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QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION / SECOND QUARTER 1978

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TUVALU

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NEW COINAGE

yVALU CUP-WATERING AND AUTOMATIC FEEDING OF CAGED BIRDS

Sure, you can put all your eggs Egg graders to suit your farm­ profitably in one basket • if it's grading, 3,000 or 1,600 eggs from Harrison Jamesway. per hour. Propeller Fans with higher Harrison Jamesway - Australia's volume air outputs than normal biggest manufacturer and for similar diameters. supplier of poultry equipment, •M' TYPE CAGE now selling in the Pacific - offers farmers much more than For peak productivity on the baskets for eggs or chicks. farm, for a thriving, viable self­ supporting industry, check with Harrison Jamesway profit­ Harrison Jamesway. Their building poultry equipment man-in-the-Pacific, will includes: call anywhere to consult Jamesway Big J. incubators, modular on any poultry equipment units available problem. Write or cable him Feeding systems for cage and now at HARmaoN ground birds, low cost, space-saving, easy to instal, more eggs per pound HARRISON- of feed. JAJV1ESWW Watering systems for all birds: HIPTY.LXD. stable, sensitive, dependable, hygienic, labour-saving. 9 Malta Street, Villawood, 2163 N.S.W. Australia. 'M'-type laying cages: stronger, Cables: Perfectchick Sydney less maintenance than other types, Phone: 728-6144 non drip nipples allow plenty of Telex : AA24315 water yet keep litter dry. G PIm m print 1 wish to subscribe the1 to wishto he Years:Three e dJ Rnwl (please appropriate box) tick D Renewal J d New r remittance fo My address...... name n Year:One r alpsa ae sple o application on supplied rates postal mail A ir ot PcfcCmiso Pbiain Bureau Publications Commission Pacific South \ PO Bx 34Govnr tet NSW 2000, N.S.W. Street, Grosvenor N324 Box P.O. • Australia. FI SLANDS D N A L IS IC IF C A P ot Pcfc Bulletin Pacific South $A 10.50 SA3.80 ...... usrpin Form Subscription ot PacificBulletinSouth is attached. $11.00 $4.00 . T S U A ...... $13.50 by surface mail: by $4.80 Z N £6.75 £2.40 UK

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South Pacific Commission Publications Bureau P.0. Box N324 Grosvenor Street, N.S.W. 2000, Australia. $A0.95c within SPC area south pacific $A1 Australia BULLETIN SNZ1.20 New Zealand OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION Vol. 28 No.2:

Gelima: a community learning centre in New Caledonia 5 Caroline Nalo

SPC Secretary-General attends 34th session of ESCAP 8

South Pacific fisheries move beyond the reefs 9 W.A. Wilkinson

Environmental aspects of project planning 12 Arthur L. Dahl

Food for tomorrow’s children 17 Nancy Rody

The stamps of Tuvalu 23 Frank O’Connell

SPC month at the University of the South Pacific 30

South Pacific Economies 32 T e’o Ian Fairbairn & Alan Bollard The Emerging Pacific: an Australian seminar on its Pacific neighbours 33

Pacific fund not recommended by feasibility meeting 40

Pacific Reading 43

Theses and dissertations: French Polynesia, 346 Dr W. Coppell

(The original text of all articles is English unless otherwise indicated.) Philately, the world’s most popular hobby, is an important foreign exchange earner and a useful local employer. Look at Tuvalu (formerly the Ellice Islands), which has been issuing its own C O V e r stamPs for two and a half years : stamp sales this year will bring Tuvalu more than $750,000 revenue. Among the stamps on our cover is the set Tuvalu issued (May 4, 1977) to com­ memorate the 30th anniversary of the SPC. The story of Tuvalu’s stamps begins on Page 23. (Registered at the Post Office, Suva for transmission by Post asa Newspaper).

The South Pacific Bulletin, first published in January responsibility for statements made in contributed ar­ 1951, is the South Pacific Commission's official quar­ ticles. terly publication. Articles are written by specialists in All enquiries concerning the South Pacific Bulletin their fields. The Bulletin has a selective, world should be directed either to the Secretary-General, distribution among people and institutions sharing a South Pacific Commission, B.P.D5. Noumea Cedex, common interest in the purposes and work of the New Caledonia; or the Editor, SPC Publications SPC. Bureau, P.O. Box N324 Grosvenor Street, NSW 2000, Unless otherwise stated, all material appearing in the Australia. South Pacific Bulletin may be reproduced without prior Editor of Commission Publications: C.E. BIRCHMEIER. reference provided acknowledgement is made to both Advertising Manager: FRANK O’CONNELL (Phone: source and author. The Commission does not accept 27 2415).

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 1

LIBRARY SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION THE SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION

The South Pacific Commission is a consultative data analysis. The Commission’s headquarters are and advisory body which was set up in 1947 by the in Noumea, New Caledonia. six Governments then responsible for the adminis­ tration of island territories in the South Pacific Until 1974, Commissioners from the participating region. These were Australia, France, the Nether­ Governments met in annual Session. The South lands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the Pacific Conference first met in 1950, and became an United States of America. Participation by the annua! event in 1967. It was attended by delegates Netherlands Government ceased at the end of 1962. from countries and territories within the Com­ The Independent State of Western Samoa was mission’s area of action, and met immediately before admitted as a participating Government in October the Session. 1964, the Republic of Nauru was admitted in July In October 1974, in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, 1969, the Dominion of Fiji in May 1971 and Papua representatives of the participating Governments New Guinea in September 1975. signed a Memorandum of Understanding which pro­ The Commission’s purpose is to advise the par­ vides for the Commission and the Conference to ticipating Governments on ways of improving the meet annually in a joint session known as the South well-being of the people of the Pacific island terri­ Pacific Conference. tories. The Commission’s work programme provides The Principal Officers of the Commission are: the for activities in the fields of food and materials, Secretary-General, Dr E Macu Salato; the Director marine resources, rural management and technology, of Programmes, Mr W. Brown; and the Director of community services and information services and Administration, Mr D. W. J. Stewart.

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Page 2 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Gelima: a community learning centre in New Caledonia

By CAROLINE NALO, SPC Publications Officer.

A highlight of the Conference on Adult Education in National Development held at SPC Headquarters in February this year was a visit to a Rural Community Learning Centre at Gelima (Canala) on the east coast of New Caledonia. Par­ ticipants from 11 Pacific countries and nine non­ government regional organisations left Noumea before daylight for the four-and-a-half-hour bus ride across the island to Gelima, stopping on the way to visit the village of Grand Couli that nestles in a valley at the foot of the central mountain range. Community Learning Centres are designed to enable rural young people to live on their land and to prosper from it. There are two Centres in New Caledonia; the people involved in the second centre, at Poindimie, further up the east coast, came over to Gelima to meet the Conference par­ ticipants. The origins of the Rural Community Centre lie A traditional-style house at Grand Couli; par­ in dissatisfaction with traditional education ticipants visited this village on the way to Gelima. methods and a desire to ensure that schools meet the everyday needs of rural youth. The centres are created on the initiative of local families who wish their children to work towards the im­ provement of the family land, and realise that existing barriers between education and real life must be removed. The parents form an Association that runs the Centre and brings elders and young people together to resolve important vocational and social issues. Young people spend one week in three at the Centre, where they are given instruction designed to stimulate their awareness of local needs and to prepare them for rural community living. They then spend two weeks in the community, working in the family business or plantation and noting what goes on. Following this, they return to the Centre for a week to acquire fresh skills, learn more about human relations and group living, and evaluate what they learnt earlier. They then go back once more to their com­ munity to put into practice what they have learnt. Over three years, each participant becomes ac­ customed to the pattern of Work — Reflection — Further Training. He develops a sense of commit­ Grand Couli village nestling in a valley with ment and responsibility, and is motivated to con- magnificent pine trees on the surrounding slopes.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 3 tinue the learning process. Each Association draws up its own detailed training programme, so that the Centre caters for specific local needs. The programmes include basic education, improvement of farming and economic skills at village level, and training in practical social studies and human relations. The following activities are included: * exchanges of experience, * group work, * case studies, * discussions with technicians, * vocational training courses (agriculture, building methods), * social activities, . Emanuel Silachot, chairman o f the adult education * handicrafts, conference, responds to the welcome received at Gelima, Canala, while Teresa Markovitch o f SPC * home improvement. stands by to interpret into French. The period spent in the Centre promotes a clearer understanding of the rural enviornment, and paves the way for the trainees to have a livelihood a their home areas. Experience has shown that the community learning approach enables local elders to play a more effective role in the education of young people, and produces active and responsible rural youth. Participants in the SPC Adult Education Con­ ference were able to study the work of the Gelima Centre in some depth during the day they spent there. They were formally welcomed by local traditional and administrative authorities, by members of the territorial Committee of Com­ munity Learning Centres, and by representatives of the Gelima and Poindimie Centres. The whole community turned out to greet them, and sang a song specially composed for the occasion. Among the people present was a Melanesian war veteran who had taken part in World War I and was present at the battle of Verdun. Eloi Machoro, a member of the Territorial Assembly and Vice-President of the local Community Lear­ ning Centre Association, described the methods Elders, dignitaries and the entire population of practised in the Centre to the visitors, and Jean- Gelima turned out to greet the SPC visitors. Claude Ribeyron explained how the Centre helps

Page * SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Group discussions, from left: Marina Laplagne, interpreter; Philippe Missotte, New Caledonia; Emanuel Silachot, PNG-chairman.

Governments and regional and international organi­ sations sent participants to the adult education conference, from left: the Reverend Faigami Tagoile- lagi. Pacific Conference o f Churches; Tulia Koroi, Pacific Women’s Association; Geoff Bamford, International Labour Office; Ian Forrest, New Hebrides. young people to understand the role they can play in rural development. The visitors were entertained to lunch with the traditional New Caledonianbougna (root vegetables cooked in the earth oven) and fresh local fruits. After lunch they split into small groups; some visited the classrooms used for the Centre's learning processes; others went to see the hot springs at La Crouen, famous throughout New Caledonia as a health centre; a third group visited the local coffee plantations and saw where the coffee is processed. On their return to the village, participants discussed the work of the Centre with the local people. Before leaving they were entertained by traditional songs and dances, and in turn sang songs from their own countries for the people of Problem-solving in an informal atmosphere, clock­ Gelima. The day closed with a presentation of wise from left: Marcienne Darras, New Caledonia; traditional gifts by the local chief. Participants Bushra Jabre. SPC Health Education Officer; David from the Pacific Islands reciprocated with Lilimae, Solomon Islands; David James, NZ Na­ traditional handicrafts from their home coun- tional Council of Adult Education; Maurice Fran­ tries.a klin, Gilbert Islands; the Rev. Faigami Tagoilelagi,

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 Page 5 SPC Secretary-General attends thirty-fourth session of ESCAP

The SPC Secretary-General, Dr E. Macu Salato, attended the Thirty-Fourth Session of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, which took place in Bangkok. Thailand from 7 to 17 March. The Thirty-Third Session of ESCAP adopted a resolution (Resolution 173) which laid emphasis on the need for ESCAP to involve the developing Island countries of the Pacific more closely in its activities. The Thirty-Fourth Session adopted a further resolution which urged continuing co-operation and con­ sultation between the Executive Secretary of ESCAP and Island countries and multilateral bodies such as the South Pacific Commission (SPC) and the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation (SPEC). It requested the Executive Secretary to provide for greater participation of Islanders in ESCAP activities in order to make ESCAP more responsive to Islands' needs. It also stressed that ESCAP’s training and research institutions should become more closely involved with the Pacific Islands. Four Pacific Island countries (Fiji, Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Western Samoa) sent representatives to this Session. Our photo shows the Chairman of the Thirty-Fourth Session, Her Imperial Highness Prin­ cess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran, talking with the SPC Secretary-General, Dr E. Macu Salato, and the Director of SPEC, the Honourable Mahe Tupouniua. (Photo courtesy of ESCAP). SPC PLANNING AND EVALUATION COMMITTEE MEETS

Representatives of 20 countries and territories that the question of a separate regional develop­ attended SPC’s Planning and Evaluation Commit­ment fund not be pursued further this time but tee, which met in Noumea from 22 to 26 May to made a number of suggestions for ways in which evaluate SPC's work in 1977 and make recom­ capital inflow to the region, and particularly the mendations for activities over the next three smaller countries and territories, might be im­ years. The recommended work programme lays proved. The matter will be discussed further at heavy emphasis on rural development, community the Eighteenth South Pacific Conference. and youth work, marine resources, training and grants-in-aid. The Committee received a report from the two- Representatives of Governments and Territorial man team funded by the New Zealand Govern­ Administrations advised the Committee of their ment to study the establishment of a Pacific probable contributions to SPC’s 1979 budget. It Board for Educational Co-operation, and recom­ appears likely that most countries and territories mended that the report be studied in depth by a will increase their contributions by' 12 per cent meeting of Permanent Heads of Education. over the 1978 level. The following themes were chosen for The Committee endorsed the composite discussion at the 18th South Pacific Conference: resolution adopted at a meeting held in Nauru in “Education for what? Preparation for real life — March to consider the feasibility of a regional are community high schools the answer?" and development fund. The resolution recommended‘The capital problems of small island countries’’-^

Page 6 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 South Pacific fisheries move beyond the reefs

By W.A. WILKINSON, Fisheries Officer, Kingdom of Tonga.

This article originally appeared in the May, 1977 issue of Fishing News International.

The catching of skipjack and related surface swimming tunas will probably dominate the har­ vesting of fish from the sea areas which surround the island territories of the South Pacific. But this does not mean that the inshore reef and adjacent water demersal fisheries do not have potential or value. Within the context of the life styles of the Pacific islanders, these small-scale fisheries are socially and economically essential to their com­ munities. Influenced by rapid growth in population over the past decade, the pattern of fishing has been changing. Pressure on inshore coral reef areas, on lagoons and adjacent shallow waters has been in­ creasing, resulting in serious depletion of resour­ ces. Many that supported subsistence fisheries for centuries no longer exist. It seems obvious that a transition to outer reef slopes and near pelagic fisheries must follow to ensure that basic nutritional needs are met and to reduce depen­ dence on nutritionally suspect and very expensive canned foods. On the whole, administrations, governments and the people generally have taken their marine resources very much for granted. They have long believed that the reefs and the lagoons would con­ tinue to provide their annual bounty, despite the growing pressure on these resources. It is now clear that new types of fishery must emerge to relieve the pressure on the more vulnerable and already depleted stocks. Concentrating on the outer reef slope and near pelagic resources, the technology of these fisheries will certainly bring changes in the Pacific island communities. Live bait pole and line vessel Kahikahi donated to the Tongan Government by the Australian Gover­ Coral reefs — physically and ecologically — are nment. This vessel is used for skipjack and outer highly diversified and management problems in ef­ reef snapper fishing. fecting sustainable yield levels can be very for­ midable. Problems of rational long-term management are compounded by the great diver­ which have evolved over the years. It is unlikely sity of fish species and by inhibiting local therefore that traditional subsistence methods sociological factors. But, as in many fisheries, there will change appreciably; they will continue economics usually determine the fishing pressures unless the inner reef resources reach a depletion and provide some management control. point of no return. The inshore coral reef environment lends itself Exploitation of the outer reef slopes demersal to indigenous relatively unsophisticated techniquesand near water pelagic fish will, however, bring in

