DOCSLIB.ORG

Phd Thesis, I Had Been Following and Reading on the Israel-Palestine Issue for Several Years

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms: Implications for a Resolution of the Israel-Palestine Conflict Author Rane, Halim Published 2008 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/2407 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367945 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Reconstructing Jihad amid Competing International Norms: Implications for a Resolution of the Israel-Palestine Conflict Halim Rane BHSc (Hon.) (IIUM) MA (Bond) PhD Candidate Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice, and Governance Griffith Islamic Research Unit Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2008 i Abstract This thesis adopts a multi-disciplinary approach in its examination of the Israel- Palestine conflict. Its subject matter essentially falls within the fields of international relations and Islamic studies. There are three central research questions of this thesis: From a constructivist perspective, what is the main obstacle to a just peace in Israel-Palestine? What is the mechanism through which the Israel-Palestine conflict can be resolved? What is required of the Palestinians in order to facilitate this process? Utilising the constructivist perspective of international relations along with the contextualist and objective- oriented (maqasid) approaches of Islamic Studies, the aim of this thesis is to demonstrate why Palestinian nonviolence would be more conducive to their liberation struggle than violent resistance, and how this is a legitimate and authentic form of jihad consistent with the higher objectives of Islam. Independent of strategic and material concerns, international norms and identity factors are fundamental determinants of the interests and policies of even the most powerful nations. In the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict, a just resolution has been obstructed by the competition that exists between the norms of self-determination (central to Palestinian claims) and self-defence (central to Israeli concerns). With the norm of self-defence predominant in the ‘peace process’, Palestinian use of violence has increasingly become detrimental to their struggle for self-determination. However, the dominant interpretation and application of jihad equates the concept with armed struggle. A just resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict requires a reformulation of jihad through a process that broadens the concept to include non-violent resistance but retains Islamic legitimacy and authenticity. This reformulation, based on context and objectives, will make a critical contribution to generating the requisite international support for the norm of self-determination for the Palestinians, without compromising the norm of self-defence for the Israelis, in order to redirect the strategic and material interests of influential states. This has the potential to shift their foreign policies toward a just resolution of the conflict based on the normative framework provided by the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council. ii Statement of Originality This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. ………………………………. Halim Rane 15 January 2008 iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... vi List of Tables.................................................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations……..………………………………………………..………...…………viii Glossary ........................................................................................................................ ix Introduction ................................................................................................................ 12 Literature review ....................................................................................................... 22 The Israel-Palestine conflict .................................................................................. 22 International relations............................................................................................ 29 Islamic studies ...................................................................................................... 32 Contributions to the literature…………..…………………………………………………..37 Chapter structure...................................................................................................... 39 PART I: The Israel-Palestine Conflict Chapter 1: Origin, Nature, and Progression of the Conflict ....................................................... 43 Historical Palestine ................................................................................................... 43 Origin of the conflict .................................................................................................. 45 The partition of Palestine .......................................................................................... 49 The ‘peace process’.................................................................................................. 57 The religious dimension ........................................................................................ 63 Asymmetry............................................................................................................ 69 Just peace ............................................................................................................ 76 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 83 Chapter 2: The United Nations Security Council Resolutions on the Question of Palestine: A Normative Framework for a Just Resolution ........................................................ 84 Analysis .................................................................................................................... 86 The Question of Palestine......................................................................................... 88 Obstructions to peace ........................................................................................... 88 Applicability and implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention...................... 91 Occupation or administration?............................................................................... 92 Cycle of violence................................................................................................... 94 Final-status issues ................................................................................................ 97 Framework for a just resolution........................................................................... 110 Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 115 PART II: Theoretical Foundation Chapter 3: Constructivism and the Role of International Norms and Identity in Conflict Resolution................................................................................................... 117 Definition and conceptualisation ............................................................................. 117 Norms in international relations............................................................................... 121 Norms, international law, and international politics.............................................. 123 The case of South Africa: Lessons for the Israel-Palestine conflict ..................... 129 Competing norms ................................................................................................... 138 Decolonisation and Self-determination................................................................ 139 Israel’s security and the norm of self-defence ..................................................... 142 Identity.................................................................................................................... 149 Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 158 iv Chapter 4: Contemporary Realities and the Imperative of a Non-Violent Intifada..................159 Implication of 9/11 and the ‘war on terror’................................................................159 Western public opinion and perceptions..............................................................159 International political and legal dimensions .........................................................163 Counter-productivity of the second intifada .............................................................167 Nonviolence ............................................................................................................177 Potential for a non-violent intifada .......................................................................180 Limitations of Palestinian nonviolence.................................................................187 Conclusion..............................................................................................................200 PART III: Reformulation Chapter 5: The Islamic Doctrines of War and Peace ................................................................203
Recommended publications
  • Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2010 - 2012 Volume VII

    Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2010 - 2012 Volume VII

    BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights is an independent, community-based non- This edition of the Survey of Palestinian Survey of Palestinian Refugees and profit organization mandated to defend Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons BADIL Internally Displaced Persons 2010-2012 and promote the rights of Palestinian (Volume VII) focuses on Palestinian Vol VII 2010-2012 refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Survey of refugees and IDPs. Our vision, mission, 124 Pages, 30 c.m. (IDPs) in the period between 2010 and ISSN: 1728-1679 programs and relationships are defined 2012. Statistical data and estimates of the by our Palestinian identity and the size of this population have been updated Palestinian Refugees principles of international law, in in accordance with figures as of the end Editor: Nidal al-Azza particular international human rights of 2011. This edition includes for the first law. We seek to advance the individual time an opinion poll surveying Palestinian Editorial Team: Amjad Alqasis, Simon and collective rights of the Palestinian refugees regarding specific humanitarian and Randles, Manar Makhoul, Thayer Hastings, services they receive in the refugee Noura Erakat people on this basis. camps. Demographic Statistics: Mustafa Khawaja BADIL Resource Center was established The need to overview and contextualize in January 1998. BADIL is registered Palestinian refugees and (IDPs) - 64 Internally Displaced Persons Layout & Design: Atallah Salem with the Palestinan Authority and years since the Palestinian Nakba Printing: Al-Ayyam Printing, Press, (Catastrophe) and 45 years since Israel’s legally owned by the refugee community Publishing and Distribution Conmpany represented by a General Assembly belligerent occupation of the West Bank, including eastern Jerusalem, and the 2010 - 2012 composed of activists in Palestinian Gaza Strip - is derived from the necessity national institutions and refugee to set the foundations for a human rights- community organizations.
  • Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2004 - 2005

    Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2004 - 2005

    Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons 2004 - 2005 BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights i BADIL is a member of the Global Palestine Right of Return Coalition Preface The Survey of Palestinian Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons is published annually by BADIL Resource Center. The Survey provides an overview of one of the largest and longest-standing unresolved refugee and displaced populations in the world today. It is estimated that two out of every five of today’s refugees are Palestinian. The Survey has several objectives: (1) It aims to provide basic information about Palestinian displacement – i.e., the circumstances of displacement, the size and characteristics of the refugee and displaced population, as well as the living conditions of Palestinian refugees and internally displaced persons; (2) It aims to clarify the framework governing protection and assistance for this displaced population; and (3) It sets out the basic principles for crafting durable solutions for Palestinian refugees and internally displaced persons, consistent with international law, relevant United Nations Resolutions and best practice. In short, the Survey endeavors to address the lack of information or misinformation about Palestinian refugees and internally displaced persons, and to counter political arguments that suggest that the issue of Palestinian refugees and internally displaced persons can be resolved outside the realm of international law and practice applicable to all other refugee and displaced populations. The Survey examines the status of Palestinian refugees and internally displaced persons on a thematic basis. Chapter One provides a short historical background to the root causes of Palestinian mass displacement.
  • A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights

