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QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMSSION I FOURTH QUARTER 1978 CUP-WATERING ANO AUTOMATIC FEEDING OF CAGED BIROS Sure, you can put all your eggs .... Egg graders to suit your farm­ profitably in one basket · if it's grading, 3,000 or 1,600 eggs from Harrison Jamesway. per hour. Harrison Jamesway ·'s .... Propeller Fans with trigher ~~~~~~~~~ volume air outputs than normal ..., biggest manufacturer and supplier of poultry equipment, for similar diameters. ~ij~~~~~~~--- now selling in the Pacific · offers farmers much more than For peak productivity on the baskets for eggs or chicks. ~ farm, for a thriving, viable self­ HANGING..._·f. supporting industry, check with Harrison Jamesway profit­ WATERER Harrison Jamesway. Their building poultry equipment includes: man-in-the-Pacific, will call anywhere to consu It ... Jamesway Big J. incubators, modular on any poultry equipment units available problem. Write or cable him ... Feeding systems for cage and now at MAAAleON ground birds, low cost, space-saving, easy to instal, more eggs per pound of feed.

JAMH~~••WAV ... Watering systems for all birds: PTV. LJ'"D. stable, sensitive, dependable, hygienic, labour-saving. 9 Malta Street, Villawood, 2163 N.S.W. Australia . ... 'M'-type laying cages: stronger, Cables: Perfectchick Sydney less maintenance than other types; Phone: 728-6144 non drip nipples allow plenty of Telex : AA24315 water yet keep litter dry. South Pacific Bulletin Subscription Form

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South Pacific Commission Publications Bureau P.O. Box N324 Grosvenor Street, N.S.W. 2000, Australia. SOUTH Contents PACIFIC 3 18th SOUTH PACIFIC CONFERENCE: c. Nalo BULLETIN Report on some highlights of the Noumea Conference. OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE 11 TAPA CLOTH AND T-SHIRTS: BUSINESS AND WORK IN PACIFIC SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION VILLAGES, Alan Bollard Vol. 28, No. 4: 4th Quarter. 1978. Indigenous small industry is one effective way to minimise the $A0.95 in the SPC area effects of rural drift and mounting unemployment in the Islands. . In many instances, the businesses are based on traditional skills. SA 1.00 in Australia . SNZJ.20 in New Zealand . 0 14 SOUTH PACIFIC TUNA FISHING - A CHANGING SCENE: W.A. Wilkinson The 'long line' technique for deep swimming tunas has developed considerably and greatly improved catch rates, but it has its problems. 17 MELANESIAN SHELL MONEY'S NEW ECONOMIC ROLE: John Connell Shell money has always been an important element in Melanesian culture, but its importance diminished when European cash money appeared. Shell money is coming back as a medium of payment where traditional values are involved.

24 JOINT SUB-REGIONAL TRAINING COURSE ON CENSUS METHODS Knowledge of the size, distribution and composition of the population is vital for developing countries; expert assistance in conducting censuses has usually come from outside, but a course was recently held in Suva to instruct Islanders in census methods and to reduce dependancy on outsiders.

25 SPC SECRETARY-GENERAL VISITS TOKELAU: Don Stewart Dr. Salato is the first S-G lo visit these atolls. 27 THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF MICRONESIA: Dirk A Ballendorf A comparative newcomer to the Pacific educational scene, the Truk-based CCM offers a curriculum that tries to develop a responsiveness to Micronesia 's current and future needs. 31 REEF AND LAGN TENURE SYSTEMS IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, R.E. Johannes Before western contact, Islanders knew well the benefits of limiting the number of fishermen allowed to harvest a given stock.

35 INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN IN 1978, BY SUBJECT AND AUTHOR

The onginal or all artJCk:.'s •s EngJ,sh un1ess otherwise Indicated 38 PACIFIC READING: SPC Publications Bureau Registered at the Posl Office. Suva to' transmission by posr as a Newspaper Book reviews, SPC takes over Oral English course.

COVER Our cover photo this issue s hows a Unless otherwise stated. articles may be reproduced w11hou1 pno-r rcte1ence Q

where Robert Johannes lived while EdtlOf 01 Comm1sst01'I Publtc.:1tions examining the Palauan marine tenure C. E. Birchmeier system ; see his article on page 31. Adverhsrng Manager (P hot o : Robert E Johann es! Frank O'Connell

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1!"78 Page I THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION

The South Pacific Commission is a consultative data analysis. The Commission's headquarters are and advisory body which was set up in 1947 by the in Noumea, New Caledonia. six Governments then responsible for the adminis­ tration of island territories in the South Pacific Until 1974, Commissioners from the participating region. These were Australia, France, the Nether­ Governments met in annual Session. The South lands, New Zealand, the , and the Pacific Conference first met in 1950, and became an United States of America. Participation by the annual event in 1967. It was attended by delegates Netherlands Government ceased at the end of 1962. from countries and territories within the Com­ The Independent Stata of Western Samoa was mission's area of action, and met immediately before admitted as a participating Government in October the Session. 1964, the Republic of Nauru was admitted in July In October 1974, in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 1969. the o f 1n May 1971 . Papua representatives of the participating Governments New Guinea in September 1975. signed a Memorandum of Understanding which pro­ vides for the Commission and the Conference to The Commission's purpose is to advise the par­ meet annually in a joint session known as the South ticipating Governments on ways of improving the well-being of the people of the Pacific island terri­ Pacific Conference. tories. The Commission's work programme provides The Principal Officers of the Commission are: the for activities in the fields of food and materials, Secretary-General, Dr E Macu Salato; the Director marine resources, rural management and technology, of Programmes, Mr W.T Brown; and the Director of community services and information services and Administration, Mr D. W. J. Stewart.

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Page 2 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Dr. £. Macu Sa/aro. Secre1<1ry-General of the South Pac[/ic chairman. Toalipi l..awi. Prime Minister of Tu1•alu: Jean­ Co111111ission. thanks the High Co111111issioner for officiallv Ciahriel Eriau. French llix h Com111i.uioner and Head 1~/' tlw openinx the /8 1/1 C111~/(•rence and ()RS TOM for making its trrritory of New Caledonia and Dependencies: Or. SalatC1; M. auditorium availah/e for the cerem ony. Fro m left: Conference l.exand. (OUSTOM). EIGHTEENTH SOUTH PACIFIC CONFERENCE

By CAROLINE NALO, SPC Publications Officer

.. We have talked too often about the problems of the region; the time has come to find solutions.. . :.aid one speaker at the Fightccnth South Pacific Conference, which met at Sl'C Headquarters in Noumea, cw Caledonia, from 7 to 12 October. Among the problems for which the Conference sought solutions were the shortcomings of introduced educational ~ys t ems . the need for more appropriate forms of development and development aid, and the region's isolation from the re~t ol the world. Chairing the Conference was the l!onourahlc I oalipi l.auti. Prime Min­ ister of the Pacific's newest independent country. . l: ach South Pacific Conference con­ 'iders two special themes. l'he first theme chosen for discussion this year was .. Ed ucation for wha1·1 Preparation of youth for real life arc community hi gh schools th e answer?". The Conference recognised the need for educational system~ that are relevant to each country's aspirations, geared to local situations and related to the type of society that each country aims to build. It noted that the region is going through a period of massive. rapid changes, not always for 1he better. a nd that if these

The 1\'ew Caled()l11a High Com­ missioner. Jea11-Gabnel Eriau. opens the 18th South Pac.1flc Conference.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Pago :l changes arc to be properly managed, there must be a clear understanding of the mechanisms causing them. The Conference fell that the Island countries' capacity to develop and imple­ ment educational programmes is limited, and that they should co-operate more closely in the educational field. It therc­ lore directed the S PC Secretariat. in co­ operation wi1h heads of education in member countries and appropriate or­ ganisations, to develop a set of principles on which rek:vant education systems could be built. It also asked SPC to examine means of providing technical and financial help for Pacific Island countries 10 develop educational pro­ grammes geared 10 their own needs.

The discussions on the first special theme emphasised the need for education to be taken beyond the schools a nd extended into all sections of the commu­ nity. However, the Conference a lso indicated concern for 1he more formal side or education when it approved the establishment of a South Pacific Board The Secre1ary-General welcomed delega1es /0 the Conference: here. he gree1s Wes1ern for Educational Assessment. The Board S amoa's Terry Goggin as Conference chairman Toalipi Lawi looks on. will provide ass istance for South Pacific countries a nd territo ries to develop island countries and territories in their suit the Pacific Islands, and seven Island examinations and other assessment countries are now members of ADB. procedures leading to national school economic a nd social development pro­ However. the smaller Island countries certificates. grammes. and territories arc unable to meet the In many Pacific Is lands, the bulk of the conditions required for ADB member­ The second special theme considered popula tion still li ves in the rural areas. ship. The Conference requested S PC, by the Conference was "The s pecial Rural development is therefore an im ~ re presenting those members of the problems of small island countries". The portant element in the overall develop­ Conference which are not ADB mem­ Conference noted that the very small ment of the region. T he Conference noted bers. to explore ways in which they might develo ping countries - defined by one that wh ile each island has its own unique be given access to A DB's Development speaker as those with less tha n 100,000 problems, there is a growing need fo r a Loans. population - have different develop­ fresh. practical approach to rural devel­ ment problems and stra tegies, requiring o pment. ll directed S PC to call a meeting Pc>C)r communications are another different solutions from those of larger of Island planners to examine proposals factor impeding development in the developing countries. The Conference wh ich will ensure tha t rural development South Paci fic. The quality of commercial requested S PC to undertake discussions programmes contain an appropriate air services to and through the region has on this topic with aid donors a nd parties balance of re ligious. cultural. social and long been a problem fares are high. engaged in development research, and to economic elements. It also requested nights infrequent and night times deter­ fo rmulate a research programme and S PC to continue consultations with o ther mined by markets at eit her end of the proposals for specific programme devel­ organisations concerned with rural devel­ route. outside the Pacific Is lands. Many opment assistance that would focus o pment. such as the churches and the countries and territories in the Pacific exclusively on the development problems regional universities. have invested substantial sums in the of s mall, isolated developing countries. development of tourism. and reliable air One particularly difficult problem services are also essential to attract The Conference emphasised that deve­ facing the very small countries and private investment capital needed to loping island countries and territories are territories of the region is that of expand job opportunities for local peo­ at a particular disadva ntage because they obtaining capital fo r development, often ple. are small. scattered, dependent on a req uired o n a very small. even individual limited range of saleable products, at a basis. A meeting organised by S PC T he Conference noted that the inth great distance from overseas markets, earlier this year at the direction of the South Pacific Forum, held in Niue in and prone to natural disasters. It called Seventeenth South Pacific Conference September 1978, e ndorsed the establish­ on donor countries a nd inte rnational conside red in detail the feasibility of ment of a Regional Airlines Associatio n. organisations to accept developing island establishing a special Regional Develop­ It cited the services to Fiji, American countries and territories as a special ment Fund to assist these countries and Samoa and Western Samoa from deve lopment group, alongside o ther territories, but recommended that the liawaii. the United States a nd Australia geographically disadvantaged and least concept of such a Fund not be purs ued as an example of the severe deficie ncies in developed developing countries, a nd fmther at this time. T he Asian Develop­ ai r services affecting the region. It noted invited aid donors to provide special ment Bank (ADB) has recently been that in spite of representations 10 the measures of assistance to developing making efforts to adapt its procedures 10 metropolitan governments concerned.

Page 4 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 the prospective new Un ited States carrie r bei ng hampered not only by inadequate Nations Enviro nme nt Programme a nd to 1he region has not yet commenced air services. but also by restrictive the Economic and Social Commission for service. and indeed is a pplying for a immigrati on requirements. T he Confe r­ Asia and the Pacific. ence agreed that a ppropriate a rra nge­ fu rther dela y. T his not only causes The Confe re nce discussed S PC's work ments sho uld be made to lessen the personal inconve nience to the people of programme a nd budget for 1979. The current restriction of moveme nt of peo ple the region. but has severe effects on the 1979 budget will to ta I 323.1 5 1,500 francs within the region. At the same time, it economies of the countries concerned. CFP. equiva lent at present excha nge recognised the need for more effecti ve rates to approximately $/\3.474,747. T he T he Confere nce requested govern­ control of illegal traffic in drugs, and also, work programme adopted by the Confer­ because of reported recent abuse, of e ntry me nts operating or regulating commer­ ence lays heavy emphasis on ru ral a nd by foreign sailing boats. cial ai r services to a nd through the Pacific community development. marine re­ Over the past three ye ars, both the to resolve their differences and take early sources. tra ining a nd advisory services. acti on to ensure that Pacific Island South Pacific Confe rence and the South Countries and territories have adeq uate Paci fic Forum have expressed a wish to A highlight of the Conference was the and reliable air services. T he full text of sec work on the e nvironment undertake n decision by the Participating Govern­ the Confe rence resolution on this topic on a regional basis. The Eightee nth ments to amend Article XXI of the wi ll be transmillcd to the Governments, confe rence s tudied deta iled pro posals for Canberra Agreement by which S PC was major air carriers and other bodies the first phase of a South Pacific established. The amendment will permit concerned with a ir services in the region. Regional Envi ronment Programme, a nd any Government within the territorial a pproved the launching of the Pro­ scope of S P C and either fully inde­ Representatives of some co untries a nd gramme as a joint ve nture by S PC a nd the pendent or in free association with a fully territories expressed concern that move­ South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co­ independent Government to accede to the me nt of people within t he region was operati on. with the support of the United Canberra AJ!reemenl and thus become a

\ ... ,. .

'lhe Cm!ference gets down to business and the t hairman talks to delegates.from lej i: W. T. Brown; Toalipi Lauri and Dr. Salato.

The opening cerem ony ended with a magnificent display of Li.fou. Loyalty Islands (left) and the Tiare Tahiti group f rom traditional dancing p resented hy the Amicale de Trap ut.from French Polynesia (right).