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 7 new and, in some cases, untried techniques. and has been renamedKahikahi (the Tongan These will include the introduction of mechanised name for yellowfin tuna). TheKahikahi is equip­ boats of improved design, the introduction and ped with four live bait wells and is powered by a use of manual and mechanical fishing reels for 156-hp Rolls-Royce diesel. deeper waters, use of ice and perhaps other methods of fish preservation, understanding and A resource assessment study of these waters is application of simple echo sounders, and training currently being undertaken by an FAO/UNDP in simple navigation. survey team using a 40ft. (12 m.) multi-purpose boat. An earlier assessment of possibilities was Absence of basic technology along with lack of made by fisheries staff in the Tongan govern­ access to capital has long been a restrictive factor ment’s 40ft. boat, the Ekiaki. Some 35 separate in developing fisheries. fish species have been identified in the area. Administrations and governments have not Important information has also been collected always helped, local fishermen often being left to indicating that the demersal stock (mainly go it alone without government assistance. Govern­ Lethrinids and Lutjanids) have a distinct seasonal ment fishery departments have usually been migratory pattern between each reef system, as neglected and attached, as a last resort, to much as a distance of 150km. in some cases. established agricultural departments. Fortunately, Biological reasons for this migration have not yet this pattern is changing and the emphasis on been assessed and it will be the subject of an in­ fisheries development as a firm basis for the dependent study later. Pacific Island's economy is slowly emerging. Most effective boat design Most Pacific islands have little or no continen­ Apart from assessing the distribution of tal shelf and this precludes commercial develop­ seasonal movements, the FAO/UNDP team will ment based on a demersal trawl fishery. The also help to determine the most effective boat irregularity of bottom contours and the sharp design for this fishery. Important factors to be drop to deep water would deter the most intrepid considered include low operating costs and trawler skipper. But the contours and slopes do seaworthiness and stability so that fishing can be offer possibilities for other techniques such as continued in bad weather. Speed is not a critical mechanical reels for deep water bottom fishing. It factor but it will have to be sufficient to allow the is likely that this technique will play a significant boat to troll between bottom fishing stations. It part in developing this fishery. would require the capacity to carry and store six The near pelagic resources, such as skipjack to eight tons of fish and ice, or would have to be and surface swimming species, also offer fitted with a small blast freezer of similar possibilities. They have, of course, been exploited capacity. A suitably designed boat should be able on a limited scale for years, using traditional to stay at sea fishing for four to five days at a methods. time, returning with the catch in good and saleable condition. Development of the pole-and-line live bait method, geared down to local capabilities, is one Assuming a daily catch of 300 lb. for 30 weeks way in which catching might be increased despite a year (taking into account bad weather and the seasonality of these species. Multiple trolling Polynesian holidays), a reasonable expectation for also has possibilities. Good catches of yellowfin a 35 to 40 ft. boat would be an annual catch of (Thunnus albacares) are seasonally taken by 45,000 lb. At 30 seniti a lb. (the present Tongan trolling in parts of Tonga from local sailing boats. price), this would yield an income equal to Heavy lead weights are used to sink the lures $13,500. About half of this would cover operating which are usually made from whale bone, costs, interest and a repayment of loan capital. In galvanised iron and other locally-available the context of Pacific island economy, this would materials. Fish of 40-50 lb. are taken by this be a cash crop of some significance. method. Success in outer slope and near pelagic fisheries will depend, to a very great extent, on the in­ The Kingdom of Tonga, comprising 150 islands troduction of the most practical boat design for and some 260 square miles, is encompassed by a the particular situation in each area. It is unlikely sea area of some 120,000 square miles. The king­ that a design which meets the requirements of dom is fortunate — unlike many other island Tongan fishermen will be suitable for the fisher­ territories — in having areas between the main men of Fiji or the Cook Islands. There must be islands which offer bottom fish potential. Develop­ flexibility and mistakes made in the past should ment of these areas is within the capabilities of 30 not be repeated. to 40ft. (9 to 12 metres) mechanised boats. These do not exist in Tonga at present although test A fast high speed engine and hull may serve fishing will be able to start using a 50ft. tuna boat well in some areas where there is a competitive donated by the Australian government. Originally market for a high-priced product, and where the the Cindy Joan, this boat arrived in December price can offset the depreciation factor in such a

Page 8 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 design. But such a craft would have little ap­ plication in most Pacific island situations and it should not be introduced to them. Installation of engines to power local sailing craft might also be considered. With minimal structural modifications, some of these boats could be converted at little cost. These designs have stood the test of time; the boats are basically sound and usually seaworthy, and they are effec­ tive fishing units. Initially however, transition to outer reef and near pelagic fisheries may require importation of prototype boats. Efforts to replace these with locally built boats as soon as practicable should be given priority. A traditional and competent builder, if he is not given the incentive to build The all-Tongan crew on Kahikahi poling skipjack locally, will soon emigrate to where his skills can tuna. be used and developed. In the South Pacific area, this is usually to Australia or New Zealand. Provision for basic training must be written into any national development plan involving the outer reef fishery. Fisheries departments should have sufficient facilities to effect this training. Most Pacific islanders have a basic instinct for the sea Poison outbreaks but it is surprising to find how many fishermen there are who cannot repair a net, splice a rope But, with increasing urbanisation, habits and at­ or understand the directional complexities of atitudes must change, and better retail outlets will magnetic compass. These are all fundamental be necessary to ensure more hygienic handling on technical requirements for any progressing fishing landing and through distribution. community. Training is therefore essential if the islanders are to adapt to the move from the reefs Occurences of fish poisoning in tropical en­ and lagoons into deeper waters. vironments has some restrictive effect and in No fishery can develop without adequate some areas it is a serious one. It affects demersal provision for distribution and marketing of what it fish much more than pelagic species. It is not a catches. Without this, fishermen will have no in­ major problem in Tonga, although one species centive to improve their catching efforts. Fish with a dubious record isLutjanus bohar. This caught must be sold at a reasonable price and in­ bright red fish is excellent eating but in some frastructure is necessary to hold fish surplus to months in particular areas (usually associated with immediate market demands in good condition un­the volcanic island chain on the west side of the til it can be sold. Initially, governments must ac­ group) it has been known to affect the consumer. cept the responsibility for providing such basic Poisoning which does occur in Tonga is more essential facilities or no development — beyond commonly associated with the eating of shark purely subsistence levels — can be expected. livers which have been kept in the fluctuating temperatures of the government market cold Here, the Kingdom of Tonga is an interesting store! example. The best fishing grounds are to the nor­ th, in Ha’apai and Vava’u which have a relatively Problems facing most Pacific islanders, in­ small population of 10,000 to 15,000 compared cluding the Tongans, are indeed formidable, with with Tongatapu in the south which has 60,000. little or no employment opportunities for an ever Fishermen have no incentive to catch more than growing population. Such circumstances force they can eat within the family, or sell cheaply many islanders to emigrate to wherever they will locally. There are no ice-making or cold storage be accepted. But these outlets are more and more facilities, and selling arrangements are usually limited. The fishing industry based on demersal deplorably primitive. Fish is sold on the beach and near water pelagic resources could absorb covered in sand and often fly infested. It ismany islanders who would otherwise move away. perhaps fortunate that fish ranks so high in the It could also support healthy village communities, diet of Pacific islanders that they accept these maintaining traditional island cultures in an age of poor conditions. change. □

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 Page 9 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT PLANNING IN THE PACIFIC REGION

By ARTHUR LYON DAHL, SPC Regional Ecological Adviser

The most fundamental goal of development is to maintain the whole of the society at a level above man’s basic needs for food, shelter, clothing, health and education, while not going beyond the resources available. In island situations, the small size and isolation of island units, and the relative fragility of their environment, make it difficult to m eet the increasing requirements of their inhabitants without serious environmental effects. Most islands and island populations are too small to be "cost-effective” in terms of the maintenance of even the basic services (health, education, communications, etc.) expected in any modern society. Except on a few islands with valuable (and non­ renewable) mineral resources, the small resource base and great transport costs to markets are formidable barriers to most development projects which must compete with better endowed regions.

At the same time, biological and environmental outcompeting or attacking and thus destroying diversity per head of population is much higher in native species, or through an environmental islands than in continental areas; the combination change altering a habitat and resulting in the of small size, greater specialisation and collapse of or change in the ecosystem. Since vulnerability in the natural biological communities natural ecosystems and native species can be im­ makes their management more complex. The portant for food production, subsistence activities, small size of the human populations also means tourism, etc., such biological effects can be that less expertise can be maintained locally, and economically significant. government structures and procedures must be Chemical pollution can often be a problem correspondingly simple. spreading far beyond the immediate area of the Development theory has evolved over the years development and endangering human health, from an over-simplified economic view of stages natural ecosystems or biological resources of of growth to a recognition of the importance of economic importance. Any effluent into air, soil social and cultural inputs and finally to an or water from a development needs to be awareness of the need for a comprehensive ap­ carefully considered : where will it go, what will it proach incorporating economic, technological, do, what is its ultimate fate (remember, nothing social and environmental factors. Any of a large just disappears). number of diverse kinds of factors can decrease the success of an otherwise well-conceived Developments can often affect physical or development; so, anticipating and allowing for all geological factors, such as soil erosion degrading of them becomes a major responsibility of the land and polluting water. Human or agricultural development planner. water supplies can be contaminated or destroyed, This, then, presents a great challenge to island and areas made more vulnerable to storm planners; how to combine the complex damage. requirements of comprehensive planning, and the Effects on human ecology can range from management problems resulting from fragile and degradation of existing living conditions or vulnerable natural resources and environments, stimulation of uncontrolled and undesired ur­ with the pressing development needs of Island banization, to impacts on scenic beauty affecting peoples, while working with limited manpower both tourism and the local quality of life. and financial resources. Types of Environmental Impact There can be a variety of indirect effects, or ef­ fects produced by a sequence of events or along a Space does not permit a complete catalogue of food chain. A reduction in the size of a forest environmental effects of development projects, area can lead eventually to the disappearance of even if one could be compiled (which, given the some resident bird species which may be impor­ complexity of the environment, is unlikely). Some tant in insect control. A road constructed to a examples will illustrate what can be expected. development site can open surrounding areas to There can be biological effects, as through an settlement. Increased importation of bottles and introduced species (desirable, or unwanted pest)cans may lead to a rise in foot injuries from

Page 10 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER, 1978 broken glass and in mosquito-borne diseases from * soil types or land use classification; the breeding sites provided by rain-filled con­ * significant watersheds and catchment areas, tainers. In one instance, a campaign to control regional water availability or scarcity; flies led to poison accumulation in geckos which * storm drainage routes, and areas subject to were then eaten by cats, resulting ultimately in an flooding or heavy storm damage; increased rat problem. * areas of particular scenic importance, tourist A meeting to identify priority environmental interest or recreation potential; problem areas in the Pacific produced the * nature conservation areas, habitats of rare following list. species, undisturbed natural areas and sites of * ecodevelopment in small subsistence villages, scientific interest; including basic sanitation and an economic base * archaeological, historic and cultural sites; in agriculture; * most productive agricultural and fisheries * environmental feasibility and effects of larger areas; commercial-scale agro-developments; * breeding areas for important marine species * sustainable forest management and ex­ together with associated features important to ploitation; maintain the quality of such areas, near shore * preservation and development of freshwater oceanographic conditions etc; supplies; * air flow patterns, dominant wind directions. * restoration of degraded areas; * rational planning of infrastructure and com­ From these primary environmental maps and munications; more traditional maps of landforms, human habitations, transport routes etc., it should be * management or restoration of small-scale possible to compile secondary maps such as: fisheries and other coastal resources; * management of oceanic fisheries; * areas of particular environmental sensitivity or vulnerability; * conservation of the diversity and productivity of marine and terrestrial ecosystems; * estimated carrying capacity of areas as defined by the availability of basic resources; * disaster protection; * prevention or control of coastal pollution; * areas of prime development potential with the fewest conflicts with environmental values, * contingency planning for catastrophic ultimately arrive at a generalised physical devel­ pollution accidents, such as an oil spill from a opment plan. wrecked tanker; * control of environmental impacts of extrac­ tive industries (mining, oil wells, dredging of manganese nodules) and major engineering works, both terrestrial and marine; * integrated coastal zone management. Invest in Safety Environmental Inputs Into physical plan­ ning There are two essentials to investing money The limited land areas and predominance of • safety coastal development in most islands require • a good return careful physical planning if the often-conflicting you get both at the Commonwealth requirements of a developing society are to be fit­ Bank. ted together at minimum cost to both the developer and the public. The cultural barriers to Talk to the people at the Common­ applying most types of land-use controls further wealth Bank about a Savings Invest­ complicate the situation, but through a com­ ment Account or an Interest Bearing bination of public education and control by the Deposit. government of its own actions, it should be Two points—you don't have to be a possible to implement some measure of physical customer of the "Commonwealth", and planning. you don't need a lot of money to make a good investment with absolute bank Maps and map overlays generally provide the safety. simplest means of compiling and retrieving physical information. Environmental information such as that on the list below can be mapped, Get with the Strength ideally with some indication of its relative impor­ tance.* BANK COMMONWEALTH

* vegetable types;

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 Page 11 Environmental Inputa Into Socio­ Economic Planning

An environmental assessment is particularly im­ If you portant at two points in the planning process. A general evaluation of environmental resources and are in the Pacific limits should be undertaken at an early stage in the choice of general development strategies, for BUSINESS . . . where such factors can be just as important as economic or social considerations in determining realistic development objectives and in deciding on the types of development projects to pursue. A major investment in forestry, for instance, would be unwise on an island where ecological con­ siderations such as poor soil, smothering weeds or occasional hurricane damage to forests make reaf­ forestation and sustained yield harvesting difficult. A second and much more detailed assessment is needed in the consideration of specific develop­ ment projects, comparable to the environmental impact studies required in the United States and other countries but adapted to the requirements of island governments. A variety of methodologies for such studies have been developed, as well as or PLEASURE . . . elaborate governmental procedures for their review. Such approaches are impractical in most small island countries, and a highly simplified mechanism for environmental assessments should BANK be developed capable of identifying in a relatively simple form the direct environmental costs to the developer, indirect costs affecting the profitability of the project, and costs, including the loss of other development options, that are borne by the general public. Such project assessments should be made early enough in the consideration of the project that cancellation, if warranted, is still a conceivable option. Too many projects have only been reviewed for environmental impact after major commitments have been made and work undertaken, when major modifications or can­ cellation have become impossible or very costly. With an adequate physical planning data base Branches at: The Bank of New Zealand offers a complete as described above, and a flexible procedure for Suva, Sigatoka, Nadi, Lautoka, commercial and personal banking service Ba and Labasa. in the Pacific for residents, travellers and defining environmental assessment requirements overseas businesses. These include: Export Agencies in Fiji at: and Import Facilities—Currency Exchange on a project-by-project basis, it should not be too Marks St., Cumming St., Walu —Financial Transactions—Trade Informa­ difficult for a planner to specify the scope of the Bay, Lami, Nausori, Navua, tion and Introductions—Collections and Payments—Travellers’ Cheques—Letters of assessment study to be prepared by the developer Deuba, Namaka (Nadi), Market Credit—Safe Custody—General Advisory (Lautoka), Tavua, Nasea Service—Travel Arrangements, Bookings, and the environmental requirements to be placed (Labasa), Savu-savu. A 24- etc.—Savings Bank Facilities in New Zea­ on the project. Consultant advice is usually not hour agency service operates land, Fiji, Western Samoa and Tonga. at Nadi International Airport. difficult to obtain from outside if necessary, and Represented at APIA: can be particularly useful in reviewing a (Bank of Western Samoa) developer's submissions. It is unfortunately all too Represented at NUKU'ALOFA: easy to give the impression of a thorough study (Bank of Tonga) while “overlooking" critical environmental or social impacts, particularly if the costs will Bank of ultimately be borne by the government or the general public. New Zealand Ecodevelopment 4 1 3 7 Established in the Pacific Islands since 1876 Many developing countries are questioning the types of development that have been pursued in recent decades. They note that benefits do not

Page 12 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 always reach the people most in need, that efficient and pleasant human settlements. Foreign traditional cultures become submerged in a ways are not automatically seen as superior and ubiquitous western materialism, and that short­ may need to be countered by encouraging in­ term progress is often made at the expense of the digenous initiatives and approaches using local sustainable resource base. The result has been the cultural traditions, combined where appropriate evolution of “ecodevelopment", a new develop­ with new technologies. ment strategy based on locally-defined, environ- mentally-appropriate development projects. For island countries with their small size, decentralisation, remoteness and environmental An ecodevelopment approach is founded on the limits, the ecodevelopment approach has many following principles: things to recommend it, and should be given careful consideration. 1. Priority should be given to the basic real needs of people, such as food, pure water and Institutional arrangements for environ­ shelter. mental Inputs

