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„Konečného Řešení“ a Konference Ve Wannsee Tomáš Sak

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„Konečného Řešení“ a Konference Ve Wannsee Tomáš Sak Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Diplomová práce Otázka takzvaného „konečného řešení“ a konference ve Wannsee Tomáš Sak Plzeň 2017 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra historických věd Studijní program Historické vědy Studijní obor Moderní dějiny Diplomová práce Otázka takzvaného „konečného řešení“ a konference ve Wannsee Tomáš Sak Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Roman Kodet, Ph.D. Katedra historických věd Filozofická fakulta Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2017 Tímto bych chtěl poděkovat panu PhDr. Romanu Kodetovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení práce, cenné rady a připomínky, které mi během psaní poskytoval. Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, duben 2017 ……………………… Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Situace před druhou světovou válkou ...................................................................... 11 1.1 Nástup Adolfa Hitlera a nacistická ideologie ................................................... 11 1.2 Perzekuce židovského obyvatelstva a Norimberské rasové zákony ................ 14 1.3 Akce T4 ............................................................................................................ 22 2 Počáteční léta války ................................................................................................. 30 2.1 První deportace a přesídlování evropských Židů ............................................. 30 2.2 Ghetta ............................................................................................................... 39 2.3 Počáteční plány „konečného řešení“ po invazi do Sovětského svazu .............. 43 2.4 Jednotky Einsatzgruppen ................................................................................. 48 3 Tábory ve Třetí říši .................................................................................................. 56 3.1 Koncentrační tábory ......................................................................................... 56 3.2 Vyhlazovací tábory .......................................................................................... 59 4 Konference ve Wannsee .......................................................................................... 67 4.1 Průběh jednání .................................................................................................. 67 4.2 Důsledky konference ve Wannsee ................................................................... 73 4.3 Realita versus výsledky konference ................................................................. 77 Závěr ............................................................................................................................... 79 Seznam zkratek a vysvětlivek ......................................................................................... 87 Bibliografie ..................................................................................................................... 89 Resumé česky ................................................................................................................. 92 Resumé anglicky ............................................................................................................. 93 Seznam příloh ................................................................................................................. 94 Přílohy ............................................................................................................................. 95 Úvod Student se v této diplomové práci věnoval otázce takzvaného „konečného řešení“ a konferenci ve Wannsee, přičemž převážná část práce se zabývala rozhodnutím o genocidě a jen v závěru je popsána samotná konference, neboť pro dané téma nebyla až tak důležitá, jak se může zpočátku zdát. Toto jednání z ledna 1942 totiž jen spíše symbolicky ukončovalo proces, který se začal utvářet již před rokem 1933. Autor si toto téma vybral z toho důvodu, aby lépe pochopil, na jakých principech fungoval holocaust a jak se v průběhu času utvářel. Zároveň se pokusil o bližší určení data, kdy bylo rozhodnuto o „konečném řešení“ židovské otázky a jakým způsobem tak bylo učiněno. Současně se snažil vyvrátit mýtus, jenž panuje v laické veřejnosti o tom, že samotné rozhodnutí padlo právě na konferenci ve Wannsee. Autor se tak postupně přemisťoval po časové přímce od roku 1933, kdy se moci chopila NSDAP v čele s Adolfem Hitlerem, do roku 1942, respektive do roku 1943, kdy masové organizované vyhlazování židovského národa již probíhalo. Postupně se tak zaobíral jednotlivými etapami, které nakonec vyvrcholily vyvražděním 6 milionů osob židovského