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER, 1978 Page 5 Terry Goggin (Western Samoa) Basile T ui (Wallis and Futuna) M.Y. Vivian (Niue)

Some of the delegates

at the 18th

South Pacific Conference F. Bole (Fiji)

I. lonatana (Tuvalu) Clarence Takeuchi (TTPI) Dr. S. Ma'afu Tupou (Tonga)

Page 6 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER, 1978 Jesus U. Torres (Guam) Buraro Detudamo (Nauru) John Tau ()

Maco Tevane (French Polynesia) Dr. T.R.A. Davis (Cook Islands) J .P. Condon (USA )

Naxoue Paouta (New Caledonia) Daniel Ho'ota () Falima Teao ( Tokelau)

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER, 1978 Page 7 Pierre Revol (France) Livai Nasilivata (Fiji) Gerard Leymang (New Hebrides)

full memher of S l'C. if invited to do so by United Kingdom. 1he United States and who led the iue delegation and was also a ll Participating Governments. Until the Western Samoa. Vice-Chairman of the Conference. will introd uction of the new amendment , only iake up his appointment on I July 1979. Since 1974. when a Memorandum of full ~ independent countries could ln making the appointment. the Confer­ Understanding gave !~land countrie~ and hccomc l'a rticipatinl! GO\'Crnments of ence recorded its deep appreciation to Dr territories an equal voice in the Sou1h S PC. Sala10 for hi~ dedicated service to the Pacific Conference with Participating region during hi~ tenure of oflice. During 1he Conference, the representa­ Governments. SPC has been undergoing tives of Solomon bland~ and fuvalu a constant process of change and be­ At the imitation of the Governmen1 of announced thal 1heir Governments in- coming increasingly responsive to 1he I· rench Polynesia. the Nineteenth South 1endcd 10 accede to the C:mberra Agree­ needs and desires of the Pacific Islands. l'acilie Conference will be held in French ment and 1hereby become full members The decision to amend the Canberra Polynesia in September or October 1979: of S PC. Present Participating Govern­ Agreement was one further step in this 1he Conference invited the Government men1s arc Australia. fiji. I-ranee. 'auru. process. while the likelihood that the of the :-.rcw Hebrides to provide the Vice­ New Zealand. Pnpua New Guinea, the South Pacific Conference will 1akc a s1ill Chairman for that Conference. greater decision-making role in 1he future was foreshadowed when the Conference adopted a resolution that dclcga1ions lo fu1ure Conferences be led by high-level representatives with the authority 10 make prompl decisions on behalf of their Governme nts and Administrations. As one representati ve at the Conference remarked, the Conference is the o nl y body that can make decisions affecting the whole Pacific Isla nd s region.

The present S PC Secretary-Genera I, Dr E. Macu Salato of Fiji. will shortly be completing his term of office. fhe Conference appointed as his successor the Honourable M. Young Vivian. iuc's Minister of Economic Development. Agriculture and Education. Mr Vivian,

Roniti Teiwaki (Gilbert Islands) J. Snodgrass (UK)

Page 8 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER, 1978 PARTICIPANTS IN THE 18TH SOUTH PACIFIC CONFERENCE -

CHAIRMAN The Honourable Toalipi Lauti, Prime Minister of Tuvalu

VI CE- CHAIRMA N The Honourable M.Y. Vivian. Representative of Niue

DELEGATIONS

American Samoa French Polynesia

Leader Lt Governor Tufele F. Liamatua Representative Mr Maco Tevane Representative Mr Palauni Tuiasosopo Alternate M. M. Dieffenbacher Adviser Mr F. Rohlfing Observer Mr Fiaaoga Siatu'u Gilbert Islands

Leader The Honourable Roniti Teiwaki Australia Representative The Honourable Teatao Teannaki Adviser Leader The Honourable A.E. Adermann Mr G. Quince Representative Mr Richard K. Gate Alternate Mr Michael R. Ovington Guam Adviser Mr Zivojin Gavrilovich Representative Parliamentary Mr Barry D. Simon Mr Jesus U. Torres Observer Parliamentary Senator Kerry W. Sibraa Nauru Observer Leader His Excellency President Hammer DeRoburt. President of the Republic of Cook Island~ Nauru Re presentative The Honourable Buraro Detudamo Leader The Honourable Or T.R.A. Davis, Premier Alternate The Honourable Kinza Clodumar of the Cook Islands Alternate Mr Aaron Marsters New Caledonia

Representative M. N. Paouta Fiii Ne11· Hebrides Leade r The Honourable Livai Nasilivata Leader The Honourable G.K. Kalsakau, Chief Re prescntat ive Mr J. Kotobalavu Minister of the New Hebrides Adviser Mr J. Cavalevu Rcprcsen tat ive The Honourable Father G. Leymang Adviser Mr F Bole Adviser Mr T . Taun Ad viser Mr A. Bamola Adviser Mr G. Toulet

France ew Zealand Leader The Honourable J. Bolger Leader M. Pierre Revol Alternate Mr Bruce Middleton Alternate M. J.F. Gospodarow icz Adviser Mr Raymond Wright Ad viser Mr B. Malandain Adviser Mr Derek Morris Adviser Ms Nicole Poananga Adviser Ms Barbara Midenhall

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURrH OUA'1TEA. 1978 Page 9 Niu<' Observer The Honourable Carlos C. Camacho

Leader The Honourable M.Y. Vivian Alternate Mr Stencil Kingi T111•al11 Alternate Mr A. Layton Leader The Honourable Toalipi Lauti, Prime l'apua ,\11•1.- (;11i11Ni Alternate Minister of Tuvalu Mr I. lonatana Leader The Honourable Father John Momis Repre~entative Mr J. Tau United Kinxdom Adviser Dr P. Ellyard Adviser Mr J . Liosi Represeniat ive Mr J .M.O. Snodgrass Adviser Mr D. Tsibim Alternate Lord Dunrossil Alternate Mr A .F. Ward Solomon lsl1111ds

Leader The Honourable Daniel Ho'ota United S((J/es <~/' Alternate The Honourable Andrew Kukuti America Adviser Mr D. Maeke Adviser Mr Wilson lfunaoa Rcprescntal ivc The Honourable J.P. Condon Alternate Mr George Chaplin T"kl'la11 Adviser Mr W. Bodde Adviser Mr Robert Craig Representative Mr Falima Teao Alternate Mr Sirila Enosa Alternate Mr Apolo loakimi W aI/i s a 11d Fu 1111 w

TOllJ?(I Represcn1<11 ive M. Basile Tui

Leader The Honourable Dr S. Ma'afu Tupou Alternate Mr M. Tuita Wrster11 Sa111oa

Trust Territorr of Leader The Honourable Letiu Tamatoa the l'aci/ic /sla1ul.1· Alternate Mr Terry J. Goggin Alternate Mr F. Vitolio Lui Represen tative Mr Clarence E. Takeuchi Parliamcnt<.1ry Observer The Honourable Sala Ulugia Suivai Obse rver The Honourable Francisco Diaz Parliamentm',v Obscr\'(:I' The Honourable Te'o Fetu

S PCs principal officers outside 1he Conference hall. from leji: Dr. Salato: W. T. 8roll'11 , Director of Programmes; D.J. Stewart. Direcwr <~/' Ad111i11is1r

S011- ,...v,Fl1,, BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Tapa cloth and T-shirts:. business and work 1n Pacific villages

The scene in any medium-sized Pacific Island town. A large soap-making fac­ tory stands there, puffing out smoke, a hive of activity. It is o highly mechanised unit, with gleaming stainless steel vols, designed abroad to produce a high­ By Allan Ballard, quolity product. A small team of white-coated workers operates the machinery. SPC Assistant Economist, The process uses some local copra, but mainly imported tallow, chemicals, scents, dyes and packaging. Management, finance and factory organisation are all im­ ported too. A visible sign of economic progress, on efficient unit and an example of well-designed investment for the Pacific ... Or so economic planners thought ten years ago. Now they ore beginning to think again.

Twenty miles down the road is the soap in the tourist market in employment. Most governments a small village. A youth group town. When they have made are publicly committed to helping here wants to raise money to enough money to paint the hall, the rural sector, and many have repaint the village hall. They they will hold a group meeting set up rural development have decided to make soap too, to decide whether to keep on programmes. Yet, in most cases, but on a very small scale. They making soap. there are strong biases against use local coconut oil made with a the rural sector - often disguised small hand press, local flowers This is a very different form of or unintentional - in the form of for perfumes and old cardboard business from the big soap fac­ taxes, incentives, and the overall boxes for molds. The only thing tory. But as planners are begin­ pattern of government spending. they have to buy is a little caustic ning to realise, it is a uniquely What proportion of its funds, for soda (they can make this too, but Pacific way; it can be efficient; example, does a Department of have decided that it is not worth and it fits within the concept of Public Works spend on work in time >. the new Pacific approach to rural towns compared with rural They work together after school development called for by island areas? The programme aims to and work, a few nights a week. leaders. bring these patterns to the atten­ The group gets on well together. tion of planners who are not The soap they obtain is not In 1977, the South Pacific Com­ always aware of their distorting smooth and uniform like the fac­ mission began a Rural Em­ effects. tory stuff, but they are ex­ ployment Promotion Programme perimenting alJ the time to im­ in response to these calls. Tbe Another study will investigate prove it. They use some of it broad objective is to increase the the potential of traditionally­ themselves or give it away to attractiveness of rural living. It based social g roupings for friends, and they sell some in the aims to do this by promoting the modern rural employment local store. Next they plan to potential employment oppor­ creation. This is something too weave small containers and sell tunities that already exist through valuable to be ignored when, for the improved use of physical example, a church committee can resources and human skills in quickly mobilise a whole village villages. to spend a day voluntarily clearing up roads for the benefit The programme is surveying of the community. types of technology, both inside and outside the region, which The programme is not aimed at may be adapted to suit local the agricultural sector . Sub­ needs. It will advertise the sistence and cash cropping are progress of many successful (and the mainstay of almost all Pacific unsucessful) s mall businesses economies, and the chief e m­ already being operated by ployers. It is vital that they villager s in the region . A should remain so. But agriculture catalogue of small-scale Pacific is already served by established rural industries due to be departments and funds. ALAN 801.LAIW published by the end of 1978 will present these experiences in easy­ The South Pacific Commission to-read form. programme is concentrating on M.A. (Hons) 1974, Ph. D. 1977, that other somewhat mysterious Uni. of Auckland. Field work on A study has already been un­ area of rural business : the monetization in Tonga, 1973-74; '-/ orojects in the Cooks ond other dertaken of Pacific governments' processing of crops and livestock • • J 1974-75. policies on rural development and products, handicrafts production,

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOUR rn ou,..,, •-:'l, 1978 Page, 11 The old village way of making . . And the new urban way. Which is coconut oil far perfume and soap ... better? building and domestic industry, alone they are important. used to be similarly printed with and village services. These are Certain types of activities hold intricate designs. "businesses" that are often ig­ out most promise for the Pacific. nored because there is no real They must be technically feasible, The activities should fit in with name fo r therri, because they of­ and that does not just mean that existing local work patterns in­ ten close down, because they do they can operate in a Western stead of imposing Western fac­ not get measured in censuses, are country. Many of the most suc­ tory-type ones. Pacific Islanders not registered, and do not submit cessful new Pacific industries are may prefer to work individually, tax returns. in family groups, or in larger community parties. Work should In some Pacific countries there fit in around existing jobs. In are few such enterprises. In Papua New Guinea a weaving others a real "Gandh ian" centre allowed its weavers to technological revolution is taking work whatever hours they liked. place. It is not always evident, They preferred to operate from because very often it is going on about 4 a.m. to 11 a.m. daily, in people's houses, in their working very hard just before backyards, in community halls, payday, then having a few days' or out in the bush. But, do not be holiday. This way people worked deceived: many people around most efficiently. the Pacific are busy at work: a group of women making coconut Introduced activities should oil perfume by hand, a school also use existing village social making cane furniture for sale, a organisations as far as possible, man running a billiards saloon, a adapted where necessary to fit family selling ice-blocks, a village the requirements of business. A group making concrete blocks to business is most likely to operate build a church, a youth group efficiently when it is designed, running a the list is owned and managed locally. endless. Another important aspect is the So far, information has been aim of the business. Westerners recorded on several hundred A Local weaving business group in are used to working in an imper­ groups or people in the South Papua New Guinea relies on hand sonal organisation with commer­ Pacific region, working in over a Looms and plenty of helpers. cial profit-making objectives. The hundred different types of ac­ Pacific way is sometimes more tivities, often without any official an adaptation of very old ones, sympathetic to working for a par­ help or recognition. And this is allowing people to recall and ticular cause, such as village just a fraction of the many people build on their extensive facilities or family status rather who are really involved. Many of traditional skills. This is one than simply money profit. Con­ these enterprises are ill-conceived reason why block and screen sequently, many near-bankrupt and unsuccessful. Yet they do printing of fabrics to make, for village shops may appear to be represent attempts at a real example, T-shirts is such a suc­ failures to a Westerner, but are Pacific adaptation of economic cessful Pacific small industry not necessarily so to the shop­ development, and for this reason today: in many islands tapa cloth owner.

Page 12 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 The Pacific has a nother key resource that planners do not usually use: the strength of kin­ ship ties. Many new houses, chur­ ches, shops and small businesses are built from money sent back by relatives overseas or in town. This informal network of relatives and " wantoks" is often a better means of marketing goods, obtaining technical advice, getting raw materials and credit, than the current impersonal and sometimes inefficient marketing boards, banks, and government departments. Apart from some of the co-operative-type develop­ ments and kin-based business companies in Papua New Guinea, this resource has not been used. Pacific Islands will always have to deal with a number of inhereht disadvantages: in particular their isolation, poor transport, lack of storage facilities, small size, and weak marketing power. For these A pottery-making group in Papua reasons, it is often sensible to New Guinea using local clays and in­ concentrate on non-perishable cising original traditional motifs. products for home consumption or local markets.