2. Development should aim for self-reliance Given the human, information and financial rather than increasing dependence on outsidelimitations of island government planning offices, groups or countries. People should search for it is obvious that simple mechanisms are needed solutions to their problems based on their own for identifying environmental aspects requiring knowledge, values and experience of their priority consideration for a particular project. In surroundings, deciding freely on the kind of co­most instances it is the developer who should pay operation they wish with others. the cost of an environmental assessment, and perhaps even that of an independent review on 3. There must be a harmonious relationship behalf of the government (as well as the costs of between people and their environment that any environmental damage he may cause — the respects the requirements of human cultures and polluter pays principle). Legislation defining of the ecological systems upon which natural government policy on environmental protection productivity is based, and that keeps options open and providing for appropriate enforcement for future generations. mechanisms and penalties can help in this regard. Even smaller governments have considerable This harmony between development and en­ technical expertise in such fields as health, vironment requires a re-examination of the goals agriculture and fisheries scattered through various and means of development. The lifestyle of in­ departments. dustrialised countries requires resources that are There should be some means of assembling this becoming increasingly expensive and difficult toexpertise for a multi-disciplinary consideration of obtain, and provides affluence but not necessarily projects and for environmental monitoring. There an improved quality of life. Ecodevelopment is also increasing environmental expertise at the questions the demands that are made for the region's universities and research centres, and directions of development in the light of the available through regional, international and realities of economic potentials, available and bilateral sources or agencies. Such outside sustainable resources, and cultural foundations.assistance can be particularly useful in preparing Alternatives should be considered for satisfying initial environmental surveys and planning maps. the real needs and aspirations of the people in­ The Comprehensive Environmental Management cluding their social and cultural goals. Programme recently prepared for consideration Supplying the means for achieving development by the South Pacific Forum and the South Pacific objectives in a given environmental context Conference is designed to coordinate and develop requires more imaginative approaches than simply regional environmental capabilities and to obtain copying what has been done elsewhere. Either aid from international sources in order to assist high or intermediate technologies may be ap­ each country and territory of the region to for­ propriate depending on the circumstances. Non­ mulate and implement its own national environ­ renewable resources are seen as transitional to the mental management strategy. renewable resource base upon which long-term Since environmental concerns do not generally sustainable development should be based. Science fit within traditional systems of government and technology should assist in discovering organisation and require continuing interdepart­ unrealised potentials in the surrounding environ­ mental coordination, they are frequently assigned ment for meeting basic human needs. to or linked with the central planning mechanism. The location of human activities needs to be Efficient means for environmental planning and carefully considered to maximise the use of en­assessment as part of the development planning vironmental resources, whether these be available process and particularly in project evaluation thus water supplies, the pollution-absorptive capacity become a principal way in which governments are available for new industries, or factors making for implementing their environmental responsibility.D

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER. 1978 SPC WORKSHOP Hospital, Australia; St. Mary's Hospital. London, England; and the Southern Memorial Hospital, DISCUSSES Melbourne, Australia. The Workshop was direc­ EPIDEMIC DISEASES ted by Dr. Tim Kuberski, SPC’s Epidemiologist.□ Epidemic diseases of importance in the SPC region were discussed in depth at a Regional Workshop on Cholera and Other Epidemic CORRESPONDENCE Diseases held at SPC Headquarters in Noumea from 24 to 28 April. The Workshop was jointly sponsored by SPC, the Commonwealth Fund for INVITED Technical Co-operation and the World Health Organisation. Participants from 12 Pacific coun­ tries and territories attended. The South Pacific Bulletin aims The first two days of the Workshop were to serve the needs and interests devoted to cholera. The recent outbreak of of the people of the South cholera in the Gilbert Islands and steps to control Pacific region. It would wish to it were described in detail. Recommendations on provide a forum for the inter­ the surveillance and control of cholera were for­ mulated. change of opinions and ideas. Participants reported ongastroenteritis in their countries and territories. The various organisms Comment on or criticism of the responsible for the disease, which is particularly Bulletin’s contents and letters on prevalent among small children, were described topics of general interest to the and appropriate methods of treatment considered. Pacific area are cordially invited. The Workshop discussed dengue fever in the Photographs are also welcomed, region. The SPC Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on and, where requested, prints Dengue met during the week and presented a number of recommendations for control of and/or negatives will be returned dengue and for research into vector control, diag­ promptly after use. nosis and treatment of the disease. The Workshop discussed diabetes and noted Correspondence should be ad­ that it is one of a group of diseases (including dressed to: The Editor, South gout, high blood pressureand heart disease) Pacific Bulletin, P.O. Box N324 which apparently become more common as Pacific Islanders adopt a western style of life. It Grosvenor Street, N S W. 2000, appears to affect Melanesians less than Australia. Micronesians and Polynesians. The Workshop also discussedsexually-transmit­ ted diseases and noted that they appear to be on the increase in many parts of the SPC region. Measures to improve data on these diseases and BACK ISSUES to control them were recommended. Many back issues of the South Pacific Other diseases considered werehepatitis and Bulletin are still available at 95 cents measles. Australian ( $US1.25) per copy, post free. The following issues are out of print; Participants agreed that it had provided a valuable opportunity for medical practitioners All of volumes 1 to 17; from the region to hear up-to-date information on Vol. 18, nos. 1 and 4; the diagnosis, treatment and control of epidemic Vol. 20, nos. 3 and 4; diseases. They recommended that SPC organise a Vol. 21, nos. 1 and 2; similar meeting in 1979. Vol. 24, no. 2. The Workshop was attended by participants Vol. 26, no. 2. from the Cook Islands, Fiji, the Gilbert Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, the Solomon Islan­ All orders should be sent to; ds, Tonga, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna, and Western South Pacific Commission Publications Samoa, and by observers from Australia and New Bureau, P.O. Box N324, Grosvenor Zealand. Consultants were from the Centre for Street, N.S.W. 2000, Australia. Disease Control, Atlanta (USA); the Institute of Immunology, Zagreb (Yugoslavia); Fairfield

Page 14 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 FOOD FOR TOMORROW’S CHILDREN by MRS. NANCY RODY

In only twenty-three years, merely one the Yapese place the highest value on the preser­ generation from now, the world population will vation of their traditional culture, and this in­ have doubled. The production of body-building cludes long revered food customs. protein foods alone will have to be tripled to at least 60 million tons per year. The production of The prices of most imported foods are foods such as fish and meat cannot possibly meet prohibitively high. A recent survey indicated that the needs of the world population by the year imported food prices in Yap’s district centre 2000, and these foods will be much too expensive averaged 74 per cent above retail food prices in for the majority of humans. Hunger looms as the Guam. A survey of Guam’s food prices by the most pitiful prospect of the future.1 Already in United States Department of Agriculture showed our overcrowded world two thirds of the people that Guam’s food prices, in turn, are higher than must go to sleep hungry.every night. any of the 50 U.S. states, including Hawaii and Today the isles of Micronesia are one of the Alaska.3 Prices in village stores are higher than in last places left in the world where it is still district centres due to transportation costs and possible to live off foods gathered from the land because many sales are made on credit. The most and the sea. But how many Micronesian children popular imported foods are polished rice, sugar, are now learning how to produce their own food soft drinks, bread made from bleached flour, and — how to gather food from the ocean, how to canned fish and meat. Many foods are imported farm the health-giving food plants once grown by from Eastern countries and are not enriched. their elders? Today foreign ships bring rice and Costs of local agricultural and fisheries products canned foods to Micronesia, but what of are very low in relation to imported food prices, tomorrow? Will these ships continue to bring food but have not been readily available. here in the year 2000, while teeming millions on their shores go hungry? The answer can only be, Things go better with coconuts — at ‘no’. least in Yap they do

This article recently appeared in the The nutrition education programme has attemp­ Micronesian Reporter and is reprinted ted to couple conventional techniques and materials — posters, flannelgraphs and flipcharts with grateful acknowledgement. — with more unorthodox motivational methods to achieve a change in attitudes and practices. One Tomorrow’s children in Micronesia can be such aim has been to promote the popularity of spared from disease, hunger and early death only drinking coconuts instead of soft drinks. The ac­ if the parents of today will act now. Only by in­ tive campaign has included school curriculum creasing the production of local foods and materials with a locally produced comic book and decreasing importation of foreign foods can the bar graph charts illustrating the relative nutritive danger be averted. value of coconuts and soft drinks. A Beginning Attention is given to the fact that sale of this A nutrition education programme has been local product is advantageous to the Yapese initiated through the Yap District Health Depart­ economy. A photo in the local newspaper of a ment with the objective of promoting the in­ drinking coconut adorned with a metal pop top creased utilization of locally produced foods and was run with the purloined caption, “It’s The Real discouraging the use of expensive, non-essential Thing!”. A depiction of a well-known soft drink imported foods. More than any other district of was captioned, “It’s The Artificial Thing.” The Micronesia, the people of Yap depend on the Yap Cooperative Association agreed to display land and sea for their staples; fish, coconut, taro posters promoting drinking coconuts alongside ad­ and other tubers, various types of bananas and vertisements for soft drinks in the store. Cold seasonal fruits. In recent years, however, there drinking coconuts have been served as refresh­ has been a steady migration to the district centre, ments at government meetings instead of other the focus of the developing cash economy. Food drinks. imports were found to have increased 253 per cent in Yap over a two year period.2 However, A newspaper political cartoon strip which was not originated by the nutrition staff has reflected local attitudes toward the imported influence. 1 Mosert, N„ Supership, 1st. ed., Alfred A. Knopf, 1974, p. 354. Unpublished data, “Estimated Dollar Value of Non­ Government Imports", Office of Economic Develop­ 3Rody, N„ “Yap’s Prices 74 per cent Higher Than ment, Yap District, T.T.P.I., 1977. Guam's”, The Carolines Observer 1:1, 1976, p. 8.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER 1 978 Page 15 while the drinking coconut character represents the hospital waiting room, was made to explain Yapese sentiments. the advantages of breastfeeding and the disadvan­ tages of bottle feeding, narrated by highly respec­ Most stores now keep drinking coconuts in ted local women in the three languages used in their coolers, and sell them for half the price of the district. An illustrated booklet on breast­ soft drinks. Individual stores report average sales feeding in the vernacular is given to ail pregnant of over 1000 coconuts per week. Many store women seen at the clinic, and an illustrated baby owners complain that supplies cannot keep up feeding “calendar” recommending breastfeeding, with their customers’ demands. Local people also in the vernacular, is given to all new wholesaling coconuts to retail stores find that they mothers. can realise greater profit from this than from copra, and with less labour. Coconuts are now A film strip featuring a well-known and widely also served in the largest local restaurant, and respected Yapese woman breastfeeding her infant sold at the concession of the local movie theatre. is shown in meetings of village mothers on a bat­ tery-operated projector. A radio spot consists of a Total imports of soft drinks two years ago dialogue between two fathers commenting on the totalled $450,216.00. One year ago they were money that can be saved by breastfeeding. $198,447.00. Complete figures for the following Training in the advantages of breastfeeding has year are not yet available, but through three quar­ been provided to health department personnel, ters they totalled only $88,478.00. These figures who are encouraged to promote breastfeeding are based on district tax receipts. The price of among their own families and in their home soft drinks has increased ten cents per can during villages. Health curricula developed for schools this period, indicating an even greater decline in encourages breastfeeding, featuring activities such the consumption of soft drinks. The population of as calculating the cost of bottle feeding for one Yap has also increased during the time impor­ year and- experiments with spoiled milk. tation of soft drinks has decreased. Two years ago, most women seen in clinics Breastfeeding becoming popular were bottle feeding their infants, and occasionally Another focus of the programme has been to were actively encouraged to do so by clinic per­ encourage breastfeeding. A video tape, shown in sonnel. Bottle feeding was considered a status

Page 16 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 symbol, the “modern” thing to do. Women who recommends are those Yapese mothers feed their breastfed their infants were sometimes ashamed babies before the importation of commercial baby to do so in public, not for reasons of modesty, as foods. women traditionally are bare breasted in Yap, but With the agreement of the Yap Cooperative because they were considered old fashioned. Now Association, a demonstration of how to make it can be observed in the clinic waiting room that baby food from local food using a simple hand many mothers are breastfeeding, and those who grinder was given inside the store on government have a bottle may try to conceal it. Health Depar­ payday. Samples of this food were given out to in­ tment personnel are very well aware of the advan­ terested crowds at the store. Illustrated handouts tages of breastfeeding. This has constituted a headlined, “Someone Is Paying $4.80 Per Pound striking change in attitude and practice. For Bananas" described the relative merits of commercial baby food and home prepared baby Local food for baby food. This information was later published in the A second video tape was made of a well-known local newspaper. The Carolines Observer. A highly educated Yapese woman preparing home­ regular feature in the newspaper is a food column made baby food from local foods. It is also shown featuring recipes for local foods and health tips. in the clinic. The baby feeding calendar given to new mothers illustrates the use of local foods for Changing schoolchildren’s food habits infants. Ironically, the foods that the booklet A consultative effort with the Health Education Project of the Department of Education has tension programme of cooking demonstrations. A resulted in the introduction of a nutrition “Learn­most effective image is created by having the ing Activity Package" series in health classes at nutritionist, considered well-informed and “mod­ the elementary and secondary levels. These ern”, conduct these meetings on the value of local packages promote local foods through such ac­ foods. A typical extension meeting consists of a tivities as choosing a nutrition “goal” like building locally produced filmstrip and a talk utilizing bigger muscles or improving the shine of the hair illustrated charts or food models. This is followed and keeping a record of foods eaten and activities by a short cooking demonstration utilizing local done to achieve that goal; working as a group to methods of food preparation and the villagers’ have healthy snack foods sold at their student own cooking pots. store; serving a Basic Three meal as a class Recipes are traditional ones modified for higher project; and interviewing village mothers on the nutrient content, such as the addition of subject of infant feeding for later class analysis vegetables, perhaps taro leaves or banana flowers, and discussion. to a typical fish “soup”. A taste for everyone and The secondary “LAP" has been expanded to an illustrated booklet in the vernacular to take three student workbooks: nutrition, food hygiene home completes the programme. A respected and a unit on consumerism entitled “Buying local person such as a teacher is used as tran­ Healthy Food". The consumerism unit, while slator. being presented as optional because of the Particularly stimulating are charts showing unusual nature of such a unit for a health class, is coloured bar graphs illustrating the nutritive value proving to be one of the most popular units. The of local foods as compared with high car­ unit consists almost entirely of functional in­ bohydrate imports. Although the villagers may be vestigation by the students of relevant community unaware of individual vitamins and minerals, the situations. Among these are shopping and pricing array of colours presented on the graphs of local activities, interviews of local businessmen, and foods are most impressive. Older people, who still analysis of the operations of local farmer's and have great influence in the Yapese community, fishermen's cooperatives. It has been most effec­ are pleased with hearing that traditional foods are tive in producing attitude modification. superior to many imports, and provide helpful reinforcement. Appeal is made to pride in the An appealing feature of -these LAPs has been “old ways” and the virtues of tradition. The the inclusion of many drawings and photographs popularity of these programmes is evident by the of Micronesians in everyday food-related ac­ frequent requests for return visits to present ad­ tivities. This LAP series is being field tested in ditional demonstrations. Yap and is already being used on the secondary level in other districts. A Health Education course A head start on nutrition offered through the extension programme of the Nutrition activities also take place on the pre­ Community College of Micronesia in conjunction school level through the Yap Head Start with the Health Education Project includes Programme and Mission Kindergarten. Head Start nutrition education for teachers of these LAPs, has a high status in the Yapese community, and and several workshops for health teachers have much prestige is attached to sending one’s provided additional practical experiences in children to these pre-schools. Meals and snacks methods of nutrition education. The impact of for children, prepared by volunteer mothers, con­ these LAPs, and several local foods has been sist mainly of nutritious local foods. Practical in­ somewhat lessened, however, by the example of struction and demonstrations are given to all in­ imported foods served in school cafeterias. terested parents through the nutrition education Students have indicated the potential to im­ programme, which also provides regular in-service prove their eating habits as measured by means of nutrition and health training to teachers as well as acceptable pre and post test/interviews. The providing instructional materials for classroom test/interview measures the student’s knowledge use. Especially popular is the “Good Food Book”, and attitude. Many students were previously figures whose bodies are constructed of these unaware of the value of their own island foods. foods,-adorn the walls of the pre-school centres. As one high school boarding student explained: These popular materials are also used in elemen­ “Before these nutrition classes I thought imported tary schools. foods were better for health than my own island The right direction foods becuase they look so good in their pretty packages. But now 1 know that is not true, and A beginning has been made. The positive when I return to my island I am going to tell this response to the Yap nutrition programme would to all the people.” appear to be based on the powerful images created through the highly visible participation of “Breadfruit bread and papaya pie respected local persons and institutions, and the appeal to Yapese pride in tradition. Realistic An illustrated cookbook. Breadfruit Bread and methods by which this developing area can meet Papaya Pie, is utilized in conjunction with an ex­ its needs despite limited resources are the major

