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Nostalgia, Collective Memory, and Forgetting After Apartheid: Contemporary South Africa in Focus

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Nostalgia, Collective Memory, and Forgetting After Apartheid: Contemporary South Africa in Focus DUKE UNIVERSITY Durham, North Carolina Nostalgia, Collective Memory, and Forgetting After Apartheid: Contemporary South Africa in Focus Oluwatobi Runsewe April 2015 UnDer the supervision oF ProFessor Anne-Maria Makhulu, Cultural Anthropology anD African anD African American StuDies SubmitteD in Partial FulFillment oF the Requirements For GraDuation with Distinction Program in International Comparative StuDies Trinity College oF Arts anD Sciences Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv Illustrations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….v Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter One – National Discourse………………………………..………………………........................15 Global Influences on Post-ApartheiD Discourse………………………………………………………………17 Democracy anD FreeDom………………………………………………………………………………………………19 The Truth anD Reconciliation Commission (TRC) anD Human Rights……………………………………………………………………………………..………………...………………… 22 Truth…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………..................…..25 Reconciliation…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………..32 The Rainbow Nation……………………………………………………………………………...................................40 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….......................................................45 Chapter Two – The Politics of Historical Narratives in the Post-Apartheid History Curriculum……….…………………………………………………...……..………………………………...……….46 Sociopolitical Dynamics oF Curricular Revisions……………………………………..………………………50 Textbooks anD the History Curriculum…………………………………………………………………………..56 Complicating the Historical Narrative……………………………………………………………………………70 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...........74 Chapter Three – Discourse in South African Political Ads………….……........…………………77 Political Parties, the Meaning Makers…………………………………………………………………………….79 The Electorate……………………………………………………………………………………………….................….80 The Political Relevance oF the Born Free Generation……………………………………….................….82 MethoDology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...87 The 1994 Political Campaigns………………………………………………………………………...……………..88 The 2014 Political Campaigns…………………………………………………………………….………………….97 The Importance oF This ShiFt in Discourse……………………………………………………………………108 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……115 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………..…...……………116 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…..122 ii Abstract In 1994, the apartheiD regime Fell anD South Africa helD its First Democratic elections. The country quickly came to be characterizeD in the terms oF Democracy, truth, reconciliation, FreeDom, human rights, anD racial harmony. Pre-eminent amongst such loFty concepts, both locally anD globally, claims to racial reconciliation anD equality lent weight to the notion oF South Africa as a “Rainbow Nation.” This thesis ventures beneath these grand narratives of post-colonial triumph anD explores the complexities, contraDictions anD shiFts within the Discursive Framing oF a harmonious, post-apartheiD South Africa. In particular, the thesis is concerned with how “Born Frees,” young South Africans born just beFore or aFter the political transition who became eligible to vote For the First time in 2014, have causeD a shiFt in the Dominant post-apartheiD discourse. The thesis analyzes their status as political subjects anD the socioeconomic realities they face in orDer to understand their political incentives anD motivations. Ultimately, the thesis argues that, in response to the socioeconomic inequalities that have become too glaring to ignore, anD a shiFting, younger electorate both aware oF these inequalities anD DisengageD From history, South Africa is moving away From the triumphalist Discourse that DominateD the early post-1994 era and towarDs notions that challenge the illusion oF post-apartheiD racial and class equality. The thesis Focuses on a number oF key sites including national school curricula, political aDvertising, anD public memory to show that political Discourse is also shiFting From history-baseD or race-baseD campaigning to issue-baseD campaigning FocuseD on economic inequality. iii Acknowledgements To my mum, Carol Omoqui – Thank you for being my rock throughout the writing process, anD For encouraging me to pursue my intellectual passions, even though you oFten DiDn’t understand where I was headed. I am blesseD to have you as my coach and cheerleader. I love you. To Cheri Ross – Your support was inDispensable in getting me to this point. Thank you For reaDing all my DraFts anD For pushing me to Dig Deeper anD push Further with