A small fabric printing-sewing shop A bakery in Fiji: one of the most in the Cook Islands, where traditional common rural industries. local designs are screen or block prin­ ted. Of course, this type of develop­ ment has its dangers. It should not be so over-rated that it at­ tracts fund s away from agriculture and other crucial not to Asia and Africa. The indigenous small industry could, areas. Appropriate technology Pacific has been victim of too with government help, provide a should be used only when it really many development fads already. significant boost to employment is appropriate to the Pacific and With these qualifications in mind, and incomes in the Pacific. o

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 13 South Pacific Tuna fishing a changing scene

By W.A. WILKINSON, Fisheries Office<, Department of Agriculture, months at a stretch. Nuku'alofa, Tongo. Jn Levuka, Fiji, the shore processing facilities are, again, Japanese owned and managed. The long line fishery for deep cessfully used in the Indian Ocean, The Fiji Government initially had swimming oceanic tunas a nd mainly by Korean vessels; and a small 'token' equity investment other pelagic species was in­ now by vessels fishing the South in the plant. This is changing and troduced by the Japanese after the West and Central Pacific Ocean Fiji has now established its own second World War, as was the and converting to this new gear. fishing corporation and is right­ technique of floating 'baskets' or Complete automation of the long­ fully acquiring a larger share in sections of lines suspended bet­ line operation has also been in­ the processing operations. Fiji has ween bamboo adequately buoyed, troduced resulting in a much built its own pole and line fishing from which branch lines are at­ smaller crew requirement and a vessel, bought a second hand pole tached with cotton covered traces speedier fishing operation. The and line vessel from Japan, and is and hooks. This operation is a par­ tuna long-line fishing vessels of chartering similar vessels from a ticularly labour intensive one. It is Japan have been active in the Japanese company. The results arduous, requiring al most non­ Pacific Ocean south of the equator have been very encouraging and stop working round the clock for since the completion of the peace catch rates have ranged from 5-30 periods up to 3 months or more, treaty with the United States in tonnes of skipjack a day, which depending on the fu e l a nd 1952. Large shore based facilities ar e sold directly to the canning refrigerated capacity and size of have been constructed in Pago plant on Levuka. The value of the the tuna long liners. Pago ( American Samoa) in exported catch has r isen to Pallicola (New Hebrides), in New F$9,341,000. The very labour intensity of the In the nearby Kingdom of oper ation has caused its own Caledonia, and within the past 10 years, in Levuka (F'iji). Tonga, the Government owns and problems, and Japan has had dif­ operates its own oceanic long­ ficulties finding sufficient young These bases have been of con­ liners, entirely manned by Tongan crew prepared to tolerate these siderable economic and social con­ nationals. This is the only Pacific conditions. With improved labour sequence to the Pacific Islands. territory whic h bas s hown and working conditions in Japan The effect of Asian crews on a initiative in developing the tuna itself, the problems have been Polynesian society was less fishery in its own right; both compounded. The less developed socially destructive than initially vessels have had a good year's countries such as Korea, and, to a feared. Though as many as 100 fishing and a regular export trade lesser extent, Taiwan, have, long-line vessels operate from the in whole frozen Albacor e has during the past few years been Pago Pago base, the time crew materially increased the King­ providing crews for the oceanic spend on shore for r est a nd dom's foreign exchange earnings. lon g - lin e r s . Japan ha s recreation is usually limited. The, A 200-ton tuna cold store is plan­ progr essively become more in­ usually, Korean crews .return to ned in Nuku'alofa to be funded volved in marketing, and in finan­ their own country on the com­ from the European Development cing infras tructure s uc h as pletion of their contract to the Fund. This will enable larger con­ processing plants and bases and processing companies; the shore signments of frozen tuna to be providing technical manpower for based technicians live in well con­ stored before export. It is a good these bases. tained housing units within the beginning for this small Island processing complex. Recreational nation. Recent technical innovations in­ facilities, Canteens, Cinema, etc. this fis he ry have greatly improved The implications of the 200-mile are incorporated in the complex - extended economic zones of catch ra tes; in particular, the use somewhat typical of a n army of a deeper long line fishing to a sovereign jurisdiction, which base. The canning plants run on a many Pacific countries anJ depth of 300 metres has resulted in 24-hour basis. appreciably higher catch rates, territories a r e establishing particularly of Big-eye tuna, than The processing plants in Pago unilaterally, must clearly affect the standard tuna long-line which Pago are, not s urpris ingly the oceanic longliners of Japan, fi shes only to a depth of 170 dominated by two large American Taiwan a nd Korea, currently metres. The deeper line is wider multi-nationals: Van Camp and operating in the South Pacific spaced between buoys and carries Star Kist of California. Though an region. As elsewhere in the world, as many as 12 hooks on each sec­ initial attempt was made to tr ain fisheries have taken on a fresh sig­ tion or 'basket'. It is, of course, Samoan crews this has not proved nificance in the South Pacific; it is muc h heavier a nd r equires a successful. Good fishermen and a changing scene. Hopefully, the specially built line hauler, capable seamen as they traditionally are, proposed Fisheries Agency will of hauling the heavier line. they do not relish the long, tedious, assist towards the emergence of a working hours required on board a mor e rational approach •: The new technique has been suc- tuna long liner for two to three manageme nt of tile highl y

$OUT' ' r "vlFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 and an improved standard lo living for the people of this \·ast region.

Meeting recommends regional co-operation in forestry Tht· nt·t·d tor more n•g1onal <·o opt•1 at ton 111 lorl'str~ "as slre:-;:-.<•d b~ a H eg1011al :\I l'<'l i ng on Fon•:-tl' \ :\lanagemcnt and I)(.'\ l'lopn;t•nt 10111!1~ organisl'd h~ llw Soul h l'm·it 1r ('onrn11ssion and llw Go\ Prnnwnt ot '\t>\\ Z1•ala11d 111 ~u' a 1"1.i 1. from :i 1:,1 Oct olwr Io fith '.\o,·1·mht•r Till' nH·et 1ng urgNl l'ur1f1C· Island go\l'l'llllWnls to t•stahltsh torest pol1<·1t•!> that \\ 111 lakt• into . r Pl' r v a t 1 o 11 . p rod u t· t 1 on I or doml'sl IC' 11l'l'.diang l' ot lon·:-.\r) 1nlormat 1011. the 1•'\l·h.1tll!<' and :-.al• ot :-.t•1·ds .111d 101 l's lr.' n ·:-l•are h It af-..11 l'l'l'Clll I llH'lll .111 dar pro.11 h t11 th1• 111.1 fi: l'l tn g ol 1111 t'"i ll'\ (ll'•>l1• 1oh· ot lor\'"h 111 llll'l'ltng I Ill' 1 'Ill' rg' ll<'t'd:- of 1 •;H'h ('Olllll r.\ and lt'l'l'ttnn '>hould II<' stttclH·cl II 1·1·1·11m llll'l;cl1·d I harl). this ma) in who produces the fish : this II Pb n d l's So Io mo n Is Jan d s. \\ell be the reel on "h1l·h the combination of factors. plus the Tonga. I ht• frust Territory of l h1• regional agent') conc·cpt ma~ 111- anticipated demand growth will Pat 1fi<· Islands and \\'t'sl1•rn deed founder. as small P ac1f1c cause the price of fish lo escalate. Samoa allendl'CI tht• :\lt•<•tini.. terr1lor1<·s. having reeenlly ;\I r .J S o p t• n a o I '\ l' \\ achieved Jlll'tsdict1o n ove r The Pacific Is land t erritone~ Caledonia's f'orl'st rnnsl•n·ation valuable sea n•sour<·es. may well and smaller maritime nations arc Ser\'i<:c and torl':-.lr~ experts from be rcluttant to relinquish this to well placed to lake advantage of ~ew Z!•:dand wt•rc consultants to any outside i\gcnty no matter this and materially increase their the :\l 1•1t111g. which wa::; directed how well -intentioned and fish production and subsequently on behalf of SPC by Mr M. Lam­ ~"1 ivated. For tne future, the world's lo improve cmµloymenl. revenue bert, Tropieal Agriculturalist.

SOUTH PACIFIC 13ULLlllN FOUR rH l)UA~JFR . 1978 Page 15 i\n ck\cn·\\cd training courl.c in ha,it· audio-\ 1,11:11 production techniquci. SPC TEACHES \\a,hdd l1om(i.l11111:1015/\ugu~t l978at 1h1.: South l'acif 1c Comm1"ion·., nc" \ ud10-\l,ual I r;11n111g Work,hop in AUDIO-VISUAL Sll\.1. hp Or 1g1nall~ '1' participant~ \\Cll' to ha\c ;111cn1kd: at the la\I minute TECHNIQUES l\\O ;1pplican1' \\ere unahlc toallcnd.and thl' nHlf'l.' ""' 1hcrdorc l11n11cd to four tra11w1•, I h1' \lllall numocr. ho\\c,cr. 1·nnt11hutcd t11 1n11:1act111n hct '' ccn par­ l 1C1pa nh.• ind thl' c.:our'l.' prmed \Cr~ 'atl\lar111r' \ "11k r,1ng1· ol c.:ornmunic.:at10n tl·t·hnrq111.:' \\a' CO \ c rl.'d. ual a1chcan he tl\cd to 'upport other teaching method' and to ma~c the learning procc" c;1,1i:r for thl' \tudcnt. Visual pcrccp11on .ind ilh1'1on were explained. and c"1mpk' of the \irnpler pitfalls \h1mn. I 111pha'" wa' laid on the need for carclul audience 'tudy and pre-testing hclo1c a prod 11c1 1on prol,(rammc ~ t a rt s . In till' graphic field. ),tudcn t ~ \\Cre 'h1H1' 11 IHI\\ to d raw bv \arious means: h(111 111 enla rge drn11 i;1g), which. when cnmhincd wit h dillcrcnt techniques of lc u c ri ng. l'011 ld he laid \llll to produce po,tcr\. \\;ill c ha1t ' or teaching c harts: and hP11 to print t heir dc-.igns hy s if k­ 'nccn p11111111i; 1rn:1hods. I hl' '1mplcr teaching aids \UCh as lla11111:lgraph'. magnet hoard~ and hook .ind loop \\CIC tkni<111,tratcd. and lol­ lt•"ed h~ lc"o11' on IHl\I to get the bc\I p11"1hlc 1c'uh' f1 om duplicators. I\ I­ t hough 'P'fll duplicators \\ere u~ed. the S PC1 m•11 mulio-1·i.wal 11orkslwp i11 S111•a. Viii. ll'hne the rrai11i11g cm1r1e dt'.1crihed i11 crnph.1"' 11 a' on 1111.. duplicator\ and on 1hi.1 article 11 ll.1 helcl. 11a~' ol producing "mplc booklets and pa mph kt'" rth hand-and 111ach111c-madc Slides film..,trip. 16mm. opaquc and (!r.lllllllC\. '1cnc11' mcrhead pro3cctors \1crc U\ed and I hl' l"OUl'l' participants were shm1n student' \\lide 1.kmonstratcd bv the South Pactlic 11on. I ahiti: Mr. loata raulialia. Rroad­ phowgraph~ \la' u'cd to ill u\tratc Commil.sion·s f.duca11om1I Broadcasts cal.ting ancl ln lormat1on Divi~ion. 'lidc tape '' nch1 onl\cd in\truct 1onal Officer. then u),i:d b) the course partici­ I 11\alu: and Mr~. Ma raia l.c~uma. pwgrammc' lor" h1ch the tra111ccs chose pants tn mi.x music and sound clfccti. 10 lkpanmcnt ol Fducat iona l Mcdlil. thl' \ 11 h1cct mattcr a nd \\'lllli: the 'cripts. produce tape' tor the slide tape pro- l nl\cr,11~ nl the South Pacific. hji. 0

Paga 16 SOUTH PA CIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER 1978 Melanesian shell money's new economic role

By DR. JOHN CONNELL, Deportment of Geography, University of Sydney.

Throughout the Melanesian also on Bougainville, between dif­ Bougainvilleans exchanged islands of the western Paci,fic, ferent language groups, and also agricultural produce such as pigs there are records of the historical regional trade which incorporated a nd almonds, clay pots and use' of shell money but, in con­ shell armbands from ChoiseuJ and spears for these valuables. Before trast with the many areas where possibly s hell valuables from European contact there was con­ shell money was used, there were Malaita. siderable trade between the south always relatively few centres of coast, the Shortland Islands and production. Consequently, shell Choiseul. South Bougainville may money was one of the most im­ This is a much shortened have had no trading links with portant items in many of the version of an article that northern Bougainville and lluka. historic Melanesian trading part­ appeared in Oceania. vol. Trade be tween Buka , New nerships, like the ramous 'kula' Ire land and New Britain was ring of the Trobriand islands that XL Vll l, no. 2, under the regular Malinowski described. title, "The Bougainville connection: changes in Along these tenuous and inter· Within the island of Bougain­ mittent t 1 1 It• lmk~ shell morw~ \; tlle before European contact, the economic c·ontext of cir culatl·

':lOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN fOURTH OUAH Tlll 1\l/li Pag1 I/ Husscll Islands, Choiseul, the Australian administration in what Although the wealth generated by Shortland Islands and beyond to was then the Territory of 1'\ ew s hell money accumulation was Bougainville. 1\ew lreland and, Guinea had banned trade with the usually distributed at or before exceptionally, west ~cw Britain. British Solomon Islands. the

The most important difference between the s hells of New Britain and Bougainvillc and those used in the II ighlands. is that the lat­ ter were not a manufactured produt'l: neither pearl shells nor cowr ie s hells were altered sub­ s tantially after they had been found . European contact removed the isolation that had prevented inflation in t h e H ig h land economics. It was impossible for most of the ('Oastal s he ll money economics to suffe r in t he same way s in('e she lls were more dif­ fi c ult lo obtain and production was d1tllcult and time-consuming, he nce they are still widely used in New Britain and Bougainville. In various ways. c:ons1dcrable Lcwlas1 Island. a partly arli/1czal. quantities o f Ma laitan s he ll island. Hoth l.aulas1 and Alite Islarnts ~~ uropean money still had over­ money r cath ed Bougainvill e are t radllional centres of shell money whelming advantages over s hell where it has a variety of us <'s, manufucturr. money; it became more easily very s imilar to t hose al its point avail able (from wage labour a nd of origin. In the t wcntieth <·cnlury commodities, a nd a lmost a ll c rop sales) and was necessary fo r a 'cry small proprotio11 was ob­ goods a nd ser vices had a m oney purc h ases of m odern goods. tained dire('tly from Malaitans value. The quantity in circulation Moreover . s ince it was essential wor king on eoaslal steamers. but was cont rolled by local leaders; for lax payments, every s u t·h di r ect trade w as 1 a r c. t his legality enabled savings, in household had to have som e cash Before the Sceond World War. t he st0rehouses which performed fun· every year. Cash expanded fi rst quantity of she ll money in use ct ions similar to banks. and loans into a reas where the use of some was actually declining since the wit h variable interest rates. kind of money was most regular,

SOUTH PAClrlC OULLI:. TIN. ~OURTH QUARTER 1978 such as in food purchase, and eventually replaced shell money in many kinds of transactions. The current uses of shell money are restricted to the significant exchanges that maintain social systems. In Siwai, as elsewhere, strings of shell money are now used almost entirely in transac­ tions of considerable social impor­ tance, especiall y wife transfers, and arc no longer performing the range of fun ctions that enabled them historically to be considered as money.

The manufacture begins with the break ing of the shell roughly into pieces; in the foreground is a typical shell.

A woman uses modern drilling methods with a brace and bit; drilled pieces are in the foreground.