Page 18 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 focus of all educational activities. The budget for household, including fishing, growing and preser­ the first year of this programme was the ving food for family consumption, good child nutritionists salary, and for the second year it was care, nutrition and sanitation, cultural activities the salary plus $1200 for printing. Programme and recreation, care of the injured and sick, in­ strategy was based on practical methods of telligent shopping and use of money, making altering personal attitudes and practices rather clothes and other consumption goods, house than isolated remedial programmes. repairs, environmental improvements and protec­ What about tomorrow? ting family health. Such programmes are begun in elementary school and are already being suc­ The techniques successfully promoted in Yap cessfully promoted in countries such as Papua District could be applied elsewhere in Micronesia. New Guinea. Micronesia needs a National Nutrition Council to be formed to insure that there is a consistent ap­ Some T.T. high schools have fishing and proach to nutrition and food programmes, and to agriculture classes, but usually sell their products establish administrative policies in regard to for cash. How much better it would be to serve nutrition. Similar councils have been established this fresh local food in school cafeterias rather in several South American and African nations than becoming dependent on United States and have met with great success. The following School Food Service Programme funds. Schools are some areas in which the council could should be moving toward greater financial in­ provide leadership. dependence, not greater financial dependency. 1. Agriculture and Fisheries — There is a need for present agricultural programmes emphasising School Food Service programmes should be the production of cash export crops such as copra confined to essential situations such as boarding and pepper to be diverted to the production of schools and schools far from children’s homes. nutritionally superior foods such as root crops, They should not be extended to schools where fruits and vegetables. Research could be made children can easily go home for lunch or bring into hydroponic gardening for increased food their own local foods to school. The degrading production, especially on atolls where soil is poor. scenes now witnessed in some districts where Fish farming should be greatly increased. parents follow their children to school and eat 2. Education — Micronesia needs Agriculture food from the children's trays could thus be and Fishery Life Programmes in schools to avoided. prepare children for the life of the future. These The present move to extend free food service programmes provide functional knowledge and to programmes such as the Youth Conservation skills for raising a family and operating a Corps, in which youilg people are supposed to be

For comprehensive service and advice on trade, both inter-island and with Australia and New Zealand, see the experienced staff at your nearest ANZ branch or agency. We can help you with importing and exporting, business transactions and personal banking. Offices are located at: Suva 128 Victoria Parade and Waimanu Road. Lautoka Naviti Street. Nadi Queen's Road. Nausori Kings Road. Boroko Hubert Murray Highway. Lae Cnr. Coronation Drive and 7th Street. Madang Lightfoot Arcade, Kasagten Road. Mount Hagen Hagen Drive. Port MoresbyANG House, Hunter Street. Rabaul Mango Avenue. Waigani. All Honiara Mendana Avenue. Vila Rue Higginson.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 Page 19 learning to conserve their own natural island course is being written by the South resources, also runs counter to the purpose of Pacific Commission. Such courses could also be teaching self-reliance. part of the training of other health workers. Classes for expectant mothers which promote School stores now selling nutritionally poor the use of local foods in the mother’s diet, the foods such as cookies, soft drinks and candy popularity of breastfeeding and the use of local could instead sell good foods such as cold foods for feeding infants instead of nurtitionally coconuts, fresh local fruits, boiled eggs, sugar poor imported baby food could be begun. A cane and other such foods. graduate nutritionist familiar with the nutritional Present Home Economics courses based on the utilization of Pacific area foods could be em­ use of foreign foods and expensive imported ap­ ployed by the Department of Health to begin such pliances could be replaced by a curriculum a programme, as there has not been a nutritionist promoting the use of local foods and island food working at Headquarters Health Services for preparation methods. The home economics several years. classrooms in Micronesian secondary schools, 5. Genera] — Refreshments served at govern­ with their electric ovens, electric refrigerators and ment conferences and workshops should be local freezers, electric washers and dryers, and electric foods, not the usual cola, coffee and sweet roll. sewing machines, bear little resemblance to the At a recent health education conference in Yap island homes in which these young women will refreshments such as soursop punch, cold later be rearing their families. Excellent foods can drinking coconuts, papaya cake and banana bread be prepared with a few pots and a kerosene stove were served and greatly enjoyed by the par­ or an open fire. Clothes can be washed very well ticipants. with a simple hand plunger instead of an expen­It can be done sive electric washing machine. The effectiveness of motivational techniques in Micronesia needs a home economics nutrition education has been clearly demonstrated curriculum which would be relevant to island in developing areas of the world. In each living and which would provide functional situation, the aim has been the same: to change knowledge for raising a family and operating a an attitude or practice and to accomplish that household in a Micronesian setting. The South change as rapidly as possible. Change in the food Pacific Commission is already engaged in spon­ habits of the peoples of Micronesia can be soring such curricula in the Cook Islands and the achieved. These techniques can be employed New Hebrides at the primary level. today to attack the nutrition problems of such pressing importance to tomorrow’s children.□ Nutrition courses emphasising the value of Micronesian foods should be offered at CCM and MOC, and an extension course in Micronesian nutrition could be offered in each district. TUVALU INDEPENDENT Nutrition materials developed by the Department of Education in Yap could be taught in all Trust IN OCTOBER Territory schools, and in Head Start programmes. On October 1 this year, Tuvalu — the former 3. Public Affairs — The popularity of healthy Ellice Islands — will be granted independence. It Micronesian foods could be promoted through a will become a constitutional monarchy with coordinated campaign utilizing the mass media — Queen Elizabeth II as Head of State represented radio, T.V., government publications and press by a Tuvaluan Govenor-General. releases. Such a campaign has been in effect for This was agreed to at the Tuvalu Constitutional several years in the developing nation of Zambia, Conference held in London in mid-February. in southern Africa, and has met with great suc­ Parliament will be unicameral with 12 members cess, significantly reducing the incidence of elected by universal adult suffrage. Cabinet will malnutrition among the children of that country. comprise a prime minister and up to four other ministers. Nutrition materials and cookbooks promoting The British Government will amend the existing the use of local foods could be produced and constitution to allow a Tuvalu minister to be translated into the languages of each diarict, to responsible for finance and it will transfer to an be made available through women’s clubs, church executive public service commission responsibility groups and community workers such as Women’s for public service matters. Interest Officers. Concerning financial arrangements between Britain and the new State, agreement was reached 4. Health — A nutrition course based on the on proposals for a special development fund, health aspects of Pacific area foods could be capital aid, budgetary aid and technical made a part of the training of T.T. nurses instead cooperation. When independent, Tuvalu will ap­ of the present one based on U.S. foods. Such a ply for membership of the Commonwealth.n

Page 20 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER, 1978 The stamps of Tuvalu

By FRANK OCONNELL. SPC Publications Bureau

Tuvaluans playing Te Ano on a beach; this is the game featured on the 35c definitive stamp.

What sort of a country is Tuvalu, one of the ber 1975) a philatelic bureau. Stamps are a most recently arisen stars in the philatelic galaxy? valuable earner of foreign exchange and if the Tuvalu is a group of nine atolls in the central issuing country maintains a careful policy on the Pacific stretching more than 560 km from number of issues and pays particular attention to Nanumea north to Niulakita. These nine islands design and subject matter, stamps can provide a spread over an area of more than a million square continuing source of revenue. With just over two miles, yet there is just on 30 square kilometres of years of stamp production behind it. Tuvalu has land, most of it no more than three metres above an excellent worldwide reputation due to its con­ sea level. servative issuing policy and a very helpful staff at On January 1, 1976, Tuvalu became a Crown the Bureau in Funafuti managed originally by An­ Colony in its own right. Formerly the Ellice Islan­ thony Kennett and, since June 1977, by Frank ds, with a Polynesian population, it was legally Hoy. separated from the Gilbert Islands (with which it Right from the beginning, the Tuvalu Philatelic formed the Gilbert & Ellice Islands Colony) on I Bureau produced a roneoed publication titled October. 1975. The final break came in January News and Views (first issue dated March 1976) 1976 when Tuvalu was empowered to negotiate which not only gives details of current and forth­ with London direct and not through Tarawa. The coming issues, but also information on aspects of capital. Funafuti, is 1,200 km north of Suva; it Tuvaluan culture and chatty biographies of was almost entirely destroyed by hurricane in Bureau staff members. There are at least 20 local 1972. staff regularly employed and. when the pressure is There are some 7.500 Tuvaluans, many of on. this rises to 40. whom go to other countries to find work. The country’s only industry is a modest copra produc­ The first stamps issued by Tuvalu appeared on tion; it exports about 500 tonnes a year to Suva. the day it officially separated from the Gilbert A delegation of members of government and Islands: I January. 1976. There were two groups church, led by the Hon. Chief Minister. Toalipi of stamps; 15 provisional definitives with Lauti. was in London early this year negotiating TUVALU' overprinted on the old ‘Gilbert & the terms of their independence from Britain. Ellice Islands' name; and a set of three new This is the small, determined country which Separation commemoratives. A limited number of established as one of its first activities (in Decem­ the definitives was issued and all unsold copies

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN SECOND QUARTER. 1978 P»0« 21 lerested in the quantities sold; they were: 1c — 80,429; 2c — 64,613; 3c — 68,773; 4c — 56,163; 5c — 66,024;'6c — 52,994; 8c — 52,651; 10c — 54,753; 15c — 53,017; 20c — 53,920; 25c — 57,551; 35c — 51,882; 50c — 55,447; $1 — 54,273; $2 — 57,091. The separation issues were designed by lakopo Niuatui and J.E. Cooler and printed litho by Questa Colour in sheets of 50 with gutter pairs CA watermarked. This special issue was with­ drawn after three months on 31 March, 1976 with the following quantities being sold: TUVALU TUVALU 4c — heads of a Gilbertese and a Tuvaluan (39,662); 10c — a map of the islands (44.992 k Four stamps were issued on April 21. 1976. to commemorate Tuvalu's new coinage. 35c — Gilbertese and Tuvaluan canoes (51.642k Each stamp was divided in half by a black strip 15c stamp had a flying fish on both stamp and following had been sold; with the words. 'SEPARATION January 1st 20c coin featured; the 35c stamp also had the 1976’, in reverse running the full length of the i same design on the $ 1 coin it featured — a green 5c — 42,652; 10c — 38,733; 15c — 39.425; band. turtle. When withdrawn on 20 July 1976. the 35c — 44,541. Tuvalu s first stamps, issued on Separation Day. 1 The British Royal Mint had been instructed to January. 1976: three new stamps and an overprint produce a series of nine new coins for Tuvalu and I of the existing Gilbert & Ellice Islands definitives: values not shown here are on the front cover.

TUVALU «.

withdrawn when the new pictorial definitives ap­ this new coinage became the subject of the next peared a few months later. issue, on April 21. Four excellent designs by G. The designer of the overprinted definitives was Drummond were handsomely printed by Walsall G. Drummond and the printers Walsall Security; Security; all multicoloured verticals. The 5c they were issued in sheets of 50 with gutter pairs stamp showed an octopus and a 50c coin; the 10c and CA watermarked. Philatelists may be in- stamp had a Red Eyed Crab and a 10c coin; the

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 On June 30, 1976, the provisional definitives plus two labels. The values, subjects and numbers were withdrawn and on the first of July, 14 (the sold were: 3c stamp was dropped) new pictorial definitives 5c — titlepage of the New Testament recently were issued. Designed by J.E. Cooler and printed translated into Tuvaluan (39,821); by Questa, these are current. Ten values all show the islands of Tuvalu with either some animal 20c — the Lotolelei church, Nanumea (39,742); plant or cultural object: 1c — Niulakita and a 25c — the Kelupi church. Nui (39,950); Leathery Turtle; 2c — Nukulaelae and a sleeping 30c — the Mataloa O Tuvalu church. Vaitupu mat; 4c — Nui and a Talo vegetable; 5c — (39,800k Nanumanga and a grass dancing skirt; 6c — Nukufetau and a coconut crab; 8c — Funafuti, 35c — the Palataiso O Keliso church. Nanumanga the capital, and a banana tree; 10c — a general (39.060). map of the group of islands; 15c — Niutao and a The first issue for 1977 came in February with flying fish; 20c — Vaitupu and a Maneapa house; three stamps to commemorate the Silver Jubilee 25c — Nanumea and a palu fish hook. of Queen Elizabeth II. The 35c value shows men playing the Te Ano game; the 50c stamp, canoe pole fishing; the SI They were designed by Julian Vasarhelyi and stamp, reef fishing by flare; the $2 stamp, a living printed by Format International in sheets of 50 house. with gutter pairs and no watermark. A miniature Postage rates had increased earlier in the year sheet containing all three values was also issued. and it became apparent that a higher The stamps, and numbers sold, were a record for denomination than $2 was required. So, on 1 Sep- Tuvalu:

(^ k r io tm a o 1 9 7 6

First day cover of Tuvalu's first Christmas issue.

tember, 1976, a $5 stamp featuring the Tuvalu 15c — the Queen and the Duke on the balcony of Colony ship,MV Nivanga. was issued. This ship Buckingham Palace after the coronation was built in Hong Kong in 1962 for the GEIC (123.448k government and given as a deed of gift to Tuvalu 35c — the Duke of Edinburgh being carried on 8 December, 1975. It gives the only regular ashore by canoe at Vaitupu (114,334k sea service to the islands. The stamp was desig­ 50c — the Queen leaving the Palace for the ned by Cooler and printed by Questa on CA coronation (119,851k Miniature sheets (74,405k watermarked sheets of 50. The last issue for 1976 was the Christmas issue This issue was an unexpected bonanza! As of five stamps which appeared on October 6. and can be seen, the totals far exceeded anything colourful stamps they were. G. Drummond was sold before and the Bureau had to recruit an the designer and Harrison & Sons the printers; the additional 24 part-time workers to help stamps came in CA watermarked sheets of ten process the orders. The stamps sold out

Paoe 24 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER 1978 several weeks before the three-month period normally allowed the special issues.

Tuvalu was one of the Pacific countries which honoured the South Pacific Commission by issuing a set of commemoratives on its thirtieth anniversary. The March 1977 issue of News and Views carried a long article on the SPC and its work to let philatelists know why Tuvalu was making this particular issue. The set was designed by Ian Oliver and printed by Format International multicoloured in sheets of 25 with no watermark. The subjects and numbers sold were: 5c — Health (288,266); 20c — Education (28,125); 30c — Fruit Growing (28,262>, and35c — SPC territory (28,106). This set was issued on May 4, withdrawn on August 3. Towards June 1977, the Funafuti Post Office began reprinting some denominations of the new

By far the most popular issue to date was the commemoration of Queen Elizabeth's jubilee. The stamps came out on February 9, 1977 and each of the three values sold well over 110,000.

definitives to cope with demand and collectors noted some variations in shades. The new definitive printing was, on unwatermarked paper where the original had been CA watermarked. The $5 stamp was also reprinted at this time and it, too, switched to unwatermarked paper. To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Scouting in the Central Pacific, four stamps were issued on 10 August, 1977. As with the SPC set, these were designed by Ian Oliver and printed by Format in sheets of 25 on unwatermarked paper. Values and quantities sold were: 5c — investiture of a new recruit (35,146); 20c — two scouts in a Tuvaluan canoe (35,341); 30c — three scouts in a shelter (35,154); 35c — Baden Powell, the founder of Scouting (35,242). Included in these totals were 2,040 first day covers. The issue was withdrawn on September 9. The last issue for 1977 commemorated the Royal Society Expeditions of 1896-97, which we described in our 4th October, 1977 issue, page 48. Quantities sold were: 5c (Hurricane Beach) — 36,852; 20c (HMS Porpoise) - 35,341; 30c (Dredging chart) — 36,801; 35c (Charles Darwin) - 69,465. New postal rates came into effect on 1 January, 1978 and a new set of stamps, a special issue of the wild birds of Tuvalu, came out on 25 January; The 50th anniversary of Scouting in the the values and subjects were: Central Pacific was commemorated. 8c — Pacific Pigeon (or Lupe).;

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 25 OA WCO BBDB f-j-. 2 0 TUVA.U ®

eiMTt l—»\.