    A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights

    A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights © Copyright 2010, The Veritas Handbook. 1st Edition: July 2010. Online PDF, Cost: $0.00 Cover Photo: Ahmad Mesleh This document may be reproduced and redistributed, in part, or in full, for educational and non- profit purposes only and cannot be used for fundraising or any monetary purposes. We encourage you to distribute the material and print it, while keeping the environment in mind. Photos by Ahmad Mesleh, Jon Elmer, and Zoriah are copyrighted by the authors and used with permission. Please see www.jonelmer.ca, www.ahmadmesleh.wordpress.com and www.zoriah.com for detailed copyright information and more information on these photographers. Excerpts from Rashid Khalidi’s Palestinian Identity, Ben White’s Israeli Apartheid: A Beginner’s Guide and Norman Finkelstein’s This Time We Went Too Far are also taken with permission of the author and/or publishers and can only be used for the purposes of this handbook. Articles from The Electronic Intifada and PULSE Media have been used with written permission. We claim no rights to the images included or content that has been cited from other online resources. Contact: [email protected] Web: www.veritashandbook.blogspot.com T h e V E R I T A S H a n d b o o k 2 A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights To make this handbook possible, we would like to thank 1. The Hasbara Handbook and the Hasbara Fellowships 2. The Israel Project’s Global Language Dictionary Both of which served as great inspirations, convincing us of the necessity of this handbook in our plight to establish truth and justice.
  • F-Dyd Programme

    F-Dyd Programme

    ‘Your memory shines in me’ in shines memory ‘Your St. John’s Wood Church, London NW8 London Church, Wood John’s St. Sunday, 1st April at 6:30pm at April 1st Sunday, 2007 Deir Yassin Day Day Yassin Deir Destroyed Palestinian villages Amqa Al-Tira (Tirat Al-Marj, Abu Shusha Umm Al-Zinat Deir 'Amr Kharruba, Al-Khayma Harrawi Al-Zuq Al-Tahtani Arab Al-Samniyya Al-Tira Al-Zu'biyya) Abu Zurayq Wa'arat Al-Sarris Deir Al-Hawa Khulda, Al-Kunayyisa (Arab Al-Hamdun), Awlam ('Ulam) Al-Bassa Umm Ajra Arab Al-Fuqara' Wadi Ara Deir Rafat Al-Latrun (Al-Atrun) Hunin, Al-Husayniyya Al-Dalhamiyya Al-Birwa Umm Sabuna, Khirbat (Arab Al-Shaykh Yajur, Ajjur Deir Al-Shaykh Al-Maghar (Al-Mughar) Jahula Ghuwayr Abu Shusha Al-Damun Yubla, Zab'a Muhammad Al-Hilu) Barqusya Deir Yassin Majdal Yaba Al-Ja'una (Abu Shusha) Deir Al-Qasi Al-Zawiya, Khirbat Arab Al-Nufay'at Bayt Jibrin Ishwa', Islin (Majdal Al-Sadiq) Jubb Yusuf Hadatha Al-Ghabisyya Al-'Imara Arab Zahrat Al-Dumayri Bayt Nattif Ism Allah, Khirbat Al-Mansura (Arab Al-Suyyad) Al-Hamma (incl. Shaykh Dannun Al-Jammama Atlit Al-Dawayima Jarash, Al-Jura Al-Mukhayzin Kafr Bir'im Hittin & Shaykh Dawud) Al-Khalasa Ayn Ghazal Deir Al-Dubban Kasla Al-Muzayri'a Khirbat Karraza Kafr Sabt, Lubya Iqrit Arab Suqrir Ayn Hawd Deir Nakhkhas Al-Lawz, Khirbat Al-Na'ani Al-Khalisa Ma'dhar, Al-Majdal Iribbin, Khirbat (incl. Arab (Arab Abu Suwayrih) Balad Al-Shaykh Kudna (Kidna) Lifta, Al-Maliha Al-Nabi Rubin Khan Al-Duwayr Al-Manara Al-Aramisha) Jurdayh, Barbara, Barqa Barrat Qisarya Mughallis Nitaf (Nataf) Qatra Al-Khisas (Arab
  • Dictionary of Palestinian Political Terms