In Siwai the period of post-war reconstruction was longer than in Manila but by the mid-1950's demand began to increase and some trade resumed, again almost entirely indirect, but made 'Traditional" drilling using the futa; more difficult since the Shortland this is now done only for tourists. Is lands, the historical trading partners, had abandoned their potato became the staple, enabled the expenditure of large own use of shell money. Less than following the death of taro, and sums of money on feasts, which a decade later the first stands of cash crops, especially cocoa, became larger than ever and cocoa planted in south Bougain­ were successfully introduced. In were carried out on a greater ville had begun to bear fruit, Siwai, as elsewhere, population variety of occasions. ushering in a period of con­ increased, and is now about 9,000, siderable affluence. but an even more substantial None of the traditional uses of change was that the injection of shell money h ave changed; Siwai is at the centre of the very high cash incomes from current uses cover 'the impor tant Buin plain of south Bougainville; cocoa (and, later, from em­ things in life· primarily wives before the war it was a r ich ployment in the copper mine) into and pigs, but also court fi nes and agricultur al area, producing a society that was already ex­ compensation, payment for ser­ mainly taro. After the war, sweet periencing subsistence-affluence, vices (c urers and sorcerers) and

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 19 The revived manufacture of shell money has caused a change in family roles: formerly, women worked in the gardens, now they are more profitably employed making shell money. Here, a man is digging in the sweet potato garden; mounding in· creases productivity.

purchases of ground . All marriages between Siwais and almost all purchases of mature pigs are accompanied by shell money transfer. Outright ground purchase is rare but increasing and shell money is an essential component. ln the last decade demand for shell money has grown rapidly and is still growing, so that, for the first time, there has been direct trade with M alaita, beginning in the mid·l960's. The Langalanga are salt water people who formerly lived mainly on artificial or semi-artificial islands in the 25 km-long Langalanga lagoon on the west coast of MaJaita. No more than a tenth of the present Langalanga population of about 2,500 remain on the islands; population in· crease, missionary activity, finally cyclone Ida in 1972, en­ couraged landward migration but their economy remains oriented to the sea and they firmly dif· ferentiate themselves from the 'bush people' of the mainland. Their basic, three-sector economy of fishing, gardening, and shell money manufacture has had a long history, but Bougainvillean demand for shell money has altered the balance between these activities. Starting in the 1960's the shelJ money prices that could be ob­ tained in Bougainville compared so favourably with those in much poorer Malaita that Langalanga production grew, as far as possible, to meet the Bougainville

The length of the shell money required for a Siwai wife trans/er is evaluated. lengths are marked on a pole (sometimes on a house post) so rhat, m case of dispute - such as dworce - the exact lengl/J would be known and could. if necessary. be repaid

Page 20 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN FOURTH QUARTER. 1976 A young S11oa1 Wife. decorated with the shell money that was part of her bride price. prepares to leave her own home to go to her new husband's .

cl c• m a n d and i t s p u rt i (' u I a r rcquirc·rncnts: strings of small red shc•lls and small white• shells. whi<·h in Bougain\'illl' an• re· mi :< c cl i n a \.a r i et y of e om binal1ons of different \' aluc•s J\rc•as of lo<"al demand likt• north ~lula1La. whieh prefcrn·d ;i chi · ferent kind. found their supplies almost cut off while southern Malaitans. who used the same kind as IJougainville. found that suppli es existed but prices had beeornc much higher. In both areas this further redu('cd use. In only a clcc

l\ lo:-,l of the s hells eontinued to come from the Langalanga lagoon, but because of increased demand both white and red s he lls arc in short supply and these arc usually brought from outside. White shells come from Lau and south .M alaila: red s hells arc brought from various places as far away as Gizo and Choiscul in the Western Solomons where Malaitans go lo dive. Mos t stages of manufacture were traditionally performed by women and girls: breaking the shells into small pieces, s haping

A shell money trans/er on Laulasz island: the shell money and cash needed for bride pnce are set out. On the right is a Siwai basket brought back by one of the shelL money traders.

SOUit! PAClflC BULLETIN FOURTH OUAnltR 1918 lhem roughly inlo circles about lwice the size of the final disc, smoothing the rough shell sur­ face, drilling holes in the centre NUTRITION SUPPLEMENT and stringing the resultant discs. In each of these stages they are now assisted by small children from the age of about five up­ YOUR BABY'S H EALTH FROM BIRTH TO ONE YEAR wards.

Traditionall y, breaking a nd shaping were done with stones; now hammer -heads and solid metal cylinders ma ke the process a little faster and a little more ac· curate. But the most substantial ~ transformation has been in ~~/ dr illing; traditional drills (futa) ...... " hll>lf H•·;l.. 1411\llilll'IVU,...,, Sv1Jlb ,.,...,-,\ · --""-..· were oper ated by twisting a nd un­ JatW11f) l'f1S twisting a string which powered the fl int-tipped drill. These were very slow and inefficient since the A HEALTHY MOTHER GETS A HEALTHY BABY only means of sharpening the fli nt was with a cockle shell, while the BRh\ST ftlOl:O.G IS B~Sr holes were quite crude and scar­ cely adequate fo r the smaller Bougainvi llean money. Now this has been entirely replaced by brace a nd bit drills a nd the futa FOOD I • 2 MONTllS only r evives when tour ists a rrive. FOOD J • S MONTHS

The fi nal stage, which is en­ I 000 o · 9 MONTHS tirely the work of men, is to smooth the edges of the shells a nd reduce them to a uniform size; FOOD I 0 • 1Z MONTllS former ly done by rubbing with a grooved stone a nd an abrasive of FOOD AFTER I YEAN sand a nd water, this too is now universally carried out using im· I OOD PRlPARA llON ported Chinese grinding blocks. A further possible technological im­ CARl 01 T iii B\UY <:HECR·UP l\t\tUl> l/ATION provement is the introduction of HEALTH PROBllMS OF THE CHI LO powe red dia mond drills which would be fa ster and might also decrease the high fracture r ate. PROTECT YOUR BADY FROM ACCIDENTS At present, a fortunate household can produce four or fi ve strings in lltlM,S TO Rf \l f\1 B~R a month, but a mor e likely average remains one or two a month plus some production of jewellery. Modern technology has A special supplement in this issue will be of considerable interest a ppr oxim a t e ly h a lved t h e to all concerned with the nutrition of Pacific Island mothers and traditional production time. babies. Your Baby's Health from Birth to One Year is a flipbook Higher prices and decreased destined for community workers - nurses, social workers, women's production time have encouraged interests officers, home economists, agricultural extension officers, gr eater participa tion in shell teachers, etc. -and literate mothers; in other words, for anyone money manufacturing in the cen­ who is in contact with the community and can help improve the tral lagoon area; every household nutritional state of mothers and children. It is written in simple manufactures money. In several language with illustrations designed for the Pacific Island s. Copies cases the last stages of produc­ tion, s moothing and polishing, are (in English and French) may be obtained on request from: com pleted by Malaitans now resident in Honiara who have SPC Publications Bureau, P.O. Box N324, Grosvenor Street, becom e incorpor ated into the NSW 2000, Australia. production chain as a r esult of the

Page 22 r.rv ; n; PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER, 1978 "'boom ". In Mala ita, concen­ abandon the Bougainville market tration on shell money manufac­ readily. Most can easily complete ture has also resulted in some the round trip from Malaita for households abandoning almost all less than $200 ; many for half that. gardening; in others it is entirely One Malaitan in J une 1975 carried men's work. Men. who are less back $9,000 a nd each t r ader essential for shell money produc­ makes a round $2,000 profi t from tion. work in diverse tasks but e ver y t rip ror eventua l women a rc increasingly concen­ distribution in Langalanga. South trating on shell money from which Bougain ville exports a nnually the returns arc higher than any about $60,000 to Malaita including alternative economic activity. at least $40,000 from the Siwai area.

Between ten and 15 Langalanga The only limits to shell money regularly, two or three times a production for Bougainville are year, tr a vet to Bougainville to sell the willingness a nd a bility of shell money, whil e more than Bouga invilleans t o continue twice that number ha ve been buying 3,000 strings each year there at s ome time. Mo s t and a bs orbing them into the represent extended kin groups, economy. The cost is easil y met, collecting from them at least 100 because of almost univers ally strings for each trip. high incomes from cocoa and likely to re main so; within limits, Most traders either Oy from the price is entirely acceptable to Men from the Guava area in central both Mala itans and Bougain­ Honiara to Kieta or go by ship to Bougainville evaluating shell money. the Shortlands and from these by villeans. Prices of wives, land. (Photo Bougainville Copper Ltd.) pigs a nd services continue to rise canoe to the Buin coast ; since the but usua lly at no more tha n the Papua New Guinean customs ser­ The level of trade has been so vice is at its least efficient in gener al rate of inflation. Overall high that there have been con­ demand for shell money is likely Buin, where exports and imports stant disputes between Siwais and are now almost non-exist e nt, lo continue to increase until at­ Malaitans. In 1964 and 1965, which titudes to ceremonials cha nge and many prefer this route, declaring more or less mark the start of themselves as 'tourists' and in· it is unlikely that this will occur in Malaitans revisiting Bougainville, less than a decade. variably avoiding the A$2 duty prices were around fi ve pounds per string. ($10) or 6 pounds ($12) per string. In 1975, after years of dispute, the F o r th e M a l a i ta n s of price that Siwais would pay for Lan ga l a n g a th e r e a r c n o Some traders go to Panguna econo mic alte rna tives r eall y copper mine, where they can sell shell money was tentatively fix ed at $25 for a string of red shells worth considering seriously and to affluent young men, but most no reason yet to worry a bout the go directly to Siwai or Nagovisi, and $20 for a white string. In Siwai, at least, these have sub· export market declining. Shells staying with individual Bougain­ are becoming more difficult to ob­ villeans at a cost of one string for sequently tended to be maximum prices; red strings c ould tain, but at the present profit rate two to three weeks' board and it s e e m s improbable that lodging. They need no adver· sometimes be obtained for $20 and white strings for $16, but in Malaitans will not continue to tisement to sell their products; purchase them from differ ent the host Bougainvilleans who a re N agovisi the upper Ii mites seem to locations. The BougainviJle unique ofte n, but not always, local have been fixed prices. trading relationship, one that has leaders always ensure that their grown from a minor indirect own relatives a re first served and Consequently, many MaJaitans relationship to a major trade and in ma ny cases Bougainvilleans do who entrusted their shell money has spread the afflu ence of south aJI the selling themselves, leaving to traders are now uncertain that Bougainville some 550 kms away the Mala itans merely to fulfil they are receiving the real sale to a sm all part of Malaita, seems their 'touris t' declar ation. One price. In 1975, the Langalanga unlikely to be merely a transitory hundred strings are usually sold Area Committee was concerned phenomenon in the economy of in as little as a week, even with about 'underhand dealings by the weste rn Pacific. o indi vidua l Siw a is acting as those who travel to Buin'. Price brokers to their own relatives. stabilisation has not yet been The whole t r ade is for cash achieved .. Generally, tradition a nd although a few Malaitans have the economics of supply a nd e xc hanged s hell m one y for demand had once again proved Siwai's main handicraft, baskets, too strong for legislation. and one was considering an offer of ' n i.-rp of ground for planting Despite these dis putes over Photographs from the author, Dr. prices, Malaitans are unlikely to John Connell.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH OUARTe~ .J g7a Page 23 Joint sub-regional training course on census methods

In the South Pacific region as in and Mr Y.C . Ayuyu (Northern Government officials and staff other r egions of the wor ld, Ma ria n a Islands). T h e p a r ­ mem bers of international agen­ knowledge of the size, distribution ticipants were or will be involved cies based in Suva supported the and composition of the population in t he planning and execution of course by giving short lectures on is of great importance to govern­ the next census in their countries specific points (for example, ex­ ments for administrative reasons, and were the r efore h ighly plaining t h e use the ir as well as for planning purposes. motivated i n t h e co urse or ganisations made of cens us Th e m a i n sou rces o f this proceedings, which included all data). knowledge are the population cen­ elements of the census process. The course was pr acticall y suses which in most countries in oriented, the participants were the a rea are being conducted at Attention was paid to methods asked to work on various small five-to-ten year intervals. of census design and preparation country projects and a number of (including legislation, budgeting, field visits were made in connec­ Some 25 cenpsus have been held questionnaire design, census map­ tion, for example, with census so far in the 1970s and more than ping, publicity, recr uiting and mapping and data processing. ten others will be taken in the 1979-81 period. In the past, expert assist ance was usually provided by metropolitan countr ies and in­ ter national agencies, but it is felt that this dependency on outside assistance should be reduced step-by -step by tr aining of Pacific Islanders. For t hat r eason a course on Census Methods was of­ fered at the Institute of Social and Administrative Studies of the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, from 8 August till 2 September, as a result of a joint effort of a number of interested organisations.

The sponsors were the East­ West Center, the South Pacific Commission and the University of the South Pacific. Funding was obtained from the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which aproved its financial sup­ port o f t he cou rse in t he Participants at the Census Methods Course held recently in Suva, from left: framework of the UNFPA/ SPC sitting - Ors. E.R. Hoefnagel (USP NUFFIC), Mrs. V. L. Naroba (Fiji ), Dr . project for Technical As.sista nce A. Ali (Director, !SAS), Ors. Ko Groenewegen (SPCJ, Mrs. M . Kubuabola and Training in Demography and (course secretary;, Dr. Peter Pirie (EWPI J; standing - Nick Suvulo f PNGJ, Population Statistics. Nelson Charope f PNGJ, J .C. Ayuyu fCommonwealth of the Northern Mariana ls.J. Morea Raka. (PNGJ, A.M. Turua fCook Islands), D.P. Taufitu (Niue), S. The course was attended by losia fTuvaluJ. Misimoa Pone Jr. rA m , Sam.), Barry Tebau fGilbert l s.) and eleven pa rticipants from nine M.P. Lapo fSolomon Islands). count ries: Mr. Misimoa Pone (American Samoa), Mr. A.M. training), enumeration (including The participants were provided Turua (Cook Islands), Mrs. V. pilot s ur ve ys and po s t ­ with a number of documents for Na roba (Fiji), Mr . B. Tebau enumarat ion sur veys), quality further study at home. (Gilbe rt Is la nds), Mr. D. P . cont r o l , d a ta processing, A census in a ny country is a Taufitu (Niue), Mr. M. Raka publications and analysis. The major undertaking which requires (Papua New Guinea ), Mr . N. course was mainly taught by Ors strong national support at a ll Charope (Papua New Guinea), K. Groenewegen (SPC), Dr. P. levels. The Course on Census Mr. N. Suvulo ( P a pua New Pirie ( E WC), Ors E. lfoefnagel Methods has helped to strengthen Guinea). Mr. M.P. Lapo (Solomon CUSP), a nd Mr. C. Walsh (Con­ the role of Pacifi c Islanders in Islands). Mr. S. Iosia (Tuvalu) sultant), while a number of Fijian census planning and execution. o

Page 24 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 During July and August the Secretary­ General. Dr E. Macu Salato, made the • lirst visit by a South Pacific Commission Secretary-General to the atolls of ·1okelau. He was accompanied by the Commission's Director of Administra­ tion. Mr D.W.J. Stewart. The visit was made in response to an invitation extended by the people of Tokelau. and enahled the Secretary-General to assess \\ays in which S PC can assist the territory a~ it moves towards developing self­ govcrnment. I okclau i~ a New Zealand dependency, situated about 500 km north of Western Samoa. It comprises three atolls. Atafu, Fakaofo and N11kunonu. fhe total land area i~ a liulc more than 1,000 hectares and the population is a little less than 1.600. I he only regular means of physical communication with the out:.ide world is a vessel chartered five times a vcar from Apia in Western Samoa. Ther~ is no air

4rnw1/ l11· 11'110fehoa1 owr 1he reef al l·"<1kao/i1.

