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Media Coverage of the Arms Deal by the Star and Sowetan

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Media Coverage of the Arms Deal by the Star and Sowetan MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE ARMS DEAL BY THE STAR AND SOWETAN RAGUE, ANNE- MARIE A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Media Studies. Johannesburg, 2010 1 ABSTRACT This research report looks at the coverage of the Strategic Defence Procurement Package by two South African daily newspapers: The Star and Sowetan and ANC president Jacob Zuma alleged involvement to determine whether or not the media were ‘bias’ in their coverage. Using a qualitative approach (thematic and semiotic analysis) as well as a case study approach, this looks at codes and themes within headlines, news articles and editorials for tone (negative or positive), placement (fore-grounded and back-grounded voices and views), emphasis and interpretation, political crisis as well as Jacob Zuma’s image/ personality. Apart from the media representation of the arms deal, this study also analysed how Jacob Zuma used the media to get his message across to the public through the analysis of political speeches for signs of political rhetoric and this include his response to the charges against him, reactions of both his allies (those who openly support him), opponents (whom this study has categorized as those calling for his trial) and organisations or agencies that are considered ‘neutral’- the National Prosecuting Authority and its investigative unit, the Directorate of Special Operations (DSO) (which brought the charges against him), State advocates and the Court. The critical political economic theory, theories of representation and theories of political communication and mediatised politics, provided the tools with which the issue of bias could be presented and argued. The eventual analysis was that the issue of bias is highly subjective. What may be seen as ‘bias’ in one paper, may not be the case in another newspaper as discussions on issues of media journalism have moved away from ‘bias’ and lean more towards issues of ‘objectivity’. Jacob Zuma’s interaction with the media is seen as reciprocal but not as free/ amicable since the media, although independent, still relies on official sources for its news. In conclusion, the study stresses that although involvement in the arms deal scandal is not unique as seen from past records especially where arms procurement involved government-to- government transactions, the political and economic impact of the arms deal industry, especially on third world countries cannot be ignored and the challenges that the media increasingly face in trying to access ‘confidential’ documents in what seems to be an increasingly corrupt, man-eat-man society cannot be ignored too. 2 DECLARATION I, Rague, Anne- Marie, confirm that the work submitted my own unaided work except where I have explicitly indicated otherwise. It is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Arts in Media studies, graduate School for the Humanities and Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand – Johannesburg. I certify that it has not been submitted for any other degree or examination at any other university. __________________________ _____________________ Signed Date 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Almighty God, whose wisdom and direction were very central to this project. Secondly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Sarah Chiumbu, for her guidance and constructive criticism throughout the stages of this research project to its final completion. Lastly but not least, to my family and friends, especially Janeske Botes and Jennifer Maina whose words of encouragement gave me the resolve to, ‘make the last dash after the long marathon’. 4 DEDICATION To all my family and friends who have made it possible for me to pursue my studies; my mother Rosebella Simiyu your prayers saw me through some challenges, my sister and her family (Mr. and Mrs. Kaisha) and my uncle Mr. Vincent Rague, your financial help and encouragement during my studies, and lastly but definitely not least, my uncle Geoffrey Simiyu, for giving me a second home. Thank you all for believing in me. I would not have made it without your sacrifice and patience. 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABC : Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC : Audit Bureau of Circulation ADS : Altech Defence Systems AFP : Agence France Presse AIPPA : Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act AMPS : All Media Products Survey ANC : African National Congress ANCYL : African National Congress Youth League BBC : British Broadcasting Corporation BMF : Black Management Forum CDU : Christian Democratic Union CNN : Cable News Network COSAS : Congress of South African Students COSATU : Congress of South African Trade Unions CPI : Corruption Perception Index CSVR- : Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation DA : Democratic Alliance DSO : Directorate of Special Operations DSTv : Digital Satellite Television ECAAR-SA : Economists Allied for Arms Reduction- South Africa IACC : International Anti-Corruption Conference ICASA : Independent Communications Association of South Africa IDASA : Institute for Democracy in South Africa IONT : International Offers Negotiating Team ISS : Institute for Security Studies KBC : Kenya Broadcasting Corporation KZN : Kwa Zulu-Natal LSSA : Law Society of South Africa MISA : Media Institute of South Africa MEC : Member of the Executive Committee MTV : Music Television NAFTA : North American Free Trade Agreement NPA : National Prosecuting Authority NUMSA : National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa PM : Propaganda Model PSAM : Public Service Accountability Monitor SABC : South African Broadcasting Corporation 6 SACP : South African Communist Party SAPA : South African Press Association SANDF : South African National Defence Force SDPP : Strategic Defence Procurement Package TI : Transparency International T-SA : Transparency- South Africa UDM : United Democratic Movement U.K : United Kingdom UNSC : United Nations Security Council U.S.A : United States of America ZBC : Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) CHAPTER ONE 1.1) INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................10-11 1.2) PROBLEM STATEMENT .........................................................................................................11-13 1.3) AIM...................................................................................................................................................13 1.3.1) RESEARCH QUESTIONS...................................................................................................13 1.3.2) HYPOTHESIS.......................................................................................................................13 1.4) RATIONALE...............................................................................................................................13-15 1.4.1) RATIONALE FOR FOCUSING ON JACOB ZUMA....................................................15-16 1.5) BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY..................................................................................................16 1.5.1) THE ARMS DEAL.................................................................................................................16 1.5.2) THE CASE OF JACOB ZUMA........................................................................................16-18 1.6) THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................................18-20 1.7) METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................................20 1.8) RATIONALE FOR CHOOSING THE TWO DAILY NEWSPAPERS.......................................20-21 1.9) RATIONALE FOR CHOOSING THE TWO PERIODS..............................................................21-22 1.10) CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................22 2) CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1) INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................23 2.2) CRITICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE MEDIA............................................................23-37 2.3) THEORIES OF REPRESENTATION..........................................................................................37-43 2.4) THEORIES OF POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND MEDIATISED POLITICS...............43-49 2.5) CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................49 3) CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1) INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................50 3.2) A DEFINITION OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION.....................................................................50-52 3.3) FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HOW THE MEDIA COVERS SCANDALS.......................52-59 3.4) MEDIA, POLITICAL ACTORS AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION.............................59-61 8 3.5) CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................61 4) CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY 4.1) INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................62 4.2) RESEARCH DESIGN...............................................................................................................62-63
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