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FAS Unterrichtsmaterial Matthias Heyl · Unterrichtsmaterialien zur Ausstellung »Das Theresienstadt-Konvolut« des Altonaer Museums, 15.2.-21.4.2002 Hintergrundinformation | Theresienstadt D1 Theresienstadt Die 1780 gegründete re Bewachung von Theresienstadt erfolgte österreichische Festungsstadt Theresienstadt durch tschechische Gendarmerie. in Nordböhmen diente ab November 1941 als Internierungslager für Juden aus Böhmen Im Inneren bestand unter Kontrolle der SS und Mähren. Ab Juli 1942 war Theresien- Selbstverwaltung, unter den »Judenältesten« stadt als »Altersghetto« Ziel der Deportation Jacob Edelstein (Dezember 1941-Januar deutscher und österreichischer Juden. Zur 1943), Paul Eppstein (Januar 1943-Septem- gleichen Zeit wurde die nichtjüdische Wohn- ber 1944), und Benjamin Murmelstein (Sep- bevölkerung (3.700 Personen) aus Theresien- tember 1944-Mai 1945). stadt evakuiert. Der für Theresienstadt vor- In Theresienstadt lebten zahlreiche Promi- gesehene Personenkreis aus Deutschland nente, Künstler und Gelehrte (unter ihnen wurde durch Erlass des RSHA (Reichssicher- Leo Baeck), die ein jüdisches Kulturleben heitshauptamt) vom 21.5.1942 definiert: aufrechterhielten. Für den Besuch einer Dele- über 65jährige und über 55 Jahre alte ge- gation des Internationalen Roten Kreuzes brechliche Juden mit Ehegatten, dekorierte (23.7.1944) wurde durch Cafés und Läden, Weltkriegsteilnehmer mit ihren Frauen, jüdi- eine Bank mit Ghettogeld etc. die Illusion sche Partner aus nicht mehr bestehenden einer intakten Judenstadt vermittelt. Im »Mischehen« und solche jüdischen »Mischlin- Sommer 1944 ließen die Nationalsozialisten ge«, die nach den Nürnberger Gesetzen als in Theresienstadt einen Film mit der gleichen Juden galten (sogenannte »Geltungsjuden«). Intention drehen. Er wurde propagandistisch Gleichermaßen Täuschung und Ausplünde- nicht mehr eingesetzt, sein legendärer Titel rung waren die »Heimeinkaufsverträge«, in (»Der Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt«) denen die Deportierten ihre Vermögenswerte ist nicht authentisch. Insgesamt wurden gegen »Betreuung und Pflege« in Theresien- 141.000 Juden nach Theresienstadt depor- stadt abtreten mußten. Ab Januar 1942 war tiert (gegen Kriegsende kamen noch 14.000 Theresienstadt Durchgangsstation für die KZ-Häftlinge aus »Evakuierungstransporten« Vernichtungsstätten im Baltikum und auf dazu), über 75.000 stammten aus der polnischem und weißrussischem Territorium, Tschechoslowakei, 42.345 aus Deutsch- ab Oktober 1942 gingen die Deportationen land, 15.324 aus Österreich, 4.897 aus von Theresienstadt nur noch nach Auschwitz. den Niederlanden, 1.270 aus Polen, Die Lebensbedingungen in Theresienstadt, 1.074 aus Ungarn, 466 aus Dänemark. In wohin u.a. auch Juden aus Dänemark und Theresienstadt starben etwa 33.500 Men- Holland deportiert wurden, waren vernich- schen, in Vernichtungslager deportiert wur- tend. Das Lager unterstand der Zentralstelle den von Theresienstadt aus 88.000 (von für jüdische Auswanderung in Prag, einer ihnen überlebten 3.500). Insgesamt kamen Dienststelle des Befehlshabers der Sicher- 118.000 Menschen ums Leben, 23.000 heitspolizei und des SD (Sicherheitsdienst). wurden gerettet. Theresienstadt