EVALUATION ECOLOGIQUE DE Cinnamosma Fragrans (Baillon, 1867) EN VUE D’UNE RESTAURATION

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EVALUATION ECOLOGIQUE DE Cinnamosma Fragrans (Baillon, 1867) EN VUE D’UNE RESTAURATION UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS) en Sciences de l’Environnement OPTION : BIOLOGIE DE CONSERVATION DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE EVALUATION ECOLOGIQUE DE Cinnamosma fragrans (Baillon, 1867) EN VUE D’UNE RESTAURATION. CAS DE LA STATION FORESTIERE A USAGE MULTIPLE D’ANTREMA. KATSEPY-REGION BOENY Présenté par : RAZANADRAFARA Olivia Malalatiana Soutenu publiquement le 28 Mars 2013 Devant les membres de jury : Président : Professeur RAJOELISON Gabrielle Rapporteur : Docteur RABARISON Harison Examinateur : Docteur RASAMY Jeanne UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées (DESS) en Sciences de l’Environnement OPTION : BIOLOGIE DE CONSERVATION DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE EVALUATION ECOLOGIQUE DE Cinnamosma fragrans (Baillon, 1867) EN VUE D’UNE RESTAURATION. CAS DE LA STATION FORESTIERE A USAGE MULTIPLE D’ANTREMA. KATSEPY-REGION BOENY Présenté par : RAZANADRAFARA Olivia Malalatiana Soutenu publiquement le 28 Mars 2013 Devant les membres de jury : Président : Professeur RAJOELISON Gabrielle Rapporteur : Docteur RABARISON Harison Examinateur : Docteur RASAMY Jeanne Photo de couverture : «Appareils végétatifs et appareils reproducteurs du Cinnamosma fragrans Baill.» (RAZANADRAFARA, 2012 et TROPICOS) REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail est le fruit d’une collaboration entre le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, le Département de Biologie Animale et de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo. Il a été financé par le « Projet Bioculturel D’Antrema ». Nous tenons à remercier : DIEU tout puissant pour la grâce, la santé, le courage et toutes les bénédictions qu’Il m’a offertes sans cesse pour que je puisse réaliser ce mémoire. Docteur RAKOTONDRAVONY Daniel, Maître de Conférences, Coordonnateur du projet DESS-SE, Enseignant chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui a assumé avec dévouement l’encombrante gestion administrative et la supervision académique de la présente formation. Je vous exprime mes sincères remerciements. Aux membres de jury qui ont accepté de siéger pour apprécier notre travail en dépit de leurs multiples occupations scientifiques, administratives et sociales : Au Professeur RAJOELISON Gabrielle, Professeur titulaire d’enseignement supérieur, Chef de la Division de Formation et de Recherche en Sylviculture et Aménagement de l’ESSA, qui, malgré ses nombreuses préoccupations, m’a donné le privilège de faire honneur en présidant la commission de jury. Docteur RASAMY RAZANABOLANA Jeanne, Maître de Conférences, Enseignant-chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, de m’avoir prodigué aide et précieux conseils. Malgré ses innombrables tâches, elle a accepté d’être parmi les membres de jury et de la commission de lecture. Qu’elle trouve ici ma reconnaissance la plus distinguée. A Docteur RABARISON Harison, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, Enseignant Chercheur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour ses précieuses instructions, ses soutiens, ses conseils même pendant les travaux de terrain, et d’avoir accepté de suivre de près la rédaction de ce mémoire. Je vous adresse mes sincères reconnaissances pour avoir accepté d’encadrer mon travail. A Docteur ROGER Edmond, Maître de Conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, Enseignant Chercheur au Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de la Faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo qui a offert le sujet, et a accepté et de suivre de près la rédaction de ce mémoire. Je vous exprime mes remerciements les plus respectueux. A Madame VAVINDRAZA, Coordinateur du Projet BioCulturel d’Antrema (PBCA) et aux responsables du Projet Bio Culturel d’Antrema par leur collaboration et leur financement durant les travaux sur terrain. A tous les guides et les villageois de la Station Forestière d’Antrema pour leur collaboration et leur accueil chaleureux. Nous tenons également à exprimer notre gratitude à tous les enseignants de la Faculté des sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et tout le personnel qui nous ont fait part de leurs connaissances et de leurs expériences durant nos études universitaires. A Monsieur Fano RAJAONARY de MBG, qui m’a aidé pour l’élaboration de la carte. A mes ami(e)s qui m’ont soutenu moralement pendant toutes mes études. Nous tenons à remercier particulièrement, RAKOTOVAO Andriamboavonjy Ambininintsoa Harilala, un collège qui a partagé le même site d’étude que moi et RALAINIRINA Gino Désiré, pour son aide. Enfin, notre reconnaissance va à toute notre famille surtout ma mère pour son soutien et sa compréhension. Un grand merci à tous. Olivia TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 Première partie : MILIEU D’ETUDE I. Milieu physique .................................................................................................................. 3 I.1. Situation géographique ................................................................................................. 3 I.2. Climat ........................................................................................................................... 3 I.3. Relief ........................................................................................................................... 6 I.4. Hydrographie ................................................................................................................ 6 I.5. Géologie et pédologie ................................................................................................... 7 II. Milieu biotique .................................................................................................................. 7 II.1. Flore et végétation ....................................................................................................... 7 II.2. Faune ........................................................................................................................... 8 II.3. Communauté locale et leurs activités .......................................................................... 9 Deuxième partie : MATERIELS ET METHODES I. Matériel d’étude ................................................................................................................. 10 I.1. Reconnaissance de l’espèce cible ................................................................................. 10 I.2. Description de la famille des CANELLACEAE ......................................................... 10 I.3. Généralités sur le genre Cinnamosma .......................................................................... 10 I.4. Description botanique de l’espèce cible ...................................................................... 11 II- Méthodes d’évaluation écologique de l’espèce étudiée ................................................. 13 II.1. Etude préliminaire ....................................................................................................... 14 II.1.1. Recherches bibliographiques et webiographiques............................................... 14 II.1.2. Choix des sites d’étude ........................................................................................ 15 II.2. Enquêtes ..................................................................................................................... 15 II.2.1. Enquêtes ethnobotaniques ................................................................................... 17 II.2.2. Enquêtes socio-économiques............................................................................... 17 II.3. Etude de la biologie et écologie de Cinnamosma fragrans ......................................... 18 II.3.1.Caractérisation de l’habitat de l’espèce étudiée ................................................... 18 II.3.2. Etude de la flore associée .................................................................................... 18 II.3.3. Détermination de la densité moyenne et de l’abondance spécifique ................... 19 II.3.4. Etude de la régénération naturelle spécifique ...................................................... 20 II.3.5. Analyse dendrométrique ...................................................................................... 22 II.3.6. Méthode du sol .................................................................................................... 23 III. Estimation des risques d’extinction ................................................................................... 24 III.1. Etude de la distribution .............................................................................................. 24 III.1.1.Elaboration de la carte de distribution ................................................................ 24 III.1.2.Analyse de la carte de distribution ...................................................................... 24 III.2. Evaluation des risques d’extinction ............................................................................. 24 Troisième partie : RESULTATS ET ENTERPRETATIONS I. « Morpho-espèce » .................................................................................................................. 28 II. Résultats des enquêtes socio-économiques et ethnobotaniques .......................................
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