SPC SECRET ARY-GENERAL VISITS TOKELAU

'en ice. I he atolls ha\e been under \"cw Lcaland\ administration since 1926 (before. they had formed part of the Gilbert and Ellice blands Colony) and arc still administered from Apia. where the Ofl1ec for I okelau Affairs is situated.

He lore emharking on the Nauru Pacific I.inc vessel. Cenpac Rounder. for the ten­ d a) round trip from Apia, Dr Salato visited the Of rice for Tokelau Affairs to meet Apia-based s taff. Apart from administrative and accounting functions, the Apia office operates a storage depot. workshops and a handicrafts centre. Dr Salato was also guest of honour at a luncheon hosted by Tokelau·s Official Secretary. Mr Simon Carla\\. which wa!> :111ended h)' Wes tern Samoa's M inistcr lor Fconomic Development. the Honou­ rahle As1 Fikeni. the 1'.lcw Zealand High Comm1"10ner to Western Samoa. Mr

/hr Secrewn-(1e11era/ speakinK al 1/ie ope11111g of 1/ie ..ld111i11iHra110 11 Cemre al \ 11/..111u11111

Don llarpcr, and fokelau and Wc~tern from 1971 to 1975 Mr Samoan officials. Stt·w.1r1 \'\

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 25 radio post offices and the village co­ opcrat ive stores. During his visit. D r Salato wa' invited formally to open the Centre at l· akaofo. \\hile Cardinal Pio officiated at the opening of the u­ "unonu Centre.

I he I okelau ho,pitals were of parti­ cular in1erc ... 1 lr Simeona Pena. lormcrly ol 'l uvalu. with whom he had a ttended medical school in the J71e m•11· .'ld111111i.11ratio11 Centre at I 9)0's. Fakao/iJ. Other puhlic works acti\ ities in recent years include the construction ofschoob. accompanied hy Mr l'io I uia. former return to rokel:tu 10 assume responsi­ Head teacher ol the '\ukunonu SchooL bility for the church·s activitic' there. post oftices. hou ...cs built for education "ho had hcen underta"ing theological otficers (now used as guest houses) and ... tudic' at M oamoa. \\'c\lern Samoa. for water catchment facilities. the laucr hcing the pa... t ll\e year' and ''ho. in 1972. had Con,iderable public work' aetivitie' a"1s1cd h) SPC. l nlike public "ork:-. tr;l\elled \\llh 111, I manencc to Europe ha\C been undertaken in f o"clau during departmenh cbe\\ here. I okclau·s di,i­ and the l n11ed State,. I he formal the past ten year,. culminating in nc\\ \lon has no road-building or matntain­ tn'tallatinn ol Pao I u1a "' Catechist dmini,tration Centres on ra"aofo and ancc respon-,ibllitics. smcc there arc no '\ukunonu. These buildtng:,. which \\Cre dunng ma'' celebrated b\ the C:trdanal in motor \Chicles m I o"clau (sa\e a handlul de,igned and constructed by the Public the i\ukunonu Church ""' an occasion of motorcycles) ;md 1hcretore no road\. lor great reJ

In the past. S PC has assisted the people ot I okelau in a number ol ways in the tields of public health engineering and water supply, epidemiological inl'orma­ tion. agriculture. rhinoceros beetle con- 1rol and technical training. During his \'isit, D r Salato was able to assess at first hand other ways in which assistance might be given to this remote and isolated territory. These include technical training in Fiji tor ·1 okelauan outboard-motor and diesel-generator mechanics, travel grants tor ·1okclau students al the Uni\'crsity of the South Pacific. and lurther as-,istancc with agricultural and "ater-supply projects.

"' I okelau mO\es in the direction of 'clt-g1l\ernment. ne\\ and perhaps un­ tried areas ol a,sistance will present the1mcl"c'. Of particular significance 111 th" regard " a proposed SPC-linanced political 'IUd) tour of fuvalu b) 'ix

(Continued on page 43)

A conmul .1til'/.. insl'ct: these insects cause Sl'l'ere damaKt' w coc;im urs in Tokelau. espeda l~ 1 · 011 A ta/11.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Pa~e 26 The Community College of Micronesia

By DIRK A . BALLENDORF, President, Community College of Micronesia, Ponape.

T he Community Coll ege of and in its place projected and to serve all districts of Micronesia, one of the newest in developed a broader training base Micronesia. the Pacific area, came into being for other needed professionals. By on 1 June, 1970 when the then the time PICS moved to Ponape With the establishment of the High Commissioner of the Trust in 1959 - its present site - the Community College, and the Territory, Edward E. Johnston so emphasis on teacher education eventu a l withdrawal of t he designated it. Until then. it had had diminished to only one course University of Hawaii 's assistance, been known us the Micronesian in t h e c urriculum . The CCM - as the school has come to Teacher F:ducation Centre programme had become that of a be dubbed - began to diversify

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Pag-. 27 Mack He111amm of Kosrae reviews the first draft of a composition. Students have their own regular newspaper. Jaws: the tille goes well with the shark on the college crest.

{ -- -

education that arc relevant to the dation for success and personal tinue their education outside the needs a nd desires of the com­ gratification in those careers. Trust Territory. munity at large in all districts of 3. In-service teacher education The college extension service in the Trust Territory. which will lead to professional the other districts for in-service elementary teachers offers oppor­ The Community College en­ improvement and contribute to tunities for people to study on a deavours to expand areas of the better education of the Trust full or part time basis, year knowledge and understanding. It Territory youth. round. Community service/ in­ also seeks to encourage and assist 4. Continuing education which will terest courses on a non-c redit students to a fuller development provide opportunities for further of their own resources. Towards basis are offered for the general intellectual and technjcal growth public at these extension centres. these ends curricula are provided for interested individuals. in : A good deal is being learned from The Community College en­ this experience with the extension 1. The liberal arts and sciences lo deavours to be flexible in meeting program me which could be useful provid e a ge n eral basic student and commuruty needs by to similar efforts throughout the education, with an emphasis on providing a responsive Pacific. improving communications skills curriculum which will change as In sum, the essential purpose of in English as a foundation for community educational priorities the Community College of success in professional training or change. Academic and non­ Micronesia is to focus on the preparation for advanced study. academic activities are provided challenges today in educal10n in 2. The professional training areas to foster interchange among the islands, seeking lo develop a of nurs 111 g husiness, elementary island groups. The college tries lo responsiveness to the needs und teacher edu< at ion, and special introduce the kmd of atmosphere interests of today ·s and education whl('h will develop a students will encounter 111 and out tomorrow's Micronesians. In theoretic al and µr ac·t ital f oun- of the classroom should they c·on terms of educational practice, the

Page 28 sourn PACIFIC BULLETIN FOURIH OUARTEH 1q/8 l.1m1sa l 'mg oj Yap learns lo lake blood pressure Jrom her teacher. \/enyyor Emeszochl oj Palau X11r- 11111g zs a big programme al the CC.\/ /or bnth men and women _

...

sourH PACIF IC BULLUIN fOUATH 0UAHTtf1 1'178 Page 29 f'rnlfl le/I Frank /JarPca1cl:1y t Yap 1. Tom Boho and Keyk(/ l.crnarme 1 \larslwll lsl01uis 1 work111y 1111 ass1<111nu•11ls

philosophy of the college endorses a belief that a smaJI college must earcfully select faculty for tea<·hing extcllcnc:e and interest 111 tht• dc\elopmcnt of the in ­ dividual The rnllege also seeks to l'mphas1zl' and promote expericn· <·c:-; linking rnstrut·t1on with a var1et) of off-campus 1n \'ol \' (.' m c nts pro\'td i ng op por t unit 1es for off campus rt>scareh. work stud). and rntcrnships. Undcrstancling these purposes. the prinC'ipal ten l'ls of our educ at ion al philosophy arc that the c·ollegc must pro\'ide for the opportunit) and support requm:cl lo. ( 1 > de\ clop a social con­ sciousness and a set of personal values (2) Formulate a sense of aesthetic and sc·ientific awareness and respons1\'crwss (3) De' elop and strengthen a posill\ c self­ tmage with a ;\l1cronesian per­ spect 1 \. c (4 > Identify oppor tumtics to lead as well as lo ser ve (5) Pursue effective education in car eer-oriented disciplines (Continued on page 43)

Timothy Jerry. chazrma11 of LM Science Department. w1lh his diem isl ry class. 1"1zcronesia11 st udenls are showmg a rapidly growing zn-, terest m sczence.

Page 30 SOUT•' ~ , C , F I C lo!ULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1918 Onl) ''11h1n th1.' pa'>t hi) )Car-. ha'e westerner\ disco,erctl that hca'~ l1'>h1ng pre-.... ure can kad to the depletion of marine fi'>h '>locb. P;11..·1h1.· 1..,l,1nder'>. in 1.:ontra'>t. ha\c been aware of the limits ol their ll\hene'> r1.''>0llrt't''> tor n·nturie\. Almost all the marine con-.cn·atmn ml.'<1'>tlre'> de'>1l!n1.·d 111 th1'> cl.'ntun in th1.' \\est '"ere alrcatl} in ll'>e 111 Oe1.·an1a "h1.·i"1 the llr\t \H''>tl.'n; explorer s1cpped a\horc !Johanne'> l') ~ ~I. \\ 1th111 tht' f>.1'>1 2." )1.·.ir-.. \\ 1.''>t1.'rn fisheries biologi!-.ts and el'.onomi'>I'> ha'c r1.·adh·d 1lw g1.·naal con-,en'>U'> that 1hc corncr'>tonc of '>ound lish1.·rt1.''> manag1.·1111.·111 1.., .. lim111.·tl cntr) ·· - limiting thl.' number ol fi'>h1.·rmcn 1ha1 ar1.· allow1.:d LO harvc.,t a l!i\'en stock. Awarcnc-,s ol 1hc ,alu1.· 11f 11111111.·d vnlr\ m·currcd much ea;licr than thb in Oceania: rcc.:f and h11!oon 11.'llltn: · a form of limited entry - appears lo havc hct:n th1.· '> tr;gk mo\I witk'>prcad marine conscrvation method in upera1ion bdore "c'>t1.·rn 1.·1Hllac1. lro111c;tll). 1111.' u-..c of this measure has declined since western c1.>n· wet. \\'e-.11.·rn niloni'>I\. accu\tomcu as che\ were to the nov. outmoded doctrint ul ··frc1.•do111 ul the -.cas.·· did n~>l undcr'>land the 'irtucs of such a !-.\'>t1.·m. t 11 \\a'> ··un·Am1.·ncan .. stated one American trnicl. ;\lorcml.'1·. 11 -..1ood in th1.' wa) of their ambition to capitali1.c on the 1slan1.b· marin1.· r1.·-,our1.·c'>. \o. con'>ciuusl) in somc case'>. uncon\ciow.. I) 111 Pthl.'r'>. 1hc\ hroul!hl about ll'> decline on a number ol Pacific !\land.., Uoh.innc-.. Jl)-71'\1. I l ~re I discu\s 1hc basic features of thi'> practice and .\'giraklang. second chief of 11s \aluc tmla) \\ht•n: 11 '>till sun i'cs. Ngeremlengw. mal..-ing a fish trap in his Papuan village: he taught author Johannes a great deal about Palauan /1sh111g

Reef and lagoon tenure systems 1n the Fbcific islands

By R.E. JOHANNES, Hawaii Institute of Morine Biology, Universi ty of Howoii.

In the West , marine fishing district, village, clan or family. various districts in Palau (J oha n­ gr ounds have traditionally been Wher e s u ch control e xis ts it is in nes, unpub.l. Upon request, oul· open to a ll. Under s uch conditions the best inter ests of the con­ s iders may be a llowed to fi sh, il is in the best interests of a trollers to harvest in moder ation, s ome times without pay m e n t. fisherman to catch all he c-an and the r e b y e nsuring g ood future som etimes with a s mall payment to use any means al his dispos al y ie lds. The system has an added of c a s h or a portion of the c atch. to do so. Fishing in moderation virtue in that fishermen will ofte n Today, r estrictions are upheld in amounts to pointl ess s el f ­ voluntarily police their tenured some dis tricts only in connection s a c rifice, for what is voluntarily fishing grounds if their rig ht to do with commercial fishing - catch­ left unc aught will probably be so is secure , the r eby r e ducing ing a fe w fish for one·s own use caug ht by someone els e. Ex· substantially the e nforcement e f· be ing looked upon as quite accep­ perie n ce has demon s trated forts required toda y of table. (This would chang e. o f repeatedly that depiction of such ch ronically overburdened P a c ific cour se, if too many people took a fishery is almost inevitable. island fi s heries departments. advantage of s uch gene ros ity ). In Freedom of entry to a fi shery, P acif ic is land marine tenure the past some fishing rights were desig ned to be fair to everyone, is system s can be s ufficientl y trans fe rred outrig ht by villager s thus ultimately fai r to no one . flexible to permit t he use by who d i d not n eed them to The essence of reef and lagoon othe r s of stock s urplus to the villa gers in neighboring districts ~~n ure is the rig ht to control ac­ n eed s of the o wn e r s . The who did. I n s ome instances res s to fis hin g g rounds b y following examples are fro m fi shing g rounds have bee n s h a r ed

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUA~ 11'., .. 1978 Page 31 by two or three districts. grow to such a size that they feel cially important species of tuna compelled to exert excessive are highly migratory, local Reef and lagoon tenure has im­ pressure on the stocks. The limited entry does not constitute plications that go beyond conser­ development of an export market an effective means of conserving vation of fish stocks. In the ab­ to a district centre, another island tuna stocks. Consideration should sence of limited entry, too many or another country can produce thus be given to restricting fishermen typically crowd onto the same result. These are tenured areas under local control the best fishing grounds and more situations where additional to shallow water fisheries, leaving boats and more fishing gear are regulations must be imposed on regulation of deep water pelagic used than is necessary to harvest the fishery to maintain desirable fisheries largely to central island the catch. This form of economic yields