wurde am Als eigener Komplex bestand neben dem 8. Mai 1945 durch die Rote Armee befreit. Ghetto in der »Kleinen Festung« unter dem Wolfgang Benz Kommando der Prager Gestapo eine Haftstät- te für politische Gefangene aus dem Protek- Literatur: Adler (1955): Theresienstadt 1941- torat Böhmen und Mähren mit dem Charakter 1945. Das Antlitz einer Zwangsgemeinschaft, eines KZ. Tübingen. Karny / Blodig / Karna [Hg.] (1992): Theresienstadt in der »Endlösung der Kommandanten von Theresienstadt waren die Judenfrage«, Prag. SS-Offiziere Siegfried Seidl (Dezember 1941- Juni 1943), Anton Burger (Juni 1943-Februar Benz / Graml / Weiß [Hg.] (1998): Enzyklo- 1944), Karl Rahm (Februar 1944-Mai 1945), pädie des Nationalsozialismus, S. 757ff [zur die bis auf Burger, der aus der Haft fliehen besseren Lesbarkeit leicht redaktionell bear- konnte, nach dem Krieg in der CSR zum Tode beitet von Matthias Heyl] verurteilt und hingerichtet wurden. Die äuße- Dx Darstellung · Cx Chronik · Quelle · Grundlage / Verweis Forschungs- und Arbeitsstelle (FAS) »Erziehung nach/über Auschwitz« / SterniPark e.V. · www.fasena.de · [email protected] 1 Matthias Heyl · Unterrichtsmaterialien zur Ausstellung »Das Theresienstadt-Konvolut« des Altonaer Museums, 15.2.-21.4.2002 Kurzchronik | Getto Theresienstadt C1 |10. Oktober 1941 erste nachgewiesene 13.000 Menschen, gilt als krank |Juni 1943 Erwähnung des Plans, dort ein Getto einzu- Anton Burger Kommandant |Herbst 1943 richten, in einem Konferenzprotokoll der Na- bis zum Frühjahr 1944 findet eine »Verschö- zis |24. November 1941 erster Transport nerung« des Lagers statt |Februar 1944 tschechischer Juden aus Prag (sogen. »Auf- Karl Rahm Kommandant |23. Juli 1944 Be- baukommando«) |Dezember 1941 Siegfried such einer Delegation des Internationalen Seidl Kommandant / Jacob Edelstein »Jude- Roten Kreuzes |ab August 1944 Dreharbei- nältester« |Januar 1942 erster »Osttrans- ten für einen Propagandafilm |September port« nach Riga mit etwa 2.000 Personen, 1944 Benjamin Murmelstein »Judenältester« erster von 63 Transporten aus Theresienstadt |Herbst 1944 im Getto befinden sich etwa |20. Januar 1942 Erwähnung des Gettos im 11.000 Menschen |5. Februar 1945 1.200 Protokoll zur »Endlösung der Judenfrage« als Juden werden in die Schweiz entlassen |15. »Altersghetto« |Frühjahr 1942 Beginn der April 1945 413 dänische Juden werden nach Massentransporte aus den Städten Böhmens Schweden entlassen |Ende April 1945 etwa und Mährens |Ende Mai 1942 28.887 Ju- 14.000 Häftlinge gelangen am Ende der be- den, etwa ein Drittel der jüdischen Bevölke- rüchtigten »Todesmärsche« aus anderen rungsgruppe aus dem Protektorat, wurden deutschen Konzentrations- und Vernichtungs- bereits nach Theresienstadt deportiert |bis lagern nach Theresienstadt |3. Mai 1945 die Juli 1942 endgültige Räumung von ur- SS übergibt Theresienstadt an einen Vertre- sprünglicher nichtjüdischer Bevölkerung ter des Roten Kreuzes |8. Mai 1945 die Rote |September 1942 die Belegung erreicht mit Armee trifft ein 53.004 Personen ihren Höchststand; 18.639 waren in diesem Monat hinzugekommen, Feuß (2002): Das Theresienstadt-Konvolut, 13.004 in die Vernichtungslager deportiert Hamburg, S. 5-15; Enzyklopädie des Holo- worden, 3.941 starben im Getto - die durch- caust (1993), Bd. III, S. 1403-1407 schnittliche tägliche Todesrate liegt in diesem Monat damit bei 127 Personen |Januar 1943 Paul Eppstein »Judenältester« |Fe- bruar 1943 ein Drittel der Insassen, etwa D2 Zahlen | Getto Theresienstadt |räumliche Ausdehnung: 115.004 m² |insge- Klein Trostinez, in die Vernichtungslager So- samt »durchliefen« 140.000 bis über 150.000 bibor, Majdanek, Treblinka und Auschwitz- Personen das Lager, davon 74.000 Juden aus Birkenau) deportiert |nur etwa 3.000 von dem Gebiet des Protektorats, 42.000-43.000 ihnen haben nachweislich überlebt |ca. aus dem Deutschen Reich (»Altreich«), 33.000-35.000 Insassen starben vor Ort |die 15.000 aus Österreich, 5.000 aus den Nieder- Gesamtzahl der Opfer liegt bei 118.000 Per- landen, 1.500 aus der Slowakei, 1.000-1.150 sonen (ca. 78%-84%). aus Ungarn und 466 aus Dänemark |in der Regel lebten jeweils 30.000 bis 40.000 Men- Enzyklopädie des Holocaust (1993), Bd. III, schen zur selben Zeit im Getto, der Höchst- S. 1403-1407; Benz / Graml / Weiß [Hg.] stand lag im September 1942 bei 53.004 (1998): Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialis- registrierten Personen |87.000-88.000 der mus, S. 757ff Insassen wurden »in den Osten« (Izbica, Dx Darstellung · Cx Chronik · Quelle · Grundlage / Verweis Forschungs- und Arbeitsstelle (FAS) »Erziehung nach/über Auschwitz« / SterniPark e.V. · www.fasena.de · [email protected] 2 Matthias Heyl · Unterrichtsmaterialien zur Ausstellung »Das Theresienstadt-Konvolut« des Altonaer Museums, 15.2.-21.4.2002 Hintergrundinformation | Deportationen aus Hamburg D3 In 17 Deportationstransporten wurden nicht in der Gesamtzahl der aus Hamburg de- Hamburger Juden in die Gettos und Vernich- portierten Juden. Viele sind aus anderen tungslager deportiert. Elf der 17 Transporte Städten, in die sie gezogen waren, oder aus gingen nach Theresienstadt. anderen Ländern, in denen sie Zuflucht ge- sucht hatten, die aber von den Deutschen Datum Ziel Zahl der Nachgewiesene besetzt wurden, deportiert oder vor Ort er- Deportierten Opfer mordet worden. Bekannt sind 542 aus den 25.10.1941 Lodz 1.034 1.016 98,2% Niederlanden, 113 aus Frankreich, 32 aus 08.11.1941 Minsk 968 952 98,3% Belgien und zehn aus Italien deportierte und ermordete Hamburger Jüdinnen und Juden. 18.11.1941 Minsk 407 403 99,0% 140 wurden Opfer der Euthanasie, 319 wähl- 06.12.1941 Riga 753 726 96,4% ten den Suizid, und 2.425 wurden nachweis- 11.07.1942 Auschwitz 300 292 97,3% lich »Opfer anderer Verfolgungsmaßnah- 15.07.1942 Theresienstadt 926 882 95,2% men«, wie es in dem Gedenkbuch für die 19.07.1942 Theresienstadt 771 669 86,8% Hamburger Opfer der Judenverfolgung heißt. 12.02.1943 Auschwitz 24 21 87,5% Insgesamt wurde der Nachweis für 8.877 24.02.1943 Theresienstadt 51 36 70,6% Hamburgerinnen und Hamburger namentlich 10.03.1943 Theresienstadt 50 38 76,0% geführt, die Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung wurden. Man geht aber da- 24.03.1943 Theresienstadt 50 48 96,0% von aus, dass ihre Zahl insgesamt bei etwa 05.05.1943 Theresienstadt 51 32 62,7% 10.000 liegt. 09.06.1943 Theresienstadt 80 66 82,5% 23.06.1943 Theresienstadt 109 91 83,5% 19.01.1944 Theresienstadt 61 20 32,8% C2 Kurzbiografie
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