my analysis. Thank you For pushing me to not only be a better thinker, but also a much better writer. To Anne-Maria Makhulu – I couldn’t have written this thesis without you. Thank you for inspiring me to take up this thesis project in the first place. I will never forget how you meticulously reaD through every single worD oF my thesis anD pusheD me to the limits in terms oF how I write, think, anD see the worlD. I am a much better stuDent anD critical thinker because oF you anD I remain Forever grateFul For that. I would like to thank the Duke URS Travel Grant anD the ICS Program, which proviDeD me with research travel FunDing From the Scott Lee Stephenson Memorial FunD. These awarDs enableD me to travel to South Africa to carry out research in museums, explore historical archives and work with acaDemic historian, Michelle FrieDman. Finally, thank you to everyone who helpeD me with my thesis. I truly appreciate the love anD support that I’ve gotten From my Family, FrienDs, anD mentors in the past year. iv Illustrations Figures 0.1. Screenshot of Woolworths ad showing shoppers and buyers…………………………………4 0.2. Screenshot of workers with their fists in the air…………………………………………………….5 1.1. Percentage oF DiFFerent racial groups that agree that apartheiD was a crime against humanity…………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….29 1.2. Desirability anD possibility oF creating a uniteD South Africa………………………………..32 1.3. Changing levels of interracial mistrust………………………………………………………………...35 1.4. LSM category by race………………………………………………………………………………………….36 1.5. Interracial socialization by LSM (always+oFten)…………………………………………………..37 1.6. Rainbow Flyover Demonstration at PresiDent Thabo Mbeki's inauguration ceremony…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..40 1.7. ResponDents' primary iDentity associations………………………………………………………..42 2.1. "What the Constitution says" sample textbook exercise……………………………………….60 2.2. A comic From a textbook Describing the Dutch as "visitors who DiDn't go home"…...63 2.3. One oF the RDP examples in UnDerstanDing Human & Social Sciences…………………..65 2.4. Multiperspective depiction oF the Dutch-Khoikhoi battle (18th Century)……………...69 2.5. Conceptual Framework For analyzing different versions of history………………………..70 3.1. Age groups as a proportion oF registereD voters in the 2014 national elections…….83 3.2. ANC print aD in the 1994 National Elections………………………………………………………..90 3.3. NNP print ad in the 1994 National Elections………………………………………………………..94 3.4. Screenshot From the ANC’s 2014 National Election aD………………………………………….98 3.5. Screenshot From the ANC’s 2014 National Election aD…………………………………………99 v 3.6. Screenshot From DA's 2014 National Election aD……………………………………………….101 3.7. Screenshot From DA's 2014 National Election aD……………………………………………….103 3.8. Screenshot From EFF's 2014 National Election aD……………………………………………...105 3.9. EFF members dressed in EFF regalia………………………………………………………………...106 4.1. EFF protesters outsiDe the national parliament During the State of the Union adDress……………………………………………………………………………………………………………117 4.2. An example oF a Green CarD that gives manual workers access to certain neighborhoods…………………………………………………………………………………………………120 Tables 2.1. South African history textbooks across multiple curricular reForms anD class grades……………………….……………………………………………………………………...............57 3.1. Party supporter profile broken down by age group (%)……………………………………….86 3.2. Racial composition oF the top two income Deciles, 1975-2000…………………………....110 vi Introduction After Nelson ManDela’s Death on the 5th oF December 2013, people anD organizations From all over the worlD maDe countless tributes reFlecting on his legacy as a global icon oF peace, human rights anD Democracy. One tribute that stooD out was an aD commissioneD by Woolworths, an upscale South African grocery store chain mostly frequented by people in the upper-miDDle anD upper class income category. Woolworth’s stores are mostly FounD in aFFluent suburbs across South Africa. The hiDDen-camera-style Woolworth’s tribute aD opens with shots oF apparently normal operations in a store: workers, all Black South Africans, are cleaning anD stocking shelves, anD shoppers, mostly white, are filling their baskets. One oF the Black workers starts singing a classic apartheiD- era anthem, anD the other workers join in, Flash mob-style. For many, this aD typiFieD South Africa’s global reputation as a rainbow nation that achieveD racial reconciliation aFter apartheiD; the aD showeD South Africans oF all races in the same space, uniteD in tribute to an apartheiD hero. The ad went viral around the worlD—as oF toDay, it has almost 5 million views on YouTube. Even though aDs are not createD to visualize critically complex social Dynamics, the Fact that they are circulateD For public consumption means that they holD substantial discursive power. Because the Woolworths ad was also proDuceD
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