původu. Každou fázi tohoto procesu podrobně rozebral a uvedl konkrétní statistické údaje, pro lepší představivost čtenáře. Student zároveň vysvětlil, jakým způsobem se v konkrétní době vraždění provádělo, z čehož plyne, že pro lepší orientaci uvedl příklady ghett, koncentračních a vyhlazovacích táborů a zároveň představil jednotky Einsatzgruppen, které měly na celém tomto procesu nemalou zásluhu. Autor musel bezpochyby rovněž vysvětlit, proč označení Židé, píše s velkým písmenem. Je to z toho důvodu, že Židy bere jako samostatný národ a ne jen jako členy náboženského vyznání. Stejně to totiž chápala i nacistická ideologie, která je navíc ještě blíže kategorizovala jako „podřadnou“ lidskou rasu. Student strukturu práce rozdělil do několika kapitol a podkapitol, v nichž rozebíral jednotlivé fáze, které vyvrcholily tzv. konečným řešením židovské otázky. V první části se věnoval době od nástupu Adolfa Hitlera k moci a uzavíral ji před vypuknutím druhé světové války. Zde autor čtenáře seznámil s tím, jak vůbec vznikla nacistická ideologie a z jakých teorií vycházela. Dozví se tak, že některé tyto myšlenky pocházely již z druhé poloviny 19. století. Základ této ideologie však tvořil převážně antisemitismus a získání tzv. životního prostoru. Další podkapitola seznamuje čtenáře s tím, jak se Hitler dostal k moci a popisuje jeho první kroky, jež židovské obyvatelstvo 6 diskriminovaly. Student tak uvádí jednotlivé zákony, které Židům omezovaly nejrůznější práva od prosté volnosti pohybu, až po zákaz vykonávání určitých profesí. Určitá část této podkapitoly je pak věnována roku 1935 a norimberským rasovým zákonům, které měly na život židovského obyvatelstva významný vliv. Autor jednotlivé zákony analyzoval a uvedl, jaká omezení pro Židy představovaly. Student se zde věnoval i největšímu židovskému předválečnému pogromu, jenž se uskutečnil v podobě Křišťálové noci na konci roku 1938. Čtenář je zde tak obeznámen s celou problematikou této akce. V závěru této podkapitoly je pak popsáno, jak Třetí říše přistupovala k židovské emigraci. V poslední části této kapitoly se autor zabýval projektem T4, kde se nacističtí lékaři věnovali eutanázii. Pro čtenáře je toto téma důležité v tom, aby pochopil, z jakých praktik a zkušeností vycházeli později nacisté při usmrcování milionů lidí. V následující kapitole student rozebral období od počátku druhé světové války do konce roku 1941, kdy se postupně začalo s organizovaným vražděním. V úvodní podkapitole je nastíněn postup Wehrmachtu na polském území a následný problém v podobě získání velkého počtu židovských obyvatel. Čtenářovi tak budou postupně předloženy jednotlivé plány, jež měly nastalou situaci řešit. Student se jako první věnoval plánu Nisko, jež propagovali Himmler s Eichmannem. Následně uvedl, proč tato alternativa ztroskotala a blíže rozvedl projekt s přesunem etnických Němců zpět do Říše, který s židovskou otázkou bezprostředně souvisel. Zde rovněž pro lepší pochopení návaznosti uvedl několik přesunů, kterým předcházely deportace polského a židovského obyvatelstva do Generálního gouvernementu. Zde bude čtenáři doloženo, že v této době tak začaly vznikat zárodky budoucích ghett. Autor se poté postupně přesunul až do léta 1940, kde představil další nacistický plán, v podobě přesunutí Židů na Madagaskar. Následně dokázal, jak byla válka úzce spjata s židovskou otázkou, neboť vysvětlil, že plán Madagaskar se nemohl realizovat z toho důvodu, že Třetí říše nedokázala vojensky porazit Velkou Británii. V tomto směru pokračoval, neboť rozebral, jak byly deportace do ghett ovlivněny přípravami na operaci Barbarossa. V následující podkapitole autor nepatrně odbočil od hlavního tématu, a seznámil čtenáře s jednotlivými ghetty. Popsal, jak tyto komplexy fungovaly a blíže specifikoval život lidí, kteří v nich byli uvěznění. Je to z toho důvodu, aby si čtenář vytvořil postupnou představu, jak se zvyšovala agrese vůči židovskému obyvatelstvu. Toto vše tak ukázal na příkladech ghett ve Varšavě, Lodži a Terezíně. 7 V další podkapitole se autor zaobíral situací, která panovala na sovětském území po operaci Barbarossa. Zde již představoval první plány na „konečné řešení“ židovské otázky a objasňoval přípravy, které tomu předcházely. Věnoval se tak převážně pokusům, které hledaly nejefektivnější způsob usmrcení. Zároveň zde čtenáři dokázal, že již na podzim 1941 se začalo s výstavbou prvních vyhlazovacích táborů, z čehož plyne, že o židovské otázce již muselo být v této době rozhodnuto. V poslední části této stěžejní kapitoly se student věnoval jednotkám Einsatzgruppen a jejich činnosti. Zde čtenáři objasnil, že již akce těchto skupin, byly součástí holocaustu. Postupně rozebral strukturu těchto oddílů a představil úkoly, které měly. Samozřejmě neopomněl uvést značné množství konkrétních pogromů, kterých se dopustily, aby čtenáři ukázal,
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