    Dictionary of Palestinian Political Terms

    Dictionary of Palestinian Political Terms PASSIA Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, Jerusalem PASSIA, the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, is an Arab, non-profit Palestinian institution with a financially and legally indepen- dent status. It is not affiliated with any government, political party or organization. PASSIA seeks to present the Question of Palestine in its national, Arab and interna- tional contexts through academic research, dialogue and publication. PASSIA endeavors that research undertaken under its auspices be specialized, scientific and objective and that its symposia and workshops, whether interna- tional or intra-Palestinian, be open, self-critical and conducted in a spirit of har- mony and cooperation. Copyright PASSIA 3rd updated and revised edition, December 2019 ISBN: 978-9950-305-52-6 PASSIA Publication 2019 Tel.: 02-6264426 | Fax: 02-6282819 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.passia.org PO Box 19545, Jerusalem Contents Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………………………. i Foreword …………………………………………………………………….….…………..……………. iii Dictionary A-Z ………………………………………………………………………….………………. 1 Main References Cited…………………………………………..……………………………… 199 Abbreviations ACRI Association for Civil Rights in PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Israel Statistics AD Anno Domini PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation AIPAC American Israel Public Affairs of Palestine Committee PFLP-GC Popular Front for the Liberation ALF Arab Liberation Front of Palestine – General ANM
  • BADIL's Anuual Report 2013

    BADIL's Anuual Report 2013

    BADIL BADIL Resource Center بديل المركز الفلسطيني Resource Center was established in لمصادر حقوق المواطنة والﻻجئين for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights January 1998 based on recommendations issued by popular BADIL Annual Report refugee conferences in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. BADIL BADIL Annual Report is registered with the Palestinian Authority 2013 and legally owned by 2013 Report Annual 2013 BADIL’s a General Assembly composed of activists in Palestinian national institutions and refugee community organizations. BADIL’s current Board was elected by the General Assembly convened on 17 November 2013. BADIL بديل المركز الفلسطيني Resource Center لمصادر حقوق المواطنة والﻻجئين for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights March 2013 March 2013 March BADIL Resource Center was established in January 1998 based on recommendations issued by popular refugee conferences in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. BADIL is registered with the Palestinian Authority and legally owned by a General Assembly composed of activists in Palestinian national institutions and refugee community organizations. BADIL’s current Board was elected by the General Assembly convened on 17 November 2013. BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights PO Box 728 Bethlehem, Palestine Tel/fax. +972-02-274-7346 Fax: +972-02-277-7086 www.badil.org P.04 Introduction Contents p.05 Achievements .... Program I: Building Local Capacity to Participate and Engage p.08 ........ 1. Youth Education and Activation Project p.10 ........ 2. Strategy Forum p.12 ............ a. BADIL-Zochrot Joint Action p.16 ............ b. Local Youth Refugee Network and the Civil Society Activists Forum p.18 ............ c. Academic Activists Training p.20 .......
  • Mapping My Return

    Mapping My Return

    Mapping My Return Mapping My Return A Palestinian Memoir SALMAN ABU SITTA The American University in Cairo Press Cairo New York This edition published in 2016 by The American University in Cairo Press 113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt 420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 www.aucpress.com Copyright © 2016 by Salman Abu Sitta All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Exclusive distribution outside Egypt and North America by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd., 6 Salem Road, London, W2 4BU Dar el Kutub No. 26166/14 ISBN 978 977 416 730 0 Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data Abu Sitta, Salman Mapping My Return: A Palestinian Memoir / Salman Abu Sitta.—Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2016 p. cm ISBN 978 977 416 730 0 1. Beersheba (Palestine)—History—1914–1948 956.9405 1 2 3 4 5 20 19 18 17 16 Designed by Amy Sidhom Printed in the United States of America To my parents, Sheikh Hussein and Nasra, the first generation to die in exile To my daughters, Maysoun and Rania, the first generation to be born in exile Contents Preface ix 1. The Source (al-Ma‘in) 1 2. Seeds of Knowledge 13 3. The Talk of the Hearth 23 4. Europe Returns to the Holy Land 35 5. The Conquest 61 6. The Rupture 73 7. The Carnage 83 8.
  • Financing Racism and Apartheid