TUVALU

Mew postal rates in January 1978 saw a new special issue on wild birds.

sidered delicacies in Tuvalu. There was a remarkably strong demand for this issue and it completely sold out, with sales around 39,000 sets. April 5, 1978 was the release date of an attrac­ tive set of four stamps depicting ships which regularly visit Funafuti with cargoes of mainly food and raw materials. Designed by Ian Oliver and printed by Format in multicoloured sheets of 16 with horizontal and vertical gutters, the values and subjects are: 8c — SM V Lawedua; 20c — Tug M V Wallacia; 30c — M V Cenpac Rounder; 40c — M V Pacific Explorer.

The Philatelic Bureau expects sales to exceed 50,000 sets.

The new postal rates made it necessary to The sea is a vital link with the outside world and on April 5, 1978, provide two new definitives and these were issued four stamps commemorated ships which regularly call at Funafuti. on April 19:

30c — Pandanus tree; 40c — the Fatele dance. J.E. Cooter designed them and Questa printed in sheets of 50 with no watermark. To mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth’s coronation a set was issued on June 2, four values showing British cathedrals, the Royal Cypher and inscribed ‘Defender of the Faith'. Gordon Drummond is again the designer and Format the printer; the stamps are printed in sheetlets of 12-ten stamps and two labels — and a miniature sheet has also been printed. The Two new definitives were issued on April 19 this cathedrals are: year to meet demands caused by new postal rates. 8c — Canterbury; 30c — Salisbury; 40c — Wells; 20c — Reef Heron (Matuku); SI — Hereford. 30c — Fairy Tern (Matapula); and 40c — Lesser Frigate Bird (Katokula). Advance orders were heavy and, some two months before issue date, sales exceeded 150,000 sets. This series was designed by G. Drummond and printed by Format in multicoloured sheets of 20, The final issues schedules for 1978 will appear no watermark. The Katokula and Lupe are con­ in October.

Page 26 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 **MBI<* TU V A L U TU V A L U 3CF

_ I 25th.25th. Anniversary Anniversary of of the the Coronation -I 25th. Anniversary of the Coronation ‘ Queen “ .. Blixabeth...... II, 1953-1978 at EJiubtih U I951-l»7» waua octmmai

-qEBSP*TUVALU 40c -^OT*TUVALU S1

0 ^ ^ueen //, '/&SS ' '/& /'< $

A set of four Tuvalu flowers will appear on Oc­ from postage stamps; when extensions to the tober 4, designed by John Cooter and printed by existing building are added, ten new staff will be Format in sheets of 16, the 8c, 20c, 30c and 40c recruited. It is obvious that a well conducted stamps depict Puafiti, Tiale, Inato and Susana. Bureau should be seriously considered by any On October 1, to mark the occasion of Tuvalu’s Pacific territory wanting to increase employment independence, seven low value definitives will be and add to revenue.n overprinted by Questa. The values will be 8c, 10c. 15c, 20c. 30c. 35c and 40c. Philatelists Ltd., a subsidiary of Urch Harris Ltd of Bristol (UK), run the Bureau for the Tuvalu government; Frank Hoy, their manager, for many years managed the Philatelic Bureau in Southamp­ ton for the British Post Office. Urch Harris are the largest dealers in modern stamps in the world and have managed bureaux in the West Indies for years; this is their first Pacific venture. Their John King, with more than 30 years' experience, com­ mutes between Bristol, the Caribbean and the Pacific, visiting Tuvalu twice a year to meet with government on subjects, artwork, printing, publicity, promotion and shipping of stamps. The brief history of Tuvalu's philatelic activities indicates not only the international popularity of stamp collecting, but shows how a carefully plan­ ned policy of stamp issues can help a developing economy. Business is increasing for the Bureau with each mail, when more than 500 letters are received and it is not uncommon for 2,000 orders to be despatched at a time. This year, Tuvalu will earn more than $750,000 in foreign exchange The airport at Funafuti.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 27 SPC MONTH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC

Last year, the Institute of Pacific Studies at the University of the South Pacific, Suva, decided to feature regularly either a Pacific country or regional organisation for one month. This decision was taken so that students and others would be exposed to what is important in the Pacific studies area. May was South Pacific Commission month; SPC was the first organization asked to participate because it was the oldest established regional body in the area. A display was mounted and visited for a week by students and public; for the rest of the month, SPC regional activities were highlighted wherever possible at the University.

Director of Programmes W. Brown represented the SPC at the opening of SPC Month. “This week, to me, cements what has been a long relationship in that the University of the South Pacific participates at our Planning and Evaluation meetings, it participates at our Conference and we participate on the Council of the University of the South Pacific”, Mr. Brown said.

Dr. James Maraj, USP Vice-Chancellor, said he was particularly mindful of the contribution which regional organizations like SPC, USP and the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation make “towards a common identity in this part of the world.” The university, he said, was “institutionally committed” to increasing the cooperation between regional institutions in the Pacific. □

ABOVE: Symbols o f the Commission and the University faced the entrance to the display.

TOP RIGHT: The English Language Teaching programme was given several displays: here are some sample books, and posters which publicise the English broadcast series built around the adventures o f the family crew o f the M.V. Maui.

BOTTOM RIGHT: One of SPC’s most important current programmes, the Skipjack tagging project, was the subject o f an attractive display.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 28 The Health and Nutrition pro­ gramme was represented by a series of blow-ups, posters and cut-outs. The multi-coloured posters have always been well received as they illustrate simple health facts very clearly.

SPums* me soyn,

Handbooks, Statistical Bulletins, the Fisheries Newsletter, the South Pa­ cific Bulletin were among the selec­ tion o f Commission publications on display.

«■*«**!

SPC’s plant protection programme was outlined in a comprehensive display.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 29 South Pacific Economies By TE’O IAN FAIRBAIRN and ALAN BOLLARD

The South Pacific Commission has published an sources. The greatest diversification in export is, up-to-date summary of economic statistics of not surprisingly, shown by Papua New Guinea and South Pacific Countries and Territories.* It arose Fiji. from a recommendation made by the Regional Conference on Economic Development Planning A table of intra-regional trade shows that held in Suva in 1977. It is designed for easy trading patterns tend to reflect historical ties with reference to comparative economic data. metropolitan countries, though this is now less true of exports. Imports have also been strongly The picture that these figures paint of the economies of the region is one of great contrast. influenced by availability of regular shipping and air services. The region as a whole consistently More than 10,000 islands scattered over 30 million square kilometres are grouped into 20 records large deficits in commodity trade which in 1976 amounted to an estimated 460 million political entities. They range in size from Papua dollars. Particularly large are the deficits ex­ New Guinea (population 2.9 million) down to Pit­ perienced by Fiji, French Polynesia and Guam, cairn Island (population 100). although naturally the situation varies from year A number of new statistics is included in this to year. Intra-regional trade is small, probably less publication: There are the first (completely unof­ than two per cent of the region's overall trade ficial) estimates of sea areas that might be in­ flows; a substantial proportion is accounted for by cluded in 200-mile, exclusive, economic zones. Fiji which has traditionally been active in re-ex­ They show for example that the U.S. Trust porting to neighbouring Island countries. Territory, French Polynesia, and the Gilbert Islan­ ds. are each likely to inherit from four to eight The statistical summary includes the first million square miles of ocean. detailed comparison of foreign aid flows. The There are also the first complete estimated available information on official development aid comparisons of national income and Government into the regions suggests an inflow of more than expenditure. The available evidence suggests that $450 million or $102 per head in 1976, which incomes per head of population are low by the represents a substantial rise from the 1974 level. standards of industrialised countries, with an Per-head figures vary sharply between countries, average of 400 Australian dollars per head for the being particularly high for the American and region. However, figures per head vary widely French territories such as American Samoa and from one country to the next, ranging from a French Polynesia as well as for the small New level of nearly $4,000 for the American and some Zealand-associated countries like Niue and of the French territories to about $200 for Niue, Tokelau. Levels of development assistance to Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Tonga and Western Samoa. Tonga, the Solomon Islands and Western Samoa Where income levels are high, it is largely are much lower — around $50 on average. By far because of the effect of special factors such as the heaviest donors would appear to be France rich mineral deposits, military spending or high and the United States. However, aid from levels of foreign aid. For the smaller territories Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom with fewer resources (the Gilbert Islands, Tonga, is more widely spread. On present indications Tuvalu), income pei head has probably been foreign aid for the region is likely to continue to static or declining. grow, albeit at a slower rate than in the recent past, and to become more diversified by donor. Government expenditure is especially high for French and American territories (around $ A 1,500 This publication is available in English only, per capita for New Caledonia and Guam); it is from the South Pacific Commission in Noumea much lower in independent countries ($A85 in and will be updated periodically. A full list of Tonga). tables is as follows: Trade figures for 1975-76 have been grouped by major commodities for easy reference. Exports 1. Population, Land and Sea Area of Pacific Coun­ comprise a limited range of raw materials and tries semi-processed products, including minerals, in 2. Some Estimates of National Income and exchange for a wide assortment of manufactured Government Expenditure goods, raw foodstuffs, fuels, industrial materials 3. Total and Per Capita Trade and capital equipment. Leading exports tend to be 4. Domestic Exports of Principal Products 1975-76 those associated with one or two suppliers, such 5. Imports of Principal Commodities 1975-76 as nickel, phosphates, copper, sugar, coffee and 6. Intra-Regional Trade, 1975 processed tuna. Copra and other coconut produc­ 7. Percentage of Population Economically Active ts, wood products, and handicrafts are major ex­ 8. Structural Breakdown of Economies as In port items with a somewhat broader range of dicated by Employment 9. Official Development Assistance in the Pacific by Recipient * South Pacific Economies: Statistical Summary, by 10. Inter-Regional Flow of Official Bilateral Funds, Te'o Ian Fairbairn and Alan Bollard. SPC Occasional 1976 Paper No. 5, Noumea, 1978. (English only) 11. Percentage Increase in Retail Price Index. □

Page 30 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER, 1978 me urging Pacific A SEMINAR ON AUSTRALIA’S PACIFIC NEIGHBOURS

One clear point made by all four speakers at a recent Australian Each speaker’s approach was individualistic: Sir Hermann seminar was that a new Pacific is emerging, something different Black stuck fairly closely to economic factors, both good and from the old, paradisial Pacific of cinema and fiction. The new threatening; Stuart Inder relied largely on anecdote to illustrate Pacific is characterized by improving communications, developing his point that the Pacific’s emergence from its past has been very resources, growing independence and a number of problems. rapid and thorough, indeed; John Moses was concerned with Australia's ‘apalling ignorance’ of its Pacific neighbours, particu­ larly those in the north Pacific. Dr. Salato built his talk around Dr. E. Macu Salato, Secretary-General of the South Pacific the theme ‘Unity in Diversity’ and showed how the Pacific is Commission, was the principal speaker at the 1978 Seminar moving deeper into the outside world through its involvement organised by the Standing Committee of Convocation at the with international organisations and the continuing dialogue the University of Sydney on 10 June, 1978. Convocation, a body of Pacific peoples have with each other through regional bodies such graduates, organises one seminar each year on a significant theme. as the South Pacific Commission and the South Pacific Forum. The 1978 topic was: ‘Emerging from Paradise —• Our Pacific Island Neighbours’. Sir Hermann asked if there ever had been a Pacific paradise, or was it some myth that white people had created. Nevertheless, it was obvious that some things were emerging from the darkness The speakers were Sir Hermann Black, Chancellor of the and isolation of the past. One of these was the move towards University of Sydney: Dr. Salato; Stuart Inder, editor-in-chief of political independence; another was the increasing Australian the Pacific Islands Monthly and John Moses, editor of the Sydney governmental interest in the Pacific, evidenced by growing Daily Telegraph and former editor of theFiji Times. Speakers representation in the area and increasing aid. Another sign was the were introduced and the meeting chaired by Dr. K..E. Georgouras,growing frequency of intra-island visits with government leaders president of Convocation, who categorized the conventional now travelling widely to talk to each other. Some strains were also concept of the ‘Pacific paradise’ in her opening address andemerging, such as Fiji’s experience with growing militancy in trade touched briefly on the problems surrounding the subject of theunions and tendencies towards fragmentation in Micronesia. ‘New emergence of the Pacific. nations, new trade, new problems’ were all signs that the Pacific

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 31 was emerging from an era when it had been left pretty the South Pacific Bureau of Economic Co-operation much to itself. (SPEC),” said Dr. Salato. “In an indirect fashion, the South Pacific Commission has played a not inconsid­ Stuart Inder paid a tribute to the quality of Island erable part in their establishment, for I think there leadership in guiding the Pacific along its path of can be little doubt that the Forum and SPEC came emergence from the era of colonial overlordship and into being mainly because of certain shortcomings in poor communications. He singled out Ratu Sir the Commission, and in particular, because the Kamasese Mara, Sir Albert Henry, Hammer de Canberra Agreement made no provision for discus­ Roburt and Michael Somare. ‘Courage is the sion of political matters: a point which became common denominator of Island leadership’, he said. increasingly irksome for Pacific countries as they Papua New Guinea has localised 90 per cent of its evolved towards nationhood. Public Service, Islanders themselves have kept alive the SPC, they established the Pacific Islands “Further regional developments have been actively Producers’ Association to get the best deal possible promoted by both SPEC and SPC. The preliminary for island produce and have seen PIPA mature into groundwork for the establishment of a Regional the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation, Fisheries Agency was undertaken by the two they developed the South Pacific Forum and have organisations, with the actual decision to establish banished the isolation of the Islands. the agency taken by the Forum and supported by the Dr. Salato saw the theme of the seminar as an South Pacific Conference. SPEC has been respon­ examination of the social evolution, or acculturation sible for the establishment of a shipping line, the of a ‘happy-go-lucky’, disease-free society with its Pacific Forum Line, and is working on the develop­ own set of social norms resulting from western ment of regional telecommunications. There is close, contact beginning with explorers and missionaries on-going collaboration between the two organisa­ and leading to today’s urbanization and moderniza­tions in a number of technical areas.” tion. There was a great diversity of cultures in pre­ European times and this diversity has increased in Dr. Salato saw Pacific regionalism emerging in the historical times; even the paths Pacific countries are international field. He told the seminar that many taking towards independence vary greatly. links with the world outside the Pacific are on a regional basis. Referring to the problem he had defining ‘region­ alism’ for an address to the Australian Institute of “Four Pacific countries have adhered to the Lome International Affairs two years ago, Dr. Salato said Convention, and SPEC has provided the main link he decided the most appropriate capsule description between these Pacific Associates and the European was ‘unity in diversity’. He told how the SPC had Economic Community. At various times, SPC, been created by outsiders for Islanders, but now SPEC and the University of the South Pacific have Island governments take their place beside metropol­ all contributed to discussions on possible aid by the itan governments; since 1969 the Secretary-General EEC to the region. has been an Islander; the S.P. Conference, formerly an advisory body, has been a decision-maker since “At a meeting on adult education sponsored jointly 1974. Said Dr. Salato:— “Two important regional by SPC and the Asian Pacific Bureau for Adult events, the South Pacific Games and the South Education (ASPBAE) earlier this year, a South Pacific Arts Festival, were brought to birth by the Pacific regional branch of ASPBAE was brought South Pacific Conference and regional meetings on a into being. Many non-government organisations variety of technical topics provide additional oppor­ from the region were represented at that meeting. tunities for a regional spirit to develop.” Outlining Only a few weeks later, SPC organised a meeting in further examples of regional development, Dr. Salato the Republic of Nauru to discuss the feasibility of a said: regional development fund which would promote the inflow into the region and, in particular, into the “Regional collaboration has manifested itself on a smaller countries and territories, of development number of fronts. In the late sixties, at the wish of 11 capital. That meeting, which brought together English-speaking countries of the region, the Univer­ representatives from 11 Pacific countries and sity of the South Pacific, which has its main campus Australia, France and New Zealand, noted that 12 at Suva, in Fiji, came into being. In recent years, the member countries of the South Pacific Conference University has established a second campus at Alafua are also members of the Asian Development Bank. in Western Samoa, and regional centres in a number Its recommendations drew attention not only to the of countries. Its regional links have been still more possibility of a wider role in the region for the Bank, strongly forged by the use of satellite communica­ but also to the need for Pacific countries to develop a tions, and by the establishment of a student exchange concerted regional approach to aid donors.” scheme with the University of Papua New Guinea.” Another example of South Pacific regionalism is The number of countries with diplomatic missions the Pacific Conference of Churches. The conference accredited to the Pacific Islands’ nations is growing, is interdenominational, and draws members from these include not only neighbours from the Australa­ English and French-speaking countries and territo­ sian region, but from the other side of the world: the ries, and from those territories linked to the United reforging of Germany’s former links with the States. kingdom of Tonga is a case in point, he added. “One of the most important regional bodies is, of “The attention of the United Nations and its course, the South Pacific Forum, and its offshoot, specialised agencies to the Pacific Islands is also on

