the Commonwealth 61 nord-américaine ou ouest-européenne, tant pour les instruments que pour les mélodies et les structures rythmiques. Le terme recouvre aussi les expérimentations fusionnelles, mélangeant les deux mondes. Ce terme éminemment ethnocentrique, popularisé par le marketing des maisons de disques, s’inscrit dans la longue tradition de l’exotisme (créé sur la racine grecque exo, « en dehors ») dans les arts occidentaux. Dans le domaine de la musique pop, les Beatles avaient ouvert une voie dès 1965 en intégrant le sitar sur Norwegian Wood, suivis par Paul Simon insérant la flûte de pan sur El Condór Pasa (« If I Could », sur l’album Bridge Over Troubled Waters, 1970), mais c’est au cœur des années 80 que l’exotisme entre pour la première fois profondément et à grande échelle dans cette culture de masse. L’Occident découvre des musiques inconnues, les apprivoise puis les intègre au rock et à la pop pour donner naissance à de nouvelles formes musicales dites « cross- over ». La world music rend alors l’étrange familier à l’oreille. Dans ce contexte d’ouverture, la culture d’Afrique du Sud, contrairement à son gouvernement, n’est alors pas traitée en paria, d’abord grâce à Johnny Clegg, surnommé en France « le Zoulou blanc » (quoi de plus « world » que cette dénomination métisse ?), et son groupe Savuka, dont les tubes Asimbonanga et Scatterlings of Africa monteront au sommet des charts occidentaux (l’album Third World Child, enregistré en 1986, se vendra à deux millions d’exemplaires). Malgré l’apartheid, Clegg avait réussi ce mélange dès 1976 (mélodies occidentales, paroles anglaises, mbaqanga ou township jive, le rock des townships, danses zouloues. Son premier album fut censuré). Ce succès se produit alors que l’Afrique du Sud fait régulièrement la une des journaux du monde entier à cause des violences suscitées par l’état d’urgence imposé par le gouvernement.
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