    Financing Racism and Apartheid

    Financing Racism and Apartheid Jewish National Fund’s Violation of International and Domestic Law PALESTINE LAND SOCIETY August 2005 Synopsis The Jewish National Fund (JNF) is a multi-national corporation with offices in about dozen countries world-wide. It receives millions of dollars from wealthy and ordinary Jews around the world and other donors, most of which are tax-exempt contributions. JNF aim is to acquire and develop lands exclusively for the benefit of Jews residing in Israel. The fact is that JNF, in its operations in Israel, had expropriated illegally most of the land of 372 Palestinian villages which had been ethnically cleansed by Zionist forces in 1948. The owners of this land are over half the UN- registered Palestinian refugees. JNF had actively participated in the physical destruction of many villages, in evacuating these villages of their inhabitants and in military operations to conquer these villages. Today JNF controls over 2500 sq.km of Palestinian land which it leases to Jews only. It also planted 100 parks on Palestinian land. In addition, JNF has a long record of discrimination against Palestinian citizens of Israel as reported by the UN. JNF also extends its operations by proxy or directly to the Occupied Palestinian Territories in the West Bank and Gaza. All this is in clear violation of international law and particularly the Fourth Geneva Convention which forbids confiscation of property and settling the Occupiers’ citizens in occupied territories. Ethnic cleansing, expropriation of property and destruction of houses are war crimes. As well, use of tax-exempt donations in these activities violates the domestic law in many countries, where JNF is domiciled.
  • War in Palestine 1948: Strategy and Diplomacy / David Tal

    War in Palestine 1948: Strategy and Diplomacy / David Tal

    WAR IN PALESTINE 1948 Strategy and Diplomacy CASS SERIES:ISRAELI HISTORY, POLITICS AND SOCIETY Series Editor:Efraim Karsh This series provides a multidisciplinary examination of all aspects of Israeli history, politics and society, and serves as a means of communication between the various communities inter- ested in Israel:academics, policy-makers, practitioners, journalists and the informed public. 1. Peace in the Middle East: The Challenge for Israel, edited by Efraim Karsh. 2. The Shaping of Israeli Identity: Myth, Memory and Trauma, edited by Robert Wistrich and David Ohana. 3. Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security, edited by Efraim Karsh. 4. US–Israeli Relations at the Crossroads, edited by Gabriel Sheffer. 5. Revisiting the Yom Kippur War, edited by P. R. Kumaraswamy. 6. Israel: The Dynamics of Change and Continuity, edited by David Levi-Faur, Gabriel Sheffer and David Vogel. 7. In Search of Identity: Jewish Aspects in Israeli Culture, edited by Dan Urian and Efraim Karsh. 8. Israel at the Polls, 1996, edited by Daniel J. Elazar and Shmuel Sandler. 9. From Rabin to Netanyahu: Israel’s Troubled Agenda, edited by Efraim Karsh. 10. Fabricating Israeli History: The ‘New Historians’, second revised edition, by Efraim Karsh. 11. Divided Against Zion: Anti-Zionist Opposition in Britain to a Jewish State in Palestine, 1945–1948, by Rory Miller. 12. Peacemaking in a Divided Society: Israel After Rabin, edited by Sasson Sofer. 13. A Twenty-Year Retrospective of Egyptian-Israeli Relations: Peace in Spite of Everything, by Ephraim Dowek. 14. Global Politics: Essays in Honour of David Vital, edited by Abraham Ben-Zvi and Aharon Klieman.
  • 18 June 2008 VALUATION of PALESTINIAN REFUGEE LOSSES

    18 June 2008 VALUATION of PALESTINIAN REFUGEE LOSSES

    VALUATION OF PALESTINIAN REFUGEE LOSSES A Study Based on the National Wealth of Palestine in 1948 Thierry J. Sene chal 18 June 2008 Page 2 of 260 Contact information: Thierry J. Senechal [email protected] Tel. +33 6 24 28 51 11 This report is established by request of the Negotiations Support Unit (NSU), Negotiations Affairs Department of the PLO/Palestinian Authority. The views expressed in this report are those of the Advisor and in no way reflect the official opinion of the commissioning unit. This report has been prepared for the use of the NSU in connection with its estimation of Palestinian Refugees’ losses arising out of the 1948 war and should not be used by other parties or for other purposes. The views expressed in the following review are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of the NSU. The author would like to express his gratitude to Philippe de Mijolla for his continuous support on this project. Privileged and Confidential Thierry Senechal, 18 June 2008 Page 3 of 260 STRATEGIC SUMMARY of this study) can make an informed OBJECTIVES assessment of the level of judgment (if any) that has been used in deriving values. In addition, a full audit trail is integral to study. This report forms the third phase of a project which provides a quantification of In Section 1 of the report, we introduced the aggregate value of losses incurred by the scope of reference of our work and key Palestinian Arab refugees as a result of their findings from our initial review of past forced displacement from what is now estimates.
  • The Nakba - in Memoriam