Page 32 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER. 1978 ‘Seminar 78' participants caught in a break between have been dependent in the main on agricultural sessions at the Stephen Roberts Theatre, Sydney produce — sugar, copra, cocoa. They are making University; from left: Dr. E. Macu Salato, Secretary- efforts to diversify their economies, both by further General of the SPC; Sir Hermann Black, Chancellor processing of agricultural commodities, and by the of the University; John Moses, editor o f the Sydney introduction of appropriate light industry. Daily Telegraph; Dr. Katherine Georgouras, presi­ dent of the Standing Committee of Convocation; and “One of the region’s main resources is the ocean. Stuart Inder, editor-in-chief of the Pacific Islands American Samoa, the New Hebrides, Papua New Monthly. Guinea and the Solomon Islands have all established commercial fisheries — some as joint ventures with foreign companies. With the likely introduction in the increase” Dr. Salato said. “The two most recent the near future of 200-mile economic zones, the Sessions of the Economic and Social Commission for problem of rational management and exploitation of Asia and the Pacific both passed resolutions the region’s marine resources, particularly the highly emphasising the need for ESCAP to relate its migratory species, becomes increasingly pressing. activities more closely to the needs of the Pacific Islands. Some few years ago, a special United “The diversity of the region in the economic field is Nations Development Advisory Team for the Pacific apparent not only in the resources presently exploited was established, with headquarters in Fiji. The World by the various countries, but also in the possibilities Health Organisation has a large number of technical for the future. A sharp distinction can be drawn advisers at post in Pacific countries, while UNESCO between the ‘haves’ — the larger countries with more contributes to such diverse activities in the Pacific as possibilities for diversification — and the smaller educational broadcasting and the South Pacific Arts ‘have-nots,’ such as the Tokelau Islands and Tuvalu. Festival. These organisations are only a few among many.” “Two major problems besetting all Pacific countries, irrespective of their resources, are commu­ Despite all this, in emerging from its quiet nications and access to markets. The Pacific Islands, Paradise, the Pacific is finding problems of economic with the notable exception of Papua New Guinea, are development, health and social needs. Dr. Salato very small dots scattered over a vast expanse of highlighted some of the major ones: ocean. As anyone who has attempted to travel around the region will know, communications “The Gilbert Island, Nauru and New Caledonia have been dependent on mineral resources as their between the islands themselves is no easy matter. Air main income-earners. The Bougainville copper mine routes are often tortuous; travel from one island to has become a major source of income for Papua New another within a particular country may be possible Guinea in recent years, while there are prospects of only by slow inter-island boat; while some areas of developing bauxite in the Solomon Islands. For such the larger islands can still only be reached by foot. And if they are remote from each other, the Islands countries, greater diversification seems essential. are still more remote from the markets for their produce, which may, because of historical accident be What happens when the phosphate reserves are on the opposite side of the world. exhausted, or the price of nickel on the world market sinks to even lower levels than at present? Other “There are many problems in the fields of health countries, such as Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa, and social development. One of the most striking at

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 33 the present time is increased urbanization. This, in the South Pacific Commission as a vehicle for the itself, gives rise to a whole host of inter-related development and implementation of the concept of elements. Increases in, or epidemics of diabetes, regionalism, a catalyst for the development of venereal disease, cholera and dental disease have regional resources and an aid-organising machine for occurred recently in Pacific urban areas. In some Islands which are otherwise unable to reach aid cases — cholera and gastroenteritis — faulty hygiene sources outside the region. The same Committee also and sanitation is the root cause. One of the main saw the Commission as a centre for information on causes of dental disease is a changeover from the region and its needs. It recommended that the traditional diets to the more easily obtainable, Commission concentrate its efforts on rural, youth quicker-cooking, starchy foods of imported origin, and community development;ad hoc expert consul­ such as rice, bread and cabin biscuits. In many tancies requested by the Islands; cultural exchanges; Pacific islands, this is combined with massive training facilitation and the assessment and develop­ consumption of refined sugar. ment of marine resources.” “On the economic side, the adoption of the new Some facets of the SPC work programme were foods leads to a higher imports bill which Pacific outlined, with special emphasis on the Community countries can ill afford. There is a need for more Education Training Centre in Suva. Dr. Salato said: foods to be grown locally, both as import-substitutes and as a health measure. There is a need, too, to stem “This Centre, which was founded in 1963, annually the growing misuse of alcohol. A main cause of trains some 40 young women from all over the Pacific considerable concern to many Pacific governments is in practical skills likely to promote self-reliance and the large number of young people who come to town community development. From time to time, trainees to seek employment, to visit relatives, or merely to from other parts of the world, including Australian see the bright lights and who remain drifting and aborigines, have attended the Centre. This year, we unemployed. This in turn affects the rural communi­ are supplementing this programme with a mobile ties which, as is the case in most Island countries, are team of instructors in community development, being depleted of a major element in the rural home economics and food and nutrition who will workforce.” travel from one territory to another to conduct short, intensive, refresher training courses for graduates of Dr. Salato then explained the role of the SPC in all the Centre and similar workers. A second mobile this: “A Review Committee composed of both Island training unit for youth and community workers, also and metropolitan governments met in 1976. It saw established this year, will travel from territory to territory and provide longer courses of ten months duration for workers in the community development field.” Dr. Salato praised Australia’s large and increasing j Tribal life and religioncommitment to Pacific aid and told the seminar he was looking to new initiatives in Australia’s assist­ jjL in the Pacific ance to the small Pacific countries. Referring to the type of aid which he would like to see offered, Dr. | f u n iv e r s it y o f Salato said: f QUEENSLAND PRESS “Let us hope that, to a greater extent than in the , (P.O. Box 42, St. Lucia, Qld., Australia) past, consideration and emphasis will be given to the qualitative aspects of aid as opposed to mere quantity; a more effective aid should be the ultimate objective. The Development Fund meeting in Nauru ’ELOTAS recently drew attention to this and suggested possible STORY ways by which it could be achieved, such as the untying of aid and the inclusion of elements of operating costs in capital financing. Countries like Australia need to look at the possibility of providing more assistance to the Pacific by means of relaxing trade restrictions on Pacific Island products, and the facilitation of development in the air transport and shipping fields.

“Perhaps most fundamental of all is the need for Australian and other metropolitan aid donors in the region to demonstrate good faith in the region as a partner in development. This calls for a serious attempt to understand the problems and aspirations of Pacific Island countries and to take them into A book throwing new light on Beautifully illustrated, with a both the overseas expansion of fascinating range of phot- consideration in the formulation and design of aid Anglicanism and on the impact graphs providing insights into programmes. By a sympathetic understanding, of Christianity on Pacific Is­ Kwaio tribal life. backed up by appropriate forms of assistance, lands societies. $13.95 recommended retail price Paradise Lost for the Pacific Islands may yet lead to $14.95 recommended retail price Paradise Regained.” o

Page 34 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER. 1978 MORE WORK ON PREVENTION OF SPC HANDBOOKS DENTAL DISEASE RECOMMENDED Each Handbook is priced at $A1.50 post free and this series of publications now The Regional Technical Meeting of Chief Den­ consists of— tal Officers convened by SPC concluded its discussions on 7 April. The principal theme of the No. 1— Rat Control in the South Pacific meeting was prevention of dental diseases. Par­ by F. P. Rowe. English and French. ticipants from the ten Pacific Island countries and (English edition revised by F. P. territories represented at the Meeting recommen­ Rowe, J. M. Williams and E. J. Wilson.) ded the ‘adoption of national policies on preven­ tive dentistry. They agreed that the goal of No. 2—Cocoa Production in the South national dental services should be to preserve Pacific edited by K Newton. English natural teeth for a lifetime. only. To achieve this goal, the Meeting recommen­ No. 3— Improving Land Tenure by Ron ded further research into the relationship between Crocombe. English only. fluoride in the teeth, sugar consumption and den­ tal caries. While recognising that the decision to No. 4—Laboratory Techniques in the Diagnosis of Some Intestinal Parasitic undertake fluoridation of water supplies rests with Infections by Lawrence R. Ash. each country, the Meeting also recommended that English and French. water fluoridation be introduced wherever it is both indicated and practicable. No. 5—Banana Production in the South Pacific edited by M. Lambert. The Meeting stressed the need to prevent English and French. diseases of the gums, which though widespread in the Pacific are less spectacular than, for example, No. 6— Coconut Production In the South Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English dental caries. It recommended that a demon­ and French. stration preventive programme with particular em­ phasis on this aspect of dental disease be No. 7—Urban Youth Work In the South established in one country in the SPC region. Pacific by Jean-Michel Bazinet. English and French. Observers from a number of dental organisations outside the SPC area made No. 8—Market Gardening in the South suggestions on ways in which they might con­ Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English and French. tribute to the improvement of dental health ser­ vices in the Pacific Islands. Assistance offered in­ No. 9—Bacteriology by Dr. J. Saugrain. cluded the provision of short-term consultants and English and French. lecturers to the Pacific Islands by the Australian Dental Association, training of dental personnel in No. 10—Weed Control in the South Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English Australia and New Zealand, and collaboration by and French. the New Zealand Medical Research Council in dental and public health research projects in the No. 11— Haematology by Dr. J. Saugrain. SPC region. English and French. The Meeting discussed and endorsed SPC’s No. 12—A Handbook of Hospital and work in the dental health field. It recommended Health Service Administration by D. that adequate funds be provided by SPC for Horne and V. Williams. English only. operational activities in dental health. Noting the / No. 13— Manuel de Reutilisation des need for Chief Dental Officers to meet periodically to discuss regional problems, the Effluents d’Origine Animale dans le Meeting also recommended that SPC make Pacifique Sud by Claude Richard, budgetary provision for such meetings to take French only. place every three years. No. 14 — Citrus Production in the South The Meeting was attended by dentists from the Pacific edited by M. Lambert. English Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New only. Caledonia, Niue. Papua New Guinea, Tonga, the No. 15 —Beef Cattle Husbandry and Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands and Western Herd Management by W. P. Bewg, Samoa. Observers were present from the English only. Australian Dental Association, the Asian Pacific Dental Federation, the Fiji Dental Association, No. 16— Arabics Coffee Production in the South Pacific edited by M. the International Dental Federation, the New Lambert. English and French. Zealand Government, the Ordre National des Chirurgiens Dentistes (France-New Caledonian Price includes postage. branch) and the World Health Organization. Dr All orders and inquiries should be Devi Singh, Fiji was elected Chairman of the sent to: Meeting and Dr Jack Helkena, TTPI, Vice-Chair­ SPC Publications Bureau. man. The Meeting was officially opened and Box N324 Grosvenor Street, closed by the SPC Secretary-General, Dr E. Macu N.S.W. 2000. Salato, and directed by the SPC Dental Public Health Officer, Dr John Speake.n

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 35 PACIFIC FUND NOT RECOMMENDED BY FEASIBILITY MEETING The time is not yet ripe for a separate regional The Asian Development Bank already provides development fund for the South Pacific. This con­ assistance to the SPC region and 12 of the Bank's clusion was reached by 11 Pacific countries and member countries are also members of the South territories which met in Nauru on March 21-22 to Pacific Conference. The meeting recommended consider the feasibility of a regional development that these countries arrange to meet Bank of­ fund for the South Pacific Commission area. ficials during the Bank’s annual meeting in April Representatives from Australia. New Zealand and this year to present suggestions for ways in which France also attended the meeting which was con­ the Bank might expand its assistance to the region vened by the SPC and hosted by the Republic of and extend it to smaller Pacific countries and Nauru. territories which are not yet Bank members. After comparing costs and benefits of alter­ native approaches to the problem of increasing The meeting considered factors which inhibit capital inflow to the Pacific, the meeting recom­ the increase of aid flows into the region and mended that the SPC consult existing institutions, prevent developing Pacific countries from making such as the Asian Development Bank, on the fully effective use of existing aid. It recommended possibility of a South Pacific Fund (or other that Pacific countries and territories develop a arrangement) to which all SPC member countries concerted approach in their efforts to achieye im­ would have access. These institutions, with the proved access to development finance and SPC, should explore means of attracting ad­ suggested a number of ways in which aid might ditional sources of development capital into the be made more effective. region and establish procedures for disbursing funds that would take into account the special Governments should take urgent action to en­ needs of the smaller Pacific countries and sure that the SPC region has effective machinery territories. for comprehensive regional collaboration in ap­ proaches to aid donors and for providing technical assistance to enable smaller Pacific countries to make the best possible use of aid MAPS~AND PRINTS sources. The meeting felt that inter-country discussions could usefully be held on possible joint develop­ OF THE OLD PACfF/C ment of natural resources, transport systems and markets for Pacific produce. It recommended the further development of national financing in­ stitutions, savings and taxation structures and in­ creased interchange of staff and information bet­ ween development finance institutions. Representatives came from American Samoa, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Guam, Nauru, the New Regular catalogues issued listing a Hebrides, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islan­ large stock of original antiquarian ds, Tonga, Tuvalu and Western Samoa. Mr R. Cole of the Australian National University’s views and maps of Australia, New Development Studies Centre and Mr D. Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Gunasekera of the United Nations Development all island groups of the Pacific. Programme, Bangkok, were consultants to the meeting. TJie South Pacific Bureau for Economic Write today for your free copy. Cooperation and the United Nations Development Programme were represented by observers. The SPC Director of Programmes, Mr W.T. Brown, attended the meeting, which was directed by Dr Te'o I. Fairbairn, SPC Economist. The Seventeenth South Pacific Conference, which met in Pago Pago (American Samoa) in COLIN HINCHCLIFFE, September last year, devoted considerable atten­ 7, ROYD AVENUE, HECKMONDWIKE, tion to this problem of capital inflow into the South Pacific region. It endorsed, in principle the WEST YORKSHIRE, WF 16 9AL. concept of a regional development fund and the UNITED KINGDOM Nauru meeting was held in accordance with a

Jv.w ...... fV .» hmi ' ".A directive by the Conference.a

Page 36 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 RECENT STAMP ISSUES FIJI

The Government of Fiji issued a set of four stamps featuring canoes, on 7 November 1977. Denominations and subjects of the stamps were: 4c — Drua; 15c — Tabilai; 25c — Takia; and 40c — Camakau. Stamp size was 44.45 mm x 27.94mm in sheets of 50. Designed by P.B. Powell and Printed by Questa Colour Security Printers, they were with­ drawn on 5 May 1978. NORFOLK ISLAND Fiji is participating in the British Common­ wealth omnibus series commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth On 18 January 1978, Norfolk Island issued a II. The se-tenant sets of three stamps doubled on set of three stamps, to commemorate the bicen­ a souvenir sheet are all 25c values. Depicted are tenary of Captain James Cook's discovery of the White Hart of Richard II, the Queen, and the Hawaii. Denominations of the stamps were 18c, Banded Iguana. 25c and 80c. The stamp size was 43 mm x 28 The White Hart on the Chapel of St George's mm in sheets of 50. They were designed and prin­ Windsor was used as a badge by Richard, son of ted by Harrison & Sons, photogravure on white the Black Prince and Joan the Fair Maid of Kent. unwatermarked postage stamp paper. The with­ The Fijian banded iguana,Brachylophus fasciatus, drawal date was 17 May. is the only Polynesian iguana. It is classed an en­ The 18c stamp shows Cook from the portrait dangered species. Date of issue of the stamps was by Nathaniel Dance, painted when Cook was 46 21 April.