SOUTH PACIFIC BUUETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 32 widened his experience during a SPC APPOINTMENTS fisheries training course in Japan, and then in 1976 spent a year at the regional economic statistics; ad­ Grimsby College of Technology in ECONOMIST visory services; and organisation England studying for a diploma of meetings and training courses. in fish eries. At Grim sby he received training in fishing gear Dr Fcleti Sevele recently took 0 technology, fish processing, up his appointment as Economist n avigation and marine with t he South Pacific Com­ MASTER FISHERMAN meteorology. Practical work in­ mission. Dr Sevele, who is cluded sea time on various types Tongan, carried out his tertiary of fishing vessel. studies at the University of Mr. Tevita Fusimalohi, a Christchurch, New Zealand. He Tongan, was appointed to the post Returning to Tonga in 1977, Mr. holds a B.Sc. in Mathematics, an of SPC Master Fisherman in May Fusimalohi was appointed officer M.A. (Honours) in Geography and this year. in charge of fisheries at Neiafu, a Ph.D. in Economic Geography. Vava'u, where he was responsible Mr. Fusi malohi attended fo r both administrative and primary school in Tonga, then technical matters. spent five year~ between 1961 and 1965 at Wesley High School, in Since joining SPC Mr Suva, and a further four years at Fusimalohi has carried out ex­ Navuso Agricultural College ploratory fishing trials for the (Fiji), graduating in 1969 with a Government of Niue as part of certificate in tropical agriculture. the SPC's deep sea fisheries development project. He is now at He then returned to Tonga to Tanna in the New Hebrides, run­ work for the Ministry of ning the project there. At the age Agriculture, Fisheries and of 27 he already has a great deal Forests, initially in the field of of fishing experience, ranging agriculture. Because of an in­ from the tropical Pacific to the terest in fishing, gained as a tr awling grounds off Iceland. small boy on his father's boat, he DR. FELETI SEVELE later transferred to the Fisheries Mr. Fusimalohi is married with On his return to Tonga in 1973, two children. L . Dr Sevele was appointed Secretary of the Commodities FISHERIES ASSISTANT Board, which is a statutory body responsible for the export of all agricultural commodities. ln ad­ Because of the increasing im­ dition, the Board runs the Tonga portance of fisheries to the South Construction Company, which is Pacific, the 1977 South Pacific the largest bui lding and construc­ Co n ference approved t h e tion enterprise in the Kingdom. recruiting of a Fisheries Assistant Apa r t from Government , the to a ugment the staff of SPC. This Board is the largest employer in position was taken up in May this Tonga, having a total workforce year by Mr. James Crossland, a of more than 600 persons. TEVIT A FUSIMALOHI New Zealander. ln 1974, Dr Sevele became Division. Working on government Director and Chief Executive of fishing vessels, first as a n the Board, a post which he held assistant fisherman and later as until joining the South Pacific fi shing master, he gained con­ Commission. He was also a Direc ­ sider a ble experience in trolling tor of a number of compa nies, and longlining for tuna, and bot­ a nd a membe r of To nga's tom fi shing with electric reels, National Scholarship Board. mainly for snapper.

Dr Sevele's duties with the In 1974-75, he attended the Co m mission w i ll in c lud e University of the South Pacific in economic studies, with special Fiji, taking the fisheries course e mph asis on r u ra l a nd and obtaining a certifica te in agri c ul t ura l d evelo pme nt; tropical fisheries. After a period analysis and inter pretation of back in his old joh in Tonga he JAMES CROSSLAND

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Pago 33 Mr. Crossland grew up and was REEF & LAGOON TENURE mana ge ment. Lac k of ap­ preciation of the value of these educated in Christchurch, leaving {Continued from page 32) school in 1957 to join the Mer­ syste ms by colonials has resulted chant Navy. After undergoing a With the depopulation that oc· in their erosion, and in some year's demanding training at the cured throughout Oceania after cases their complete loss. Where School of Navigation, Southa mp­ Western contact. marine tenure they still exist it may be desirable ton, E ngla nd, he took up a deck boundaries were sometimes to modify them in order to ac­ officer 's apprenticeship with Port allowed by the islanders them­ <:om m od ate new pressure:; oc­ Line of London. Mr Crossland selves to lapse: defending these <: asioned by commercial fisheries spent eight years at sea, working boundaries made sense only when and the adoption of western legal on Br itish, Australian and New the benefits or doing so justified systems. But further erosion of Zealand ships. During this time the effort involved . As popula tions these customs will add ine,·itably he gained a 2nd Mate's Foreign­ rebounded over the past few to the difficulties of manag ing going certificate at London in decades the value of defending reef a nd lagoon resources. 1962, and a 1s t Mate ' s at tenure boundaries has increased Acknowledgements Melbourne in 1965. He has also once again. But those who, for worked as a commercial fisher­ logical reasons. allowed t heir T his work was supported by man, and has experience in bot­ marine tenure systems to lapse, g rants from t he J ohn Simon tom tr a wling, bottom longlining and who, for equally logical Guggenheim Me morial Fo.un· and fi sh trapping. reasons might want lo reinstitute dalion and the U.S. National them later , are now sometimes Science F'oundation. Contribution In 1972, Mr Crossland com ­ forbidden by law from doing do. No. XXX from the l rawaii In· pleted a B.Sc. Honours course at stitute of 1VI arinc Biology. Canter bury Uni vers ity, New Simil ar restraints are imposed Zeala nd , graduating with 1st class o n those who wo uld m odify REFERENCES honours in Zoology. He then spent existing tenure systems or create five yea rs with the Fisheries new ones. Yet. when previously unknown population pressures or Allan. C.11 . 1957. ··customary Resear ch Division of the Ministry land tenure in the British of Agric ulture and Fisheries, new fisheries develop, new or modified tenure systems may be Solomon Island Protectorate.·· Wellington, where he car ried out Rept. British Solomon l sla11d Protec­ a series of research projects on needed. For example. when a new trochus shell industry developed torate Special Land Comm I loniara snapper, New Zealand's most im­ \\'l•stern Pacific ll igh Com portant food fi sh. This work in­ in New Guinea. villagers tried to e r ect a new marine tenure mission. :329 pp. cluded studies on reproduction Belshaw, C.S. 1954 . Cha11g111y and fecundity and sur veys of eggs system Lo protect their trochus Me/anesw :\l c lbourne : Oxford and larvae. beds fro m European interests. They were prevented from doing Uni\' . Press. 197 pp. so by the courts The results of these researches F'ischc rcirecht der Eingcborncn were used to make estim ates of It mu s t be g ranted that vo n Dc u lsch -Samoa, ·· c;/olms the size of the fish stocks, which allowing g reater flexibility in reef 82 :3 19-320. together with other information, and lagoon tenure systems would .J o h a n n e s . H . E . I !! 7 H helped in the formulation of a create more work for legislatures ·Traditional marine consern1tion managem ent policy for the New and cour ts. But these systems tnl'lhods in Oce<.1nia and thl'ir Zeala nd sn apper fis hery. Mr . will nc\·er present the \'O lurnc and lll· misc ... /\1111 . Hev r:col. Sys/ 9 . 1"1sh Hehamour and 1"1shenes Other studies involved the iden­ potential dispute J to their areas .\la11ageme11t tCapture and Culture). tification and distribution of tsize of rPsource > are much I.C.L.A.H .M., Manila

~"'l!T"H PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 34 INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN IN 7978, BY SUBJECT AND AUTHOR

Title Quarter Author Subject Quarter

A B BALLENOORF. D.A. The Community College of Micronesia ...... fourth Asian Develo pme nt Bank's rush of Pacific approvals ...... First BOLLARD. A. Ta pa cloth and T-shirts: business and Asian· Paci fi c Weed Science Society confere nce . . . . • ...... first work in Pacific villages ...... Fourth Awll Cuhivation ...... • ...... Third BOLLARD. A . & B l. Fairbairn South Pacific Economies ...... Sec ond

Biological cont rol or insects ...... first c CONNELL. J Melanesian shell mo ney·s new Busini:ss and work in Pacific vi llages-tapa cloth and economic role ...... Fourth T-shins ...... fourth COPPELL. W. Theses and dissenations· French Polynesia. 2 ...... First c French Polynesia. 3 ...... Second Solomon Islands ...... Third Ce nsus methods. j<>int sub-regio nal training course o n . ... fourth

Commo nwealth Fund fo r T echnical Co-operatio n. th e ...... first 0 DA HL. A.L. Environmental aspects of project Community College or Micro nesia. the ...... Fourth planning ...... Second

Community learning centre in New Caledonia. a: Gelima ...... Second f FAIRBAIRN. I. Helping industry in the Consumerism in Mi cro n.:sia ...... first South Pacific ...... T hird

FAIRBAIRN. I. 0 & A. Bollard South Pacific econo mies ...... Second Diet. Migratio n and reciprocal changes in ...... Third FIRMAN. l.D. Plant quarantine o ffi cers meet in Suva ...... first

E FITZGERALD. T. ~i g~a ti o n and reciprocal changes in di et ...... Third Economies. So uth Pac ifi<: ...... Second FRIMIGACCI. D. Eight eenth South Pacific Confere nce. th e ...... Fourth & J.P. Maitre Research programme o n tumuli in Emerging Pacific. the: an Australian seminar on its New Caledonia ...... first Pacific neighbours ...... Second

Envi ro nm.:ntal aspects of project planning ...... Second J ESCA P. SPC Secretary-Genera l a 11 ends 34th JABRE. B. Malnutrition. the disease chat session o r ...... Second man made ...... Third

F JOHANNES. R. E. Reef and lagoon tenure systems in the Pacific Islands ...... fourth Fiji"s farm mechanisation project's successful harvest ...... Third

Fiji"s leper artist: q uiet courage and determinatio n ...... Third K KEARNEY. R.E. The So uth Pacific begins skipjack Fisheries. South Pacific. move beyond the reefs ...... Second survey programme ...... Third

F00<.1 fer tomorrow"s children ...... Secon d KUBERSKI . T. Fiji's leper artist ...... Third

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER, 1978 Page 35 French Polynesia: theses and dissertations - 2 ...... First L LAMBERT. M . Asian·Pacific Weed Science - J ...... Second Society Conference ...... Firsr

LAMBERT. M . Aroll cultivation ...... Third G

Gelima: a community learning centre in New Caledonia .. Second M MAITRE. J.P. &

D. Frimigacci Research programme on cumuli in H New Caledonia ...... First

Helping industry in 1he Sou1h Pacific ...... ••... Third MU NIAPPAN. R.

& L.M . Stevens Biological control or insects ...... Firsr

I nd ustry in the Sou1h Pacific. helping ...... Third N NALO. C. Gelima: a community learning ce ntre Insects. biological con1rol of ...... • ...... Firsr in New Caledonia ...... S econd

NALO. C. T he eighteenth South Pacific J Conference ...... Fourth

Joint sub-regional 1raining course on ce nsus methods .... Fourth 0 L O"CONNELL. F. The sramps of T uvalu ...... Seco nd

Leper artist. F iji"~ ...... Third p

M PITTMAN. G.A. SPC/ Tate English syllabus and

absracl vocabulary ...... Firsr Malnu1rition. 1hc di~casc that man made ...... Third

Melanesian ~hell mon ey"~ new economic role ...... Fourth R 1vticrone~ia. the Community College.: of ... . • ...... Fourth RODY. N. Consu merism in Micronesia ...... First Micronesia. con~u rn cri~ m in ...... Firsl RO DY. N. Food for tomorrow·s children . . Second Migra1ion and reciprocal changes in diet ...... •.• .....Thi rd

N s SPEAKE. J.D. Sugar. fluorides and clcntal heallh·J New Ca ledonia: Gcl ima. a communi1y learning ce n1re in Second years lacer ...... Third

New Caledonia. rcsearch programme on iumuli in ...... Firsr STEVENS. L.M .

New caulc breed for the iropics ...... Firsr & R. Muniappan Biological control of insects ...... First

STEWART. D. SPC Secrelary·Gcncral p visits Tokelau ...... Fourth v Pacilic fund not recommended by fea~ibiliry meeting ....Sec ond

Pacific Islands. reef and lagoon tenure ~ysrems in ...... Fourth VUNAKECE. A .O. Fiji"s farm merchanisation project"< successful harvcs1 ...... T hird Plant quarantine officer!. meet in SuV'.t ...... first Pro1cct planning. environmental .1~pcct~ of ...... •.... Second w Pro'i'1onal calendar of SPC meetings for 1978 ...... First WILKINSON. W.A. South Pacific Fisheries move beyond R the reef ...... Sec ond WILKINSON. W .A . South Parific 1una fish ing-a Red and l;igoon tenun: 'Y't ems in the Pacific Islands . ... Fourth changing scene ...... Fourth

Page 36 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Reefs. Soulh Pacific fishcries move beyond 1hc ...... Second SPC HANDBOOKS Rcsean: h programme on 1umuh in C\\ Caledonia .••..... Firsl Each Handbook is priced at $A 1.50 posl free and this seroes o f publications now s consists o f-

Solomon l\l,1111.h: 1hc-.·\ .ind di\\erl<11ton~ ...... Third No. I - Rat Control In the South Pacific by F. P. Rowe. English and French. Soulh PJc1fic 1hc. lx·i;1n\ ,1.1p1.1d. sunc) programme ...... Third (English edition revised by F. P. Rowe, J. M. Williams and E J. Sou 1h Pac1f1c Conference. 1hc cigh1een1 h ...... Fourlh Wilson.) No. 2- Cocoa Production In the South Sou1 h Pacific Cl'01l0m1c\...... Seco nd ~aclfic edited by K Newlon. English only. Sou1h Pac1f1c fishcric' move bc)mH.l the rt·cfs ...... Second No. 3- lmprovlng land Tenure by Ron Sou1h Pal'ifil'. helping indu~lr) in 1hc ...... Third Crocombe. English only.

Sou 1h Pacifit· and 1u1w fi,hing - a •·hanging scene ...... Fourth No. 4- laboretory Techniques in the Diagnosis of Some Intestinal Parasitic <;PC mticl i ng\ for 1• J7!). provbional cakndar for ...... First Infection• by Lawrence R. Ash. English and French. PC monlh al 1hc llnivcrsi1y of 1hc Sou1h Paci fic ...... Second No. 5- Banana Production In the South SPC Sec:re1<1ry·Gcm:ral a11cnd' .14th session of E.SCAP .. Second Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English and French.

SPC Scd·dary-Ct• 1wral \'1sil s Tokelau ...... Vou rth No. &-Coconut Production In the South Paclllc edited by M. Lambert English SPC f;uc Englbh ')Ilabu' .ind alNraCI vocahu lary ...... First and French.

S1amp' of fu,,llu. 1hc ...... Second No. 7- Urban Youth Work In the South Pacific by Jean-Michel Bazinet. Sugar. lluondc\ and denial hc.1hh - 1hrcr )Cars la1cr .... Third English and French.

Su, a. plan I quaranunc officer\ mcc1 in ...... First No. 8-Market Gardening in the South Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English and French.