    The Nakba - in Memoriam

    THE NAKBA - IN MEMORIAM At-Tira, 12 December 1947: Members of the Irgun forces raided the village south of Haifa, killing 13 and wounding 10 villagers. “Nakba Day” is commemorated annually on 15 May. The Nakba dates back to 1948 and in the eyes of the Palestinians was not a one-time occurrence, which is still going on today. Since that first wave of dispossession and displacement entire generations of Palestinians have been born scattered around the world and lived without justice and freedom. The conflict still endures and the events of the past are still shaping present-day Palestinian life, upholding the refugee problem, disintegrated an entire society, thwarting economic development, and keeping a nation broadly dependent upon international aid for survival. Jerusalem, Damascus Gate, 12 December 1947: A bomb attack by Irgun at Damascus Gate outside the Old City of Jerusalem, leaving 20 killed and 5 wounded. In 1915, the British government commissioned Sir Henry MacMahon to correspond with the Hashemite leader Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali of Mecca (known as Hussein-Sir Henry McMahon correspondence) to encourage him to ally with Britain against the Ottomans. In return MacMahon offered British official support for Arab independence and a unified Arab kingdom under Hashemite leadership. This assurance contributed to the outbreak of the Arab Revolt for independence from Ottoman rule of June 1916. Yehiday, 13 December 1947: Jewish forces disguised as a British army patrol entered the Arab village of Yehiday (near Petah Tikva), stopped in front of the coffee house and began shooting at the crowd gathered in the café, placed bombs next to homes, and tossed grenades at villagers, killing 7 and wounding many more, before being stopped by real British troops arriving and avoiding more deaths to occur.
  • Imām Ḥusayn the Savior of Islam

    Imām Ḥusayn the Savior of Islam

    Imam- Husayn . The Savior of iSlam Compiled by: SAYYID MUHAMMAD RIZVI © All rights reserved. This publication may be distributed in print or electronic form, however it must not be modified at all, in part or whole, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-0-920675-33-5 First Edition 1404/1984 Second Edition (digital) 1441/2020 Published by Al-Ma‘ãrif Publications Toronto, Canada www.al-m.ca | [email protected] | (+1-416) 624-7861 Contents 1. Ḥusayn - The Heir of the Divine Guides .......... 1 Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi 2. The Martyr - An Analysis of the Concept of Martyrdom in Islam ................ 7 Murtaḍā Muṭahhari 3. The Martyrs of Karbala .................................. 41 Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi 4. The Family of Imām Ḥusayn ............................ 52 Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi 5. Hind or Uraynab - A Good Example of Umayyad Propaganda .................................. 56 Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi 6. Selected Sayings and Letters of Imām Ḥusayn ............................................ 68 Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi 7. Imām al-Ḥusayn bin ‘Ali ................................ 74 Shaykh al-Mufīd TRANSLITERATION Symbol Transliteration Symbol Transliteration , k ك ء b l ل ب t m م ت th n ن ث j w و ج ḥ h ه ح kh y ي خ d ah ة د dh ذ r ر z Long Vowels ز s ā ا س sh ū و ش ṣ ī ي ص ḍ ض ṭ ط ẓ Short Vowels ظ a َ ‘ ع gh u ُ غ f i ِ ف q ق ḤUSAYN The Heir of the Divine Guides Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi Who? Ḥusayn, the son of ‘Ali and Fāṭimah; the grandson of Muḥammad; the brother of Ḥasan; the third rightful successor of the Prophet of Islam.