NAURU

The Republic of Nauru issued 15c and 60c stamps to mark the tenth anniversary of the Republic’s independence. Both stamps portray the arms of Nauru. The day of issue, 31 January, 1978, is a day of historical significance to the Nauruan people: on 31 January 1946, Nauruans who survived their exile on Truk during World War II returned to the island. Twenty years later, on 31 January 1966, the establishment of a Legislative Council marked the beginning of self-government, and on 31 January 1958 full independence was achieved. Printed by Format International and Designed by Julian Vasarhelyi, the stamps will be with­ drawn on 31 October, 1978.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 37 years old. The 25c stamp depicts the discovery of the northern islands of the Hawaiian group on 18 January 1778. The 80c stamp features the British flag against an island background. The flag of the period is shown, without the diagonal red cross of St Patrick, which was not added until 1801. Norfolk Island’s previously issued Cook stamps are: a 10c stamp on 3 June 1969 to mark the bicentenary of the observation of the transit of Venus across the sun by Captain Cook, in Tahiti; 5c and 10c stamps on 29 April 1970 to com­ memorate the bicentenary of Cook’s discovery of Eastern Australia; a 35c stamp on 17 January 1973 to commemorate the bicentenary of Cook’s Antarctic explorations; and 7c, 10c, 14c and 25c stamps on 8 October 1974 to commemorate the bicentenary of Cook’s discovery of Norfolk Island. Norfolk’s second stamp issue for this year was a set of four stamps commemorating the 50th an­ niversary of the Girl Guides in Norfolk Island. The stamps of 18c, 25c, 35c and 45c values, issued on 22 February 1978, are self-adhesive free-forms in the shape of Norfolk Island. The 18c value shows the World flag; the 25c value, the medal honouring the late Lady Baden- Poweil; the 35c value, the patron, Queen Elizabeth 11; and the 45c value, the Scarf badge. Stamp size is 44mm x 47mm (free-form), prin­ ted by Walsall Security and designed by Adele Davison. No withdrawal date for the Girl Guides issue has been announced.

W IW W W W W W l'

PAPUA N E W FAPUAJNHEW QUINEA

PAPUA N E W

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Papua New Guinea issued a set of four stamps A souvenir folder containing the four stamps is featuring “skinks” (lizards) on 25 January 1978. available. The stamps measure 41. 1 mm x 25.7 The set is part of the Flora and Fauna Conser­ mm in sheets of 50. They were printed by Helio vation series. The stamps feature colourful skinks Courvoisier S.A. Switzerland on official white commonly found in the jungles and bushes of paper with coloured silk fibres. The designer was coastal and island regions of Papua New Guinea. Terry Nolan. Withdrawal date is 25 July 1978. The denominations and subjects are:

lOt Emoia caeruleocauda — Blue-tailed WESTERN SAMOA skink. 15t Lamprolepis smargadina — Green tree Western Samoa issued a set of four Christmas skink. stamps and a souvenir sheet on 11 October 1977. 35t Tribolonotus gracillis — Crocodile skink. Denominations and subjects are: 4 sene, Samoan 40t Tiliqua gigas — New Guinea Blue- tongued skink. (Continued on page 44)

Page 38 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Sabatier mention the strain and tension imposed on small, closely-knit communities by the introduction of a rival religious operation vying for souls. Convinced of the superiority of Catholicism, Sabatier, like Pacific Reading his colleagues, is unable to concede or prevent the personal tragedies and anguish their belated arrival in the islands im­ posed. Clearly in some of the Gilbert islands the Catholics were very successful despite previous widespread conversions to Protestantism, but no reasons, except of a theological nature, are given for this triumph. Nor is the signal failure of Book Reviews the mission in the neighbouring Ellice ever discussed. Conver­ sions are not analysed within a political and social context; Astride the Equator: An Account of the Gilbert rather, Sabatier offers potted anecdotal accounts of the lives Islands. of the missionary fathers on the different islands and the conversions they affected. As primary material the second part of Astride the Equator is useful, but it does not con­ By Ernest Sabatier, translated from the French by Ursula Nixon, with a foreword, endnotes and bibliography by H.E. Maude — Oxford stitute a complete history of Catholicism in the Gilberts for University Press, Melbourne, 1977. $23.50. the period under review. For all the chapters in this book, Maude’s endnotes are in­ valuable to correct and expand Sabatier’s work and to offer Sous iequateur du Pacifique. the original French version of the reader further sources of information for subjects Sabatier Astride the Equator, was published in 1939 by Ernest only mentions. It is clear from these endnotes — the substan­ Sabatier, a Sacred Heart missionary who arrived in the tial bibliography of works on the Gilberts which Maude also Gilberts in 1912 and worked there until his death in 1965. compiled — that Maude is the world authority on the area. Sabatier’s knowledge and understanding of the islands and This unrivalled expertise is the result of long service in the their inhabitants are fully and fascinatingly revealed, but his islands followed by years of exhaustive and scrupulous calling and the time of the publication of the original text research into all aspects of Gilbertese history. At the price have both left their imprint on the work. Professor H.E. Oxford University Press is charging for this book it is unlikely Maude, in his foreword to the English translation of the book, that many tourists to the area will be tempted to buy it (as excuses the more acerbic and sectarian of Sabatier’s remarks Maude suggests), while Pacific historians still need a more about his Protestant rivals, as symptomatic of a period less scholarly and rounded history of this island group. Such ecumenically oriented than today. Maude believes that historians greatly hope that Professor H.E. Maude will draw Sabatier would have removed such comments had the book on his knowledge gained over a lifetime and write the been published in the 1960s or later. But nothing, one feels, definitive history of the Gilberts.n would have assailed Sabatier’s belief in the superiority, and the ultimate and unique truth of Roman Catholicism, and this Caroline Ralston absolute faith permeates Sabatier’s work, colouring his per­ Macquarie University ception of the Gilbertese as well as their Protestant pastors. He is incapable of analysing traditonal Gilbertese culture as TWO ON TOURISM a valid entity in its own right. He is patronizing and dismissive about Gilbertese religious beliefs, while the prac­ IN THE PACIFIC tice of adoption is denounced as unnatural and inimical to the spread of Catholicism. The value and importance the Gilber­ tese placed upon this practice are nowhere recognized or A new kind of sugar — tourism in the Pacific * examined. Further, Sabatier sees the Gilbertese as childlike and lazy. Where customs and habits inhibit the progress of B.R. Finney and K.A. Watson (edsl The East-West Center, Honolulu conversion to Catholicism Sabatier cannot forget his vocation and Center for South Pacific Studies, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Califor­ nia 2nd Edn., 1977. Pp.x +262. US$5.75 to give a more objective and analytical account of Gilbertese culture. This is a reprint, by the Centre for South Pacific Studies, Santa Cruz, of a monograph originally published in 1975 by However, on aspects of culture less vital to the progress of the East-West Center. It contains a selection of papers presen­ the Faith, Sabatier offers detailed and most interesting infor­ ted at a workshop on the subject ‘The Impact of Tourist mation. This is particularly true of his discussion of the Development of Pacific Island Countries” held in Honolulu in ceremonies and practices of a traditional poet/orator. This ac­ 1974, and attended by staff members from Pacific universities count of traditional Gilbertese culture, preceded by two very and research institutions undertaking or interested in research detailed chapters on the island environment and their florain Pacific tourism together with policy-makers and planners and fauna constitute the first part (nine chapters)Astride of from Pacific Islands. A major objective of the workshop was the Equator. to identify the kind of research, and ways of distributing the results, that would promote more effective planning and The second section (eleven chapters) is a valuable first development of the tourist industry in the region. The un­ hand account of the history of the Catholic mission to the derlying premise of the meeting was that “there must be a Gilberts from 1888 to 1939. Sabatier draws on a wealth of in­ local capability for planning tourist development if island timate, inside information to present the progress of Catholicism in the islands, which had already been suc­ cessfully evangelized by Protestant missionaries, several years * The phrase describing tourism as "a new kind of sugar" was used by a Hawaiian clergyman, the Rev. Abraham Akaka, to reflect the fact that tourism is replacing farming as the basis for before the Catholics arrived in the group. Only once does the Islands' economy.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 39 I

governments are to be able to channel the growth of tourism Kent, and others, sufficient proof of the dangers of tourism? so that it provides maximum net economic, social and cultural That may be so, but is perhaps too harsh and cynical a benefits for the island populations " (p. vi). judgement. There is evidence that many Pacific leaders and planners are becoming increasingly aware of the dangers of The monograph comprises 21 papers and is divided into tourism and are anxious not to repeat the mistakes and ex­ three main sections — an overview; case studies; and a final cesses of Hawaii, not to mention the Caribbean. The policy of section on alternatives and solutions. The case studies are for “controlled tourism” followed by the Governments of Western French Polynesia, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Cook Islands and Papua New Guinea is a reflec­ Micronesia and Hawaii. Hawaii is given the greatest tion of this concern. prominence; there are eight papers accounting for 86 pages in all. This emphasis on Hawaii is understandable because of the At any rate, the general conclusions of the workshop already highly developed nature of tourism in that island andpapers are guardedly optimstic. A healthy tourist industry its possible lessons for the relative newcomers in the rest of which promotes the national interest is possible. The iden­ the Pacific region. tification of basic problems in tourist development and the formulation of appropriate strategies and techniques for development are vital first steps. Other essential measures Most of the papers are of high quality and contain much suggested by some of the participants at the workshop include valuable information. This is particularly true of the paper by more applied research in vital areas such as the social, M. Fox (‘The Social Impact of Tourism — A Challenge to psychological and cultural aspects of tourism; more par­ Researchers and Planners”) which brings together many ticipation by local people in all phases of tourism; the revealing citations of indigenous opinion and views about thepromotion of the small-scale indigenous hotel sector as an industry. The paper by N. Kent (“A New Kind of Sugar”) is a alternative to massive hotel projects; public education on substantial piece tracing the development of tourism in tourism; and a more effective control of international-con­ Hawaii and pointing out some of the social, cultural and en­trolled hotel chains and airlines. By discovering and following vironmental problems that have accompanied it. Similarly, the the right formula it may be possible for the Pacific Region to analyses by J. Sarny (“Crumbs from the Table? The Workers' contain and control the tourist monster and thereby stop the Share in Tourism"X C. Robineau (‘The Tahitian Economy New Kind of Sugar turning sour. and Tourism"X and T. LeFevre (“Rarotonga Airport: A Preliminary View of the Possible Balance Sheet”) provide Dr. Te'o Ian Fairbairn much information and food for thought on tourism as ex­SPC Economist perienced by particular countries.

Some of the papers are of somewhat peripheral interest to The social and economic impact of tourism on the main subject of the workshop, though solid pieces of Pacific communities. work in their own right, as, for example, the paper by J.E. Ritchie which deals in almost poetic fashion with the problem B.H. Farrell (ed) 1977. Centre for South Pacific Studies, of cultural continuity among the New Zeland Maoris. Others, University of California, Santa Cruz. 1977. ix ' + 141. such as the paper by R.J. May on the artifacts industry in Papua New Guinea, are fairly light and basically short of sub­ Tourism is not every Pacific Islander's cup of tea. It is a stantial research. One or two contributions tend to be over­ subject which can send the emotions flying and arouse zealous in support of tourism as a means of economic passions, sentiments and even a few blind spots. There are salvation for Pacific Island economies. Examples are the some people, such as tourist developers and hotel operators, papers by C. Kloke on “South Pacific Economies and who see it as a vital industry capable of earning scarce Tourism” and by M.S. Alba on “Education for Tourism.” The foreign exchange and promoting much-needed local em­ latter paper goes so far as to say that given the potential of ployment. There are others who worry about its promised tourism in the Pacific, it follows that “.... education must be fruits and who fear the possible consequences on their local education for tourist development" (p. 259) — a statement culture, social systems and the environment. How to reconcile which would horrify most Pacific Islanders. these seemingly opposing viewpoints is a problem requiring of economic planners the skills and tact of a latter-day Solomon. The final section — three papers on the subject of “Alter­ natives and Solutions” — is disappointing. The papers cover The need to come to grips with this problem was a major marketing, physical planning and education for tourism, butrationale for a seminar on the social and economic impact of in a most uninspiring and artificial way. Further, no attempt tourism on Pacific communities which was held in May 1975 is made in this section to integrate and sum up the main fin­under the auspices of the Center for South Pacific Studies, dings of the workshop nor to touch on possible policy im­ Santa Cruz (California). The basic aim, to paraphrase the plications. One awaits with interest the workshop recommen­ words of the editor, was to “ . . . bring together a diversity of dations (and proceedings) which, I believe, are to be experience . . . to focus on Pacific tourism". The seminar in­ published separately. volved spokespersons from all the major sectors of Pacific tourism — developers, hotel operators, airline representatives, After reading the collection, one is left somewhat concer­ consular officials, government travel representatives, planners ned and perplexed about the state of tourist development intour agents and representatives of Pacific countries. the region. Have we, in the name of economic development, let loose a Pandora's box of strange and unfamiliar creatures In general, the seminar did succeed in giving the viewpoin­ wth the ability to sting, infect and destroy? Are not the ts, perspectives and positions of the various groups and sub­ tourist-hatched horrors of Hawaii — the concrete jungle, high groups in attendance. However, the 38 published papers are and rising crime rates, drug addiction, prostitution, gambling,unusually short (average less than two pages each) and all too environmental degradation, over-powerful and oligopolistic often one is left stranded in midstream seeking more detail on airline and hotel chains and the like, as recounted by N. a particular country experience, a further elaboration of an

Page 40 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 idea or a development of a particular problem. In addition, The book aims “to stimulate intellectual curiosity and not all interested groups were represented. Among those practical application . . . the former in food administrators, lacking were ordinary workers from the industry and environ­ agricultural planners and applied nutritionists. The latter in mentalists. educators, caretakers, cultivators and housekeepers." It un­ folds the arguments, explains the materials and comments Papers presented by representatives from Hawaii, New on the cultivation and household preparation of leaf Zealand and Australia give many insights and snippets of in­ resources. It is not a purely agricultural document but formation on the experiences of these countries, which have shows the application of horticulture and its effects. It is highly developed tourist sectors. Perhaps the most interesting an intelligent introduction for the use of public health of­ papers, however, were those given by Pacific Island par­ ficials, educators, nutritionists and home economists in a ticipants — particularly from American Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti, field where documentation is often too technical or one­ Tonga and Western Samoa. One reads of the disappointing sided. financial returns from tourism in Fiji and Western Samoa; the deliberate slowing down in Fiji; and the general desire to in­ This book is of special relevance to the situation in the volve a broader cross-section of the public in tourist develop­ Pacific. When we know that the total number of wild ment. These and related issues could have been developed tropical plants used as edible greens exceed 1,500 species, and treated much more thoroughly than was the case. we wonder why the Pacific Islands should witness an in­ The contributions by tourist promoters and airline crease in nutritional problems (especially in children due operators are somewhat predictable. However, occasional ob­ to protein and vitamin deficiencies) when the solutions and servations on important facets of the industry are useful. preventive measures can be found in every garden and bush.D They include references to problems of airline monopolies; high cost of travel in the region; airline schedules and landing Bushra labre rights; and the possibility of more equitable sharing of the financial benefits of the industry. These are important SPC Health Education Officer questions affecting tourist development in the whole region, and ones over which Pacific countries themselves have very * * * little control. The seminar was, in short, a useful experiment which- should be followed further. The published papers illuminate The SI for the health professions. the viewpoints of various tourist interests and draw attention Geneva, World Health Organization, 1977. to the need for more facts and applied research work on cer­ 75 pages US$2.25 (French edition in preparation.) tain facets of the industry, including social, economic and psychological aspects. The publication also emphasises the Much has been written about the use of the Systeme in­ need for a bigger effort to involve local populations in the ternational dTJnites (SI units) in medicine, and in some planning, management and operation of the industry. All this quarters there has been hesitation to adopt it owing to the should make for a healthier, more “humanistic” industry. One supposed difficulty of the change. This difficulty, however, commends the efforts of the Center for South Pacific Studies is much less than is often thought, despite the changes in in initiating this venture.□ habits that it involves. Te'o Ian Fairbum In May 1977 the Thirtieth World Health Assembly, con­ Economist sisting of the representatives of some 150 governments, recommended the use of the SI “by the entire scientific community, and particularly the medical community * * * throughout the world". The delegates to the Health Assem­ bly took this action because of the need for a universal Tropical leaf vegetables in human nutrition. language of measurement to facilitate the international ex­ By H.A.P.C. Oomen and G.J.H. Grubben, Koninklijk Institut voor change of health information. At the same time they de Tropen, Amsterdam, 1977. 72fl. requested the preparation of an authoritative description of the SI and of its practical application in the health "How come that in the story of a world conqueror like professions, to help implement the change to the new cassava so much attention has been paid to the calorie system of units of measurement. stream from the roots and so little to the qualities of the leaves? Are the humid tropics not sufficiently evergreen to A pocket-size book. The SI for the health professions. meditate how humans could take better nutritional advan­ has just been published by the World Health Organization tage of leaf production?" in response to that request. It has been written in a style that makes it suitable for use by all health professionals — The main theme of the book is to draw attention to the specialists, general practitioners, clinical chemists, nurses, many varieties of green leaves in the tropics which could and laboratory technicians, to name but a few. The first be used much more efficiently to safeguard the life of part of the book is a complete description of the SI, while humans, to protect their health, to promote their well the remainder deals with its practical application in dif­ being and to upgrade their kitchens. This includes ferent medical specialties. Particular attention is given to specifically the young children and pregnant and lactating clinical chemistry, the field in which the change to SI units women who are most vulnerable as regards health. The has the greatest effect, but haematology, physiology, and essential nutrients that are found in the leafy vegetables radiology are also covered. provide a protective function in supplementing the limited diet of these groups. (Continued on page 44)

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 41 Theses and Dissertations on the South Pacific m t . i . ' f e y ' / rfutia Compiled by Dr W. G. Coppell, School of Education, »Mi:ii 111* '■ i! Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.