T No. g- Bacterlology by Dr. J Saugrain. English and French. Tapa clolh and T ·shin': hu,111c\\ and \H>rl. in No. 10- Weed Control In the South Pacific villages ...... fourth Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English and French.

Ta1e1SPC Engli'h 'yllahu' and abs1rac1 vocabular) ...... Fi rst No. 11 - Hematology by Dr. J. Saugrain. English and French. Tt:nure sys1cms. reef and lagoon. in 1flc Pacific Islands .. Fourth No. 12- A Handbook ol Hospital and Theses and disscr1:11irn1': Health Service Administration by D. Frcnch Polynci a·2 ...... First Horne and V. Williams. English on ly. French Polyncsia·J ...... •.•••.... Second Solomon Islands ...... Third No. 13- Manuel de Reutilisation des Effluents d'Origine Animale dens le Tokelau. S l'CS('t'rt•lary-<: cncral \'isits ...... Fourlh Pacilique Sud by Claude Richard, Tumult in New C.1ln lonia. rc,carch programme on ...... first French only.

funa foh1n g. Soulh Pac1f1 c - a chang111g sce ne ...... Fourth No. 14-Cltrua Production In the South Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English Tuvalu. lhc ~ 1 .1111p' of ...... • . • . ...Sec ond only. No. 1 S-Beef Cattle Husbandry and Herd Management by W. P. Bewg, u English only. No. 16-Arablca Coffee Production In Univ.:rsuy o f 1hc Sou 1h Pacific. SPC mon1h al 1he ...... Second the South Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English and French.

Price Includes postage. All orders and inquiries should be sent to: SPC Publications Bureau. Box N324 Grosvenor Street. N.S.W. 2000.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 37 ILO - SPC DIRECTORY OF TRAINING FACILITIES IN Pacific Reading THE SOUTH PACIFIC Compiled and published jointly by the International Labou1 Material in this section is contributed by the South O flicc and the South Pacific Commission, this two-volume Pacific Commission Publications Bureau. Please direct D irecto ry lists the traini ng faci lities/ courses available in South any enquiries to Box 306, Haymarket, NSW, 2000. Pacific countries a nd should greatly assi~ t a ll educatiQn ists concerned with vocati onal training programmes. As mentioned in the Foreword. - "/11 the initial stages of i11dustrali.wtio11. it \\'as po.nihl<' w re~r to a great extel// 011 apprenticeship and 011-the-ioh training schemes. entry to 11•l11ch did not call.for any degfl't' TEACHING ENGLISH - THE of formal training. However. indmtrial developmel// has CH ILD'S SECOND LANGUAGE 111eant that pre-voctllional and 1•ocatio11al training heca111e necessary first!)". to ensure that the increasing nu111her cd young people coming on the employ111e111 market hm•e so111e I his new teac hers' handbook. writte n skills releva111 to employment and .tec·o1u/~ 1 · 10 enahle young by Althea Purdy (Engli sh Language Consulta nt to Catholic Educatio n Of­ fice, Sydney and to the South Pac ific Commission) is a deta iled guide 10 the correct use of the Tate SPC English @) ENGLISH SECONO LANGUAGE TEACHING ANO I anguagc Teaching mate rials it has THE REST OF THE OAY been specifically written to a~sist those teacher~ who have decided to try these material~ in their classroom and have Teaching a~l.cd ... How do I use them effectively." English Co1·er and sample page .fi·m11 A lllwa "'·' '"' -...... / ,,..,..- .llC\ .. \ 11 11 ' P1 11·<~r'.~ lie\\' hook 011 tea('hing 1:'11gli.l'lt as - THE CHILD'S SECOND LANGUAGE I~ .."' , , l•'o ~t. ' '"' a .11'1·oml lw 1guage. ...·- _.:-"" I euching English - tlw Child's Sernnd l.anguage pro\ idc~ a back- ground to the highly structured orga ni- AL THEA 1a tion of language in the I ate Oral J . En gli~h Course a nd its integrated S PC PURDY Reading Course and Wo rkbooks. to­ gether with key info rmatio n and g uide lines fo r teache rs wishing lo s lo t into the progra mme at any point. Language developme nt is seen as an integrated whole of listening. s peaking. read ing a nd people to aspire to hecome 111a~ 1 er cra/i.mwn or U'ch11i­ writing a nd the close re la tionship be- l'ia11.1. tween Oral English and the S PC Reading Course is exploited. I he training courses finally chosen for inclusion in the I he teaching points of the Oral f:nglish boob are incorporated Directory arc those leading to ltrM employment or for into a ~econd language lesson pro' iding revision. extension upgrading the skills and knO\\ ledge of those already in and addition for an Engli~h \peak mg ern ironment. Teaching employment. The informa tion given includes details of couri.e~ ~peakingcountrie~ technique~ an~ d iscussed and detai l ~ of actual les!-.crns are gi,en. available. in both English a nd French terri­ torie~. and i:, organised o n the basis ol the Internati onal S ta ndard C lassification o r Occupation (ISCO) which Additi ona lly. Teaclti11x J;'nglish con tains de ta ils of the p rovides a systematic classification ~ t ruct u re cowring the linguis tic progressio n. ana lyses ol' the major linguistic and occupation o f the civilian population. conceptual items which have bee n taught before each of the Each entry follows a sta ndard format a nd provides such Oral English booh, an outline o l the skills developed in early pertin·;nt information as: I it le of Course: , amcl location of reading in~truction. and teaching plans for introducing the l n~titution offering course (including duration. periodiClt)'. matcriab to a class. Every teacher u~ing or linking up to the \tarting date:., where held): l: ntry requirements: Brief outline of I ate SPC materials should find this book an invaluable aid: cour~e: Diploma Certificate awarded: Fees boarding ho,tcl abo till' hook should pro'e exceptionally useful to teacher~ of a1 rangements. The loose leaf format of the Directory allows for migrant l'h1ldren classes in Engh~h speaking countries. cas) updating as cour~e' becoming obsolete arc simply extracted and destroyed while addition~ can easily be included. Co t>ic ~ of thi'> handbook are now ava ila ble from the SPC A limited number of copies of the Director)" i!> a \ a ilable for Publication ~ Bureau. Price within the S PC area: $A3.00; ~a l e fro m the S PC Publications Burea u. Price: $20 (for 2 (e lsewhere) $A4.00 plus pos • :1 ~c.o \'Olumcs) plu ~ postai:e/ packini:. o

Page 38 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER 1978 hypotheses relevant to the future exploitation of SPC OCCASIONAL PAPERS these resources are presented. Five new publications were issued recently in the South Pacific Commission's Occasional Paper No . 8. Aspects of population and socio-economic change series. Copies may be obtained from SPC in the South Pacific, by l:.nk R. llol·111:1g.:l. 111 pp. Headquarters (B.P.D5, Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia). Issued jointly by SPC, the University of the South Pacific and the University of Groningen, this publication is based on a paper delivered at a No. 6 Demographic research on Papua New Guinea: Workshop for Population Correspondents in the prospects and problems, by t-1. R.lfiq. South Pacific, organised in December 1977 by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the This paper presents an evaluation of the Pacific. It discusses the complex inter-relation· demographic information made available by such ships between population growth, compositions, sources as censuses, special surveys, registration and distribution, availability and exploitation of systems and health and family planning records resources, and pollution. from the standpoint of its suitability to empirical research on Papua New Guinea. Procedural as It describes the causes of population growth in well as substantive aspects of various sources of the past and illustrates the relationship between demographic infor mation are examined in the population and resources by examples drawn from paper and some suggestions made on handling the the Pacific Islands. In the conclusion, the author basic problems of demographic data and im· discusses t he possible implications of rural proving their quality. development for future population growth. An attempt is also made to identify the role of specialised in-depth studies. It is suggested that No. 9. Factors in the design of appropriate economic such studies should be carried out by autonomous projects for the Pacific, by Alan Bollard. 11 p. organisations within the country concerned. In the past 20 years, there have been many at­ The paper is directed at census statisticians, cen­ tempts to introduce new crops, improved crop sus planners. demographers and other persons who technology, and new small industries into the are interested in demographic information. Though Pacific. Often they have failed. One reason is that based on the Papua New Guinean experience, the they were not all well-designed in the first place to paper may be expected to be of interest to other fit the special needs and attitudes of the com­ developing countries in the region. munity concerned. Occasional Paper 9 examines this question from No. 7. Some hypotheses on the skipjack (Katsuwonus the point of view of introducing a newly-designed pelamis J in the Pacific Ocean, by R.E. Kearney, 23 cash crop to a small island. It gives guidelines on pp. how to anticipate the performance of the new process and the community's reaction to it, how A comprehensive, yet concise review of the the process may be adapted into a more ap· state of knowledge of one of the Pacific's major propriate form, and how an administration may resources that projects numerous well-researched improve its chances of success. theories on the dynamic interactions between skip· jack of either varying size or different sub­ populations or distributions. The massive skipjack No. IO. Estimates of catches of tunas and bilLfishes by resources of the Pacific Ocean are considered to the Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese longliners from have been inadequately researched to date, par· within the 200 mile economic zone of the member coun· ticularly in view of this· species' pre-eminence in tries of the South Pacific Commission, by W.L. Klawe. the listing of the world catches of tuna. 41 pp. Within the constraints of the limited data base, This paper provides annual estimates from 1972 the available information on (1) the distribution of to 1976 of catches of various species of tunas and the species and possible interactions between in· tuna-like fishes by the long-line fleets of Japan. the dividuals of different sizes, (2) the occurrence of Republic of Korea and Taiwan within the 30 separate genetically distinguishable s ub­ million square kilometres of sea surrvunding the 20 populations, (3) the variability in growth of in­ countries and territories for which SPC works. The dividuals or between subpopulations, (4) the in· estimates are given in relation to the present or fluence of environmental restrictions on the future 200-mile economic zones of these countries availability of the habitat suitable for skipjack and and territories. (5) interactions between these variables are discussed. This paper is of particular interest at a time when many Pacific countries are engaged in Conclusions relevant to the assement of the skip· negotiations with foreign nations fishing in their jack resources of the whole Pacific are given and waters.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 39 couragement he offered. In retirement, Harry's commitment has continued unabated and now, two Book Reviews years after .bis 70th birthday, we can be assured that his threat to curtail his Pacific work once he turned 70 need not be taken seriously. The Changing Pacifi c: Essays in Honour of H.E. Few have so richly deserved a commemorative Maude volume and even fewer have received one of such uniformly high quality and interest. Many of the Edited by Niel Gunson, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, great names among Pacific specialists have cont­ 1978. $25.00 ributed to The Changing Pacific, which contains 20 Professor H.E. Maude's life.Jong interest in the scholarly articles, aJI written especially for this Pacific goes back to his boyhood reading of R.L. volume, a biographical sketch of Harry and a Stevenson, and has remained constant over six bibliography of his extensive Pacific publications. decades, in which he has devoted most of his Honor Maude's contribution to Pacific studies is waking hours to Pacific Islanders, their history most appropriately recognized by the inclusion of a and to other scholars working in the same area. bibliography of her separately published works. Hi s e nthusiasm and generos ity with advice, references and intellectual leadership have become In a geographical sense, the essays range widely legendary in the Pacific field . across the Pacific and the disciplinary skills of the different contributors are equally varied ; Born in lndia, Harry Maude was educated in geog raphy, ethnogra phy, de mography, a n­ Engla nd and, after some questioning of his thropology and history. This diversity is, in fact, scholastic abilities, he finally graduated from an impressive vindication of the eclectic nature of Cambridge with a good honours degree. I feel that Pacific history as envisaged and encouraged by once confronted with Pacific material, Harry's both the foundation professor of Pacific history at abilities became fully apparent. Present at his the Australian National University, Professor J .W. final oral examination were the Pacific experts Da vidson, and Maude himself. Hubert Murray, a colonial administrator, and Since it is impossible to discuss in detail even a Malinowski, an anthropologist. In his own Pacific s mall number of the articles in The Changing career Harry was to be eminently successful as Pacific, I will pick out a handful which 1 found par· both colonial administrator and academic. ticula r ly interesting and exciting. The gem of the in 1929 Harry joined the British Colonial Ser vice collection to my mind is Derek Freeman's all too and with his young wife, Honor, he was posted to brief study of dispute settlement in a Western the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony where they Samoan village, " A happening frightening to both found that the romance of the Pacific was not ghosts and men." Its immediacy and ring of totally illusive. During his career as a colonial of· authenticity are outstanding achievements, which ficial ( 1929·1948) Maude was responsible for the transcend disciplinary boundaries. Norma McAr· final acquisition to the British Empire Cone small, thur and Dorothy Shineberg have cast new and uninhabited island), had the news of the birth of iconoclastic light on some aspects of mission his son in New Zealand delivered to him by a three medical history in the Pacific in two meticulously gun salute from a British warship, and was with resear ched and delightfully written chapters, '"And. Honor on Pitcairn Island when she discovered, behold the plague was begun among the people., while gardening, the Bounty wedding r ing, lost for and "He can but die.·· more than 100 years. But these were brief highlights in a career dedicated to the welfare and Expanding one of Harry's own research in· development of islanders from many different terests, Francis Hezel has written a valuable piece groups. on the role of the beachcomber in the Caroline Islands. Finally, Kenneth Emory's " Division of In 1948, he joined the newly created South food and labour at the far ends of Polynesia" Pacific Commission in the hopes that its aims of CNapuka in the Tuamotus and Kapingamarangi, a economic and social development would help the Polynesian outlier in the Carolines) reveals the in· islanders attain new goals. For several years he tricate mathematical s kills and methods of was responsible for organizing the research and organizing labour on two of the most isolated and publication of a number of definitive surveys and far flung islands of Polynesia. reports on a wide range of Pacific subjects. Niel Gunson's meticulous editorship of The Changing Pacific is evident in its uniformity of style In 1957 , Harry took up an academic post in the and high quality, a nd its excellent index a nd depa rtment of Pacific History at the Australian bibliography. At $25 it is a n expensive book, but it National University, where for 13 years he was is a fitting tribute to a great Pacific scholar a nd a deeply involved in writing and encouraging Pacific volume which Pacific historians will use consta ntly histor ical research. PhD students within the depar· and with pleasure for years to come. o tment and Pacific scholars throughout the world benefitted from his unequalled experience in the Caroline Ralston Pacific, and treasur ed t he advice and en- MacquariP University.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1976 Employment, incomes and migration in Papua New The unusual urban experience of Papua New Guinea towns Guinea makes it of only marginal relevance for other Pacific_ countries. The very small type, indif­ By Ross Garrqlt, Michael Wright and Richard Curtain; Monograph ferent layout, and 120 tables make reading difficult. 6, Institute of Appied Social and Economic Research, Papua New The dull, terse style reflects many of the statistics Goineo, 1977. but little of the life and atmosphere of Papua New Guinea towns. Furthermore, the survey is already Towns are a recent phenomenon in Papua New four years out of date, too long in such a r apidly­ Guinea, established, we are told, for the con­ changing scene. A major aim of the survey was to venience of foreigners. In fact, until the 1960s, it assist government urban policies. Yet for some was illegal for Papua New Guineans to reside in reason the Papua New Guinea Bureau of Statistics towns without work or a permit, and they were not decided to run its own urban household survey in included in the census. Annual Reports blithely 1976/ 7. Preliminary results of this are available, but remarked: "There is no unemployment in the the monograph does not mention them. territory.'' The Pa pua New Guinea Government is strongly committed to the goals of rural development and Since then, towns have grown incredibly rapidly equal distribution of the benefits of growth, so it (at an average annual rate of up to 17 per cent bet­ must concern itself with urban policy. The ween 1966 and 1971) . Today about ten per cent of the monograph offers two suggestions : either promote population live in towns. As this study tells us, these employment outside vill ages, or reduce the im­ towns grew up around employment opportunities. balance of rural and urban living standards. The At first, the population was dominated by young latter policy seems more likely to attack the male adults. Gradually, whole families arrived and problem at its roots. o the contacts with surrounding villages grew less strong. Migration usually continued beyond the AJan Bollard demand for labour, so that significant unem­ Assistant Ecanomist, SPC ployment of unskilled workers has occurred.