The list is being compiled by Dr W. G. Coppell of Mac­ complete reference not available elsewhere. All corres­ quarie University, who hopes that any theses not included pondence should be directed to him, c/o South Pacific will be brought to his notice so that scholars may have a Commission, B.P. D5, Noumea Ced?x, New Caledonia.

FRENCH POLYNESIA — 3

MUZEREAU, M. Jean PITT, David C. L’Evolution monetaire des colonies franfaises entre 1940 et 1945. Economic development and community in selected contemporary Universite de Paris, 1948. These de droit. Polynesian Societies. Oxford University, 1964. B.Litt. NADEAU, Jean Plantes usuelles des Tahitiens PLOT, Bernadette Academie de Montpellier, 1864. These de medecine. L ’interpretation philosophique de I’Oceanie dans la litterature franfaise du XVIII siecle. Universite de Paris. 1971. These 3° cycle. NEWBURY, Colin Walter The contribution o f French navigators to exploration and expansion in PRAT, Jean Joseph Marie the Pacific, 1767-1853. Considerations pratiques sur quelques cas chirurgicaux qui sont University of New Zealand (Otago) 1952. M.A. presentes a nous dans notre sejour a Tahiti. Academie de Montpellier, 1959. These medecine. The administration o f French Oceania, 1842-1906 Australian National University, 1956. Ph.D. (Tahiti, Moorea, PROUST, Jean Francois Armand Marquesas). Voyage en Oceanie, 1848-1852 Universite de Paris, 1858. These de Doctorat en medecine. O’COURT, Mary Elizabeth PURCELL, David Campbell Jr. The insular Tahiti o f W.O. Mitchell and R.W. Emerson vs The Japanese expansion in the South Pacific, 1890-1935. appalling ocean o f S. Ross and H Melville. University of Pennsylvania, 1967. Ph.D. (Makatea) University of Toronto 1966. M.A. PUSCH, Dagmar ODERMANN, Aisela Erster Kulturkontakt der Polynesier mit Europaern. Betrachet an Der Eingeborenenhandel in der Siidsee. Hand einheimischer Quellen. Universitiit Frankfurt Am Main 1953. Phil. Fak. Diss (Mangareva; Freie Universitat Berlin, 1955. Phil. Fak. Diss. (Gambier Is; Society Marquesas; Society Is.) Is .) OTTINO, Marimari Sites and settlements in Hane Valley, Marquesas. RALSTON, Caroline University of Hawaii, 1968 M.A. Pacific beach communities o f the nineteenth century. Australian National University, 1970. Ph.D. (Papeete). OTTINO, Paul Parente etendue residences et terres a Rangiroa (Archipel des Tuamotus). RENON, Jean-Pierre Universite de Paris, 1969, These Lettres. L’atoll de Mururoa. Etude comparee du plancton du logon et des abords exterieurs. PANOFF, Michel Universite d’Orleans, 1971. Doctorat de 3° cycle (biologie applique). La terre et l'organisation sociale en Polynesie centrale. Universite de Paris, 1964. These de 3° cycle. RINGON, Gerard Une commune de Tahiti a I’heure du Centre d ’Experimentation du PAPY, H. Pacifique: Faaa: une sociologie du present. Tahiti et les lies voisines: La vegetation des lies de la Societe et de Universite Rene Descartes, Paris 1971. Doctorat de 3° cycle Makatea. (litterature). Universite de Toulouse. PETARD, Paul Henri RIVEN, P. Quelques plantes utiles a la Polynesie franfaise: pteridophytes et L ’ancienne civilisation de Rurutu, ties Australes, Polynesie franyaise monocotyledones. periode classique. Universite d’Aix-Marseilles, 1960. These Universite pharmacie. Universite de Paris, 1965. These de 3° cycle.

Page 42 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN. SECOND QUARTER, 1978 ROSE, Roger Gene SIMON, Jean The material culture o f ancient Tahiti. La Polynesie dans Part et la litterature de I’occident. Harvard University, 1972. Ph.D. maps, pis. Universite de Paris, 1939. These complimentaire lettres. ROSEN, Leon SLUIS, I. Van der Observations on the epidemiology o f ftlariasis in French Oceania. The treponematosis o f Tahiti: its origin and evolution. A study o f the John Hopkins University 1953. Ph.D. sources. Universitat Amsterdam, 1969. B.M. ROTHSCHILD, Ruth Deborah A study in the problems o f the self-portraits o f Gauguin SMITH, Bernard William Columbia University 1961. Ph.D. A study o f European art and related ideas in contact with the Pacific 1768-1850. ROUE, Daniel Australian National University, 1957. Ph.D. La Commission du Paciftque Sud et I’epidemiologie des affections dentaire des differentes lies relevant de sa competence. SORENSON, John Leon Universite de Montpellier I. 1976. Doctoral en chirurgie dentaire. Evidences o f culture contacts between Polynesia and The Americas in pre-Columbian times. ROULSTON, Charles Robert Brigham Young University 1952. M.A. (Society Is.) Eden and the lotus-eaters. A critical study at the South sea writings o f Frederick O’Brien, James Norman Hall and Robert Dean Frisbie. SPARKS, Robert William University of Maryland, 1966. Ph.D. Polynesian tattooing: The techniques iconography, patronage, profession and esthetics. RUSSIER, Henri University of Hawaii, 1965. M.A. (Marquesas). Le portage de I’Ocean ie Universite de Paris, 1905. These de lettres. SPERRAZZA, Joseph Thornes Reef foraminifera o f Raroia Atoll, French Oceania (Pacific Ocean). SAHLINS, Marshall D. University of New York, 1954. M.Sc. Social Stratification in Polynesia. Columbia University 1954. Ph.D. (Mangareva, Society Islands, STIGLMAYR, Engelbert Tahiti). Schamanismus in Polynesien Universitat Wien, 1956. Phil. Fak. Diss. (Mangareva; Marquesas; SALTER, Moira Joan Paumotus; Tahiti, Tubuai.) An aggregative survey o f selected Pacific Islands. University of Western Australia, 1967. M.Ec. STOLLER, Marianne An analysis o f culture change on the island o f Tahiti due to European SCHEFFRAHN, Wolfgang contact, 1796-1842. Tangaroa: Ein Beitrag ziir polynesischen Religionsgeschichte University of Pennsylvania, 1961. Ph.D. Universitat Tubingen, 1963. Phil. Fak. Diss. (Austral Is., Mangareva; Marquesas; Tuamotus) SUGGS, Robert Carl The archaeology o f Nuku, Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. SCHOCH, Alfred Columbia University, 1959. Ph.D. Rituelle menschentotungen in Polynesien. Ein Beitrag ziir Frage der Menschenopfer unter Beriicksichtung der kullurellen, soziologischen TALANDIER, Jacques und wirtschaft lichen Struktur dieser unter dem ethnologischen Etude el prevision des Tsunamis en Polynesie franfaise. A l’aide Sammelbegrijf “ Polynesische Kultur" zu sammengefaster d'ondes sismiques. Bevokerungsgruppe auf dem Inseln der Siidsee. Universite de Paris VI, 1971. Doctorat d’Universite (Sciences Universitat Frieburg 1954. Phil. Fak. Diss. (Marquesas; Tuamotus.) Physiques).

SCHOLEFIELD, Guy Hardy TANG, You Liang The Pacific, its past and future and the policy o f the great powers from Essai sur les mouvements de la population dans Vocean Paciftque. the eighteenth century. Universite de Toulouse, 1934. Doctorat en droit. University of London, 1919, D.Sc. SCHORI, Dieter TEILHET, Jehanne Hildegarde Das Floss in Ozeanien. Formen, Funktion und Verbreitung des Flosses The influence o f Polynesian culture and art on the works o f Paul und flossartiger Schwimmkorper in der Siidsee. Gauguin 1891-1903 Georg-August-Universitat 24 Gottingen, 1959. Phil. Fak. Diss. University of California (Los Angeles), 1975. Ph.D. (Austral Is.. Mangareva; Marquesas; Society Is., Tuamotus) TETARIA, Charles SCHUTZMEISTER, Philipp. Reflexions epidemiologiques a propos de revolution de la filariose a Der Mensch auf den Atollen der Siidsee in seiner Abhangigkeil von der Tahiti apres 25 ans de tulle anti-fllarienne. Landschaft hinsichtlich Sielung, Wirtschaft und Verkehr. Universite de Rennes, 1974. Doctorat d'etat (Medecine). Universitat Hamburg, 1932. Phil. Fak. Diss. (Tuamotus) SERVIN, Manuel TISCHNER, Herbert The act o f sovereignly in the age o f discovery. Die Verbreitung der Hausformen in Ozeanien University of Southern California, 1959. Ph.D. (Clipperton Is., Universitat Hamburg, 1934. Phil. Fak. Diss. Marquesas) UPLEGGER, Helga SHAPIRO, Harry Lionel Der sakrale Fiirst auf Tahiti, Hawaii und Tonga: zum sakralen A study o f race mixture as exemplified in the descendants o f Tahitians Konigtum in Polynesien and the English mutineers o f the "Bounty". Universitat Mainz, 1960. Phil. Fak. Diss. Harvard University 1926. Ph.D. URBAN, Manfred SHEAHAN, George Maurice Die Haustiere der Polynesie: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte der The Marquesas o f the South Sea — a study in change. Siidsee University of Cambridge, 1955. M.Litt. Georg-Augustus-Universitat Zu Gottingen 1961. Phil. Fak. Diss.

SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUARTER. 1978 Page 43 VERIN, Pierre L'ancienne civilisation de Rurutu (Polynesie franyaise). La civilisation insulaire polynesienne des Australes d ’apres I’archeologie, I’histoire el (Continued from page 38) les traditions. Universite de Paris, 1970. Doctorat de 3° cycle. VOLK, Winfried Die entdeckung Tahitis und das Wunschbild der Seligen Inseln in der deutschen Literatur. Universitat Heidelberg, 1934. Phil. Fak. Diss. WARD, John Manning Development o f British policy in the islands o f the South Pacific to 1893. A study in British policy towards the islands o f the South Pacific white they remained unannexed to any European power, with special reference after 1875 to the emergence o f the Western Pacific High Commission. University of Sydney, 1945. M.A. WHITEHEAD, Gillian Polynesian musical instruments University of Sydney, 1966. M.Mus.

(Continued from page 41) One of the most useful features of the book is a long list of factors for converting values in traditional units into values in SI units in the specialties mentioned above. For the most frequent performed tests, tables of equivalent values in traditional and SI units are provided, making mathematical conversions unnecessary. In addition, nomograms are printed on the back cover for convenient quick reference. Nativity; 6 sene; the offering; 26 sene. Madonna All material in the book dealing directly with SI units and Child; 50 sene, Emmanuel; the souvenir sheet has been approved by the Bureau international des Poids incorporates the four stamp designs. Details of the et Mesures, the central office of the intergovernmental issue are: body that developed the SI. The book is the only inter­ Stamp size — 25.6 mm x 38.48 mm; sheet con­ national description of the SI for the health professions to tent — 25; paper — Kava bowl watermark; prin­ have been published with such approval. The sections ter Questa Colour multicolour lithography; local dealing with the practical application of the new units designs were adapted by John Waddington studios. The withdrawal date was 11 April 1978. were prepared in cooperation with the International Com­ Samoa issued three series of commemoratives mittee for Standardization in Haematology, the International in the first half of 1978. Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, the In­ An Aviation Progress set of four printed in ternational Federation of Clinical Chemistry, and the Com­ Spain by Heraclio Fournier, designed by E.W. mission on Quantities and Units in Clinical Chemistry of Roberts of Australia, was released on 21 March. the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, The four values and a souvenir sheet of the same and have been approved by these bodies. stamps are in photogravure on Fournier's As a result, The SI for the health professions is the most tropically gummed paper. Designs are: — authoritative account of the subject that is available for the medical and allied professions.^ 12 sene — Polynesian Airlines Boeing 737 at Apia’s international airport. 24 sene — Kitty Hawk (Wright Brothers) WHERE TO PURCHASE BOOKS 26 sene — Kingsford-Smith’s “Southern Cross” — first trans-Pacific flight. 50 sene — British Airways Concorde. We receive many enquiries from people in the Two Wildlife stamps released on 14 April drew islands concerning the purchase of publications attention to the Hawksbill turtle, an endangered reviewed in these pages. The main purpose in in­ species. A turtle hatchery established at Aleipata cluding such reviews is to acquaint teachers, in Samoa during 1971 is shown on the 24 sene. educationists, departmental officers, and others in The $1 shows a closeup of the Hawksbill turtle. the Pacific area with details of new books which The stamps were printed in lithography by we feel may be of interest or assistance to them. Questa, London. Samoa participates in the omnibus 25th An­ Apart from its own publications, however, the niversary of the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth Publications Bureau does NOT stock for resale with se-tenant sets of three stamps, issued on 21 copies of the books reviewed; all enquiries for the April, doubled on a souvenir sheet. This format purchase of such publications should be made creates six 26 sene stamps per sheet. The three either to your local bookseller or direct to the different designs show the Kings Lion, the publisher concerned. Queen’s portrait, and the Pacific Pigeon.o

Page 44 SOUTH PACIFIC BULLETIN, SECOND QUART ER. 1978 Who needs this book? YOU need this book!

You need Fish Poisoning in the South Pacificnow. It can save lives, protect public health, aid the economy. Nearly 10 per cent of the people in some South Pacific territories suffer permanent effects from ichthyosarcotoxism— that’s fish poisoning. Just the threat of poisoning limits fish consumption, helps cause diet deficiencies. Fish poisoning harms the economy, too. Causes absenteeism. Prevents the building of canning factories for lagoon fish. But little is known about it. Fish Poisoning in the South Pacificsums up present knowledge of ichthyosarcotoxism. Text, in English and French on facing pages, describes: • symptoms, diagnosis and clinical effects • species of toxic fish and their distribution • origin and nature of toxic compounds • fish identification • treatment of victims. Forty-four full-colour plates, captioned with local names where known, identify toxic fish in your area. The author is Dr R. Bagnis, Head of the Medical Oceanography Section, I’lnstitut de Recherches Medicales Louis Malarde, French Polynesia. For your personal, communal and economic welfare— you need this book! FILL IN THE ORDER FORM BELOW AND SEND IT TO US TODAY.

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