This monograph is a study based on the results of a major urban household survey undertaken by the Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research and the University of Papua New Guinea. The sur­ RACE AND POLITICS IN FIJI vey covered ten per cent of the population of 15 large urban areas in 1973-74. By Robert Norlon. University of Queensland Press, 1977. 210 page$. Mops, Photographs. $17.95. The survey itself was carefully framed to try to avoid some of the usual Western biases. For exam­ Dr Norton, who lectures in anthropology at ple, four different concepts of unemployment are Macqua rie University, analyses the modern discussed : the voluntarily unemployed, the hopeful political , relates it to general social (who want a job because they prefer urban life), the science theory, and makes comparisons and con­ trapped (who would prefer to return to village life if trasts with and Malaysia. The book is they could afford to), and the dispossessed (who no based on archival and printed sources and on exten­ longer have enough ties with a village to be able to sive interviewing and personal observation during return). At last. a change from the standard decep­ several visits to Fiji over a period of 11 years. tive yes/ no question on unemployment. Although the importance of the subject is patent, Some interesting material is included: the details it has not recently received the attention it deser­ on the size and frequency of urban-rural remittan­ ves. Since Alan Burns' Fiji, which was published in ces a nd reverse gifts carried up to town by relatives 1963, there has been no significant general book on are unique. We also hear a little of that cloudy area Fiji for the specialist or non-specialist, though of informal small industries. there have been a number of scholarly theses which have yet to be published. The racial situation in Fiji's plural society, where the India ns But there are gaps. One of the most striking number just under half the total population (1976 characteristics of Papua New Guinea towns is the census), has worried observers for more than 50 ethnic mixture of people Jiving there. We are not years. Dire predictions have been made. Yet, the told much about this area beyond the general obser­ fact is that there has not been any significant vation that patterns of migrants in a town appear to depend on variations in village incomes and ser­ racial trouble in Fiji. Dr Norton tries to explain vices and distances from the town. why. His central argument is that equilibrium has Employment, incomes and migration in Papua New been preserved by the growth of common values Guinea towns is not a book to read for general in­ and understandings that acknowledge and provide terest, but a specialist monograph written for a for the regular expression of conflict. If this very narrow audience. It falls somewhere in bet­ reviewer may be forgiven for putting the author 's ween a census report and an economic analysis. social science language into plain words: provision

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 Page 4 1 for a regular scrap is a good thing. The message of fashion they are seen only as appendages, and the book is fundamentally optimistic, in contrast to usually rather bothersome ones, of their missionary that of most previous writers on Fiji, but Dr Nor­ husbands. Gunson claims that the women took ton covers himself: he shows an awareness of con­ longer lo adapt to their new environment than the trary pressures and trends and of regional com­ men and that some never overcame their aversion plexities within Fiji. One issue for the future is to the islanders. But the reasons why this was so, whether class polarisation will supersede racial if it were so, are never examined. Similarly, Gun­ polarisation. So far, whenever class has appeared, son recognizes that mission children suffered con­ race has reared its head too. siderably and that they lacked the moral fibre of their parents. The interesting hypotheses that such One of the strengths of Dr Norton's book is his statements suggest are not however pursued. objectivity and balance. Even among people who should know better, the situation in Fiji has evoked A second criticism of Messengers of Grace in print, in errors of omission from print, and in questions the very eurocentric purpose of the work. discussion, much ignorant comment and blatant Once the missionaries arrived in the islands one prejudice. The people of Fiji have a right to be an­ feels that only half the story is being revealed. noyed. But Dr Norton has no favourites. He is the Gunson 's examination of the processes of conver­ dispassionate social scientist. Like all persons of sion and the patterns of race relations that goodwill, he knows that the people of Fiji have to developed between islander and missionary is brief get along together. o and inconclusive, largely because one group of principal actors is not in focus. Further, Gunson is K.L. Gillion so imbued with the language and judgments that The Australian National University, Canberra. abound in missionary sources that at times he is unable lo stand back from his primary material and • • • analyse il more objectively . While I have reservations about certain aspects Messe ngers of Grace. Evangelical Missionaries in the of Messengers 'of Grace, il would be unjustified to let South Seas 1797-1860. them outweigh the very real merits of this book, which provides many fascinating insights into the By Niel Gunson, Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 1978. class pos ition and social aspirations of the early $25.00. missionaries and reveals the marked rise in missionary status by 1860. Gunson is certainly not In Messengers of Grace, the evangelical uncritical of his subjects. This extensively resear­ missionaries who ministered in the South Pacific ched book is well writte n and immaculately between 1797 and 1860 have been subjected to an presented. It will prove essential reading for exhaustive scrutiny. The author, Niel Gunson, has anyone interested in ninetee nth-century Pacific examined their lives, from then early years long history. before they were "called" to service, to how they spent the few leisure hours they allowed themselves Caroline Ralston on the mission stations. Given the undeniable im­ Macquarie University portance of the evangelical missionaries· role in almost all the South Pacific societies they entered, this detailed information about missionary • background , motive and backsliding is m ost • welcome. SPC TAKES OVER In the preface, Gunson modestly claims that the ORAL ENGLISH COURSE purpose of the book is ·'to show something of the mentality of the missionaries who sought to change Recently the S PC Publications Bureau concluded negotia­ the social systems of the South Seas." Certainly tions with the N.Z. Department of Education to acquire lhe this is achieved, but it is only "something of the future publishing and distribution rights of the ·1ate Oral mentality", since Gunson seems to have been loath English Course materials, formerly handled by A. H. & A.W. to use any psychological or psycho-historical Reed Ltd.. Wellington. The publications involved in this methods of insights. While there are difficulties in takeover arc: Oral English Books 1- 15; Oral English lland­ combining material gained from two such distinct book; Teaching Speech; Teachi111!, Strucrure and Island disciplines, it is a pity that in the missionary field Readers Series A. B. C. D and t:. where some such attempts have been made, Gun­ Any stocks presently held by Reeds will be purchased by the son did not even make a cautious foray. Commission and re-located in Sydney thus making all S PC Language reaching materials readily available from the one Within Gunson's framework it should have been source . In order to ensure a read y continuity of materials. the possible to analyse more fully the various roles previously out-of-print Oral English /looks I. 2. ""'I J have played by missionary wives. Gunson offers sever al already been reprinted while Oral English Bouk 4 and intriguing details about the wives and Teachi11g Structure are now at pre s~ and copies of both books acknowledges that their services as civilizers and ~ hould be available by the time these notes arc in print. teachers were substantial but in true patriarchal Effective immediately, all enquiries for copies o( 1hc above

Pagil 42 SOUTH P;>CIFIC BULLETIN, FOURTH QUARTER. 1978 mentioned materials should now be sent to: S PC Publications Bureau, Box N324 Grosvenor Street, Sydney 2000 NSW, Australia. A price list ol all SPC Language Teaching materials is available on re4ucst. o The Oral English course consists of.fifteen hooks and is part of the Suuth Pacific Co111111issiun English Language Teaching Progra111111e. /111eva1ed materialsf<>r the teaching of reading to acco111pa11y this course. from the Pre-Reading stage and through the Primary / Elemelllary years. can he obtained from the Suu:h Pac[fic Commi.uion Publications Bureau. •Oral Invest in Sal ety

There are two essentials to investing English money e safety • a good return you get both at the Commonwealth Bank.

Talk to the people at the Common­ wealth Bank about a Savings Invest­ ment Account or an Interest Bearing BOOK Deposit. 1

Two points-you don't have to be a customer of the " Commonwealth'', and you don't need a lot of money to make a good investment with absolute bank safety.

Published by SOUlH PACIFIC COMMISSION 1n assoc1a11on w1th the New Zealand Oepanment or Educa1<0n Get with the Strength BANK COMMONWEALTH

COMMUNITY COLLEGE tor as well. Government agencies Fisheries, Mr Semu Uili. to board the OF MICRONESIA of various sorts comprise a third SPC S ki pjack Research and Assessment (Continued from Page 26) employment area for graduates. Programme vessel, Hatswori Maru, to observe this important scient ific research which would provide a foundation Many others have gone on to con­ tinue their education elsewhere. programme. In s uch ways the SPC hopes for either employment or further to be able to continue to contribute to academic training. (6) Develop The Community Coll ege of Micronesia is where people of Tokelau's social and economic develop­ excellence in reading, writing, ment and Dr Salato's timely visit will add and speaking English. variou s ages, interests a nd backgrounds - who are at various status to the Commission's efforts in this There are about 1,000 graduates regard. of the Community College of stages of development both physical and intellectual - come Micronesia scattered throughout PROF. RAOULT KILLED the Territory. Many are employed together to try and understand the as teachers, but there are also major issues that confront, and many working in the private sec­ are likely to confront , Professor A. Raoult, former tor as well. Government agencies Micronesians. o. SP C staff member, was killed of various sorts comprise a third recently in a car accident in Mar­ employment area for graduates. SG'S TOKELAU VISIT seille, France. Mrs. Raoult, who Many others have gone on to con­ (Continued from page 26} was with her hus ba nd, was tinue their education elsewhere. conclusions of the team of representati­ seriously injured. The Community College of ves. Professor Raoult, who was 69, Micronesia is where people of Other proposals under action include was SPC Medical Nutritionist various ages, interests and plans for S PC sponsorship of Tokelau's from 19 June 1974 to 31 December backgrounds - who are at Director of Health, Dr Ropati Uili, to 1976. Any of the late professor's various stages of development undertake training in epidemiology at the friends who want to contact his as teachers, but there are also University of Otago in 1979, a nd for widow may write to her at 24 Rue many '-""rldng in the private sec- Tokelau's Director of Agriculture and Jean, 13004 Marseille, France.

SOU TH PACIFIC BULLETIN. FOURTH QUARTER. 1976 Page 43 If you are in the Pacific for BUSINESS .. •

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SUBSCRIPTION RATES PACIFIC ISLANDS AUST. NZ UK USA Single copy $A0.95 $1.00 $NZ1.20 65p $US1.25 One year $A3.80 $4.00 $NZ4 80 £2.40 suss.co Three years $A10 50 $11 00 SNZ13.50 £6.75 $US14 00 * TECHNICAL P_APERS : These are technical reports on .a wide range of subjects in the economic, social, and health fields More than 170 titles have been issued to date, but many are out of print. A list showing available paper~ is obtainable on request. * SPC READERS: Written for Pacific schools at the request of Territories. A series of readers based on the Tate Oral English Course for use as class texts or supplementary reading. Price list available on request. * SPC llA1'0UOOh.S: No. I. R(lf Control (rc"1:.cd); No 2. (ocoa l'md11ctio11; No '·Land f"1•1111n-. 'lti -1. J.ahoraror.\ Tcch11i4ue.\· 111 tht• Dia~no .\/\ of /111e.,!111a/ 1'11r1/\1t1< 111/ectwm: No. 5. B1111111w l'r11rl11c tion Nt' 6. Coconut Prod11cti1111: No. 7. l rhw1 Y 011th ~i or/... No. X. Afur/...('t Gart/1·11111~. N<). Q, Bacrniology: No. 10. Wen/ C1111rml. No 11. llcw11111111logr: No 12. flmr1ital and II mlt h Snric t' A cl 111i11i.H ratitJ11; No. 13. l11 u1111el di• lfr111ili1e11itJ11 d 1•.\· l~ffl11e11ts cl'Ori!!.i11e A111111ale da111 ft• l'aci/1q1u' S11cl: No. 14. Citnn l'md11cti1111 111 the South 1'11ci/1c: No. 15. Beef Cu11/1• 1/1/\hwulrr anti fl ertl M mwf?e111e111; No. 16. A rah1cu Co/}c•e Prod11ctio11 in the Soul h I'ac1/1c. Prn:c. SAl.50 !SUSl.~5). * EXOTIC PLANT PESTS AND DISEASES: An invaluable comprehensive loose-leaf reference book of plant pests and diseases to be excluded from or prevented from spreading within the area of the South Pacific Commission. Price within SPC area $A7.50. Elsewhere $A15.00 ($US18.50). Postage $A3 extra all territories. * FISH POISONING IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC: Sums up present knowledge of icthyosar­ cotox1sm; identifies deadly fish; 44 full-colour plates. Price: $A3.50 ($US4.35). * BECHE-DE-MER OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS: A handbook for fishermen; identifies, with coloured pictures. commercially important species with advice on col­ lecting, processing, packaging and marketing. Price $A 1.50. * HANDICRAFTS OF THE SOUTH SEAS: Revised edition. many colour and black-and­ white illustrat1or.s; an invaluable buyer's guide to Pacific artefacts. Price, $A3.50 in SPC area, $A4.00 elsewhere. * PESTICIDE HANDBOOK: A guide to the safe and efficient use of crop protection chemicals available in the Pacific. Plice $A1.50 ($US1.85).

INQUIRIES REGARDING SPC PUBLICATIONS SHOULD BE SENT TO South Pacific Commission Publications Bureau Box N324, Grosvenor Street, N.S.W., Australia 2000 Head Office: 7 Bridge Street, Sydney Burns N.S.W. 2000 . . Established 1883. Consolidated Capital & Reserves$125,000,000. PhiA General Merchants-Wholesale & Retail. GROUP OF COMPANIES 'P Shipping, Customs, Forwarding, Insurance & Travel Agents. Plantation Owners.

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