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Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’S Colleges and Universities

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Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’S Colleges and Universities Wasting the Best and the Brightest: Substance Abuse at America’s Colleges and Universities March 2007 Board of Directors Lee C. Bollinger President of Columbia University Ursula M. Burns President, Business Group Operations of Xerox Corporation Columba Bush Former First Lady of Florida Joseph A. Califano, Jr. Chairman and President of CASA Kenneth I. Chenault Chairman and CEO of American Express Company Jamie Lee Curtis James Dimon Chairman and CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Peter R. Dolan Victor F. Ganzi President and CEO of the Hearst Corporation Donald R. Keough Chairman of the Board of Allen and Company Incorporated (Former President of The Coca-Cola Company) David A. Kessler, M.D. Dean of the School of Medicine and Vice Chancellor for Medical Affairs, University of California, San Francisco Rev. Edward A. Malloy, CSC President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame Manuel T. Pacheco, Ph.D. Joseph J. Plumeri II Chairman and CEO of The Willis Group Limited Shari E. Redstone President of National Amusements, Inc. E. John Rosenwald, Jr. Vice Chairman of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. Michael I. Roth Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Interpublic Group of Companies, Inc. Michael P. Schulhof Louis W. Sullivan, M.D. President Emeritus of Morehouse School of Medicine John J. Sweeney President of AFL-CIO Michael A. Wiener Founder and Chairman Emeritus of Infinity Broadcasting Corporation Directors Emeritus James E. Burke (1992-1997) LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. (1992-2001) Mary Fisher (1996-2005) Nancy Reagan (1995-2000) Betty Ford (1992-1998) Linda Johnson Rice (1992-1996) Douglas A. Fraser (1992-2003) George Rupp (1993-2002) Barbara C. Jordan (1992-1996) Michael I. Sovern (1992-1993) Leo-Arthur Kelmenson (1998-2006) Frank G. Wells (1992-1994) Copyright © 2007. All rights reserved. May not be used or reproduced without the express written permission of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. Funded by: National Institute on Drug Abuse The American Legacy Foundation Ms. Sally Engelhard Pingree and The Charles Engelhard Foundation Mr. James Emison Hillswood Foundation Mr. Norval Stephens and the Stephens Charitable Trust Mr. Norman R. Carpenter DePauw University University of California at Irvine Alpha Chi Omega Alpha Gamma Delta Alpha Tau Omega Beta Theta Pi Chi Omega Delta Delta Delta Delta Gamma Delta Tau Delta Delta Zeta Gamma Phi Beta Gamma Phi Beta Foundation Kappa Alpha Kappa Alpha Theta Kappa Delta Kappa Kappa Gamma Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation Phi Kappa Psi Charitable and Education Fund Phi Kappa Psi Endowment Fund Phi Mu Pi Beta Phi Commission on Substance Abuse at Colleges and Universities II Reverend Edward A. Malloy, CSC Cheryl G. Healton, DrPH (Chair) President and Chief Executive Officer President Emeritus American Legacy Foundation University of Notre Dame Washington, DC Notre Dame, IN David Mathews, PhD The Honorable Nancy Kassebaum Baker President and Chief Executive Officer Former United States Senator Kettering Foundation Dayton, OH Frederick M. Bohen Executive Vice President (Retired) Fernando S. Mendoza, MD, MPH The Rockefeller University Professor of Pediatrics New York, NY Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, CA Marcel A. Bryar, Esq. Director, Policies and Programs Herbert Pardes, MD Fannie Mae President and Chief Executive Officer Washington, DC New York Presbyterian Hospital New York, NY Julius L. Chambers, Esq. Partner The Honorable Pamela Ann Rymer Ferguson, Stein & Chambers United States Circuit Judge Charlotte, NC United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Harvey V. Fineberg, MD, PhD Pasadena, CA President Institute of Medicine Charles A. Sanders, MD Washington, DC Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (Retired) Glaxo, Inc. Glen R. Hanson, DDS, PhD Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Louis W. Sullivan, MD University of Utah President Emeritus Salt Lake City, UT Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, GA Table of Contents Accompanying Statement.................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction and Executive Summary ...........................................................................................1 The Call for Leadership .............................................................................................................2 The Study...................................................................................................................................3 The Size and Shape of the Problem ...........................................................................................3 Gender..................................................................................................................................4 Race and Ethnicity ...............................................................................................................4 The Consequences .....................................................................................................................4 Factors Driving College Student Substance Use and Abuse .....................................................6 Genetics and Family History ...............................................................................................6 Parental Attitudes and Behavior ..........................................................................................6 Substance Use in High School.............................................................................................6 Expectations of Positive Effect............................................................................................6 Mental Health Problems ......................................................................................................7 Social Influences..................................................................................................................7 Sorority and Fraternity (Greek) Membership ......................................................................7 Religion and Spirituality......................................................................................................7 Student Engagement ............................................................................................................7 Athletic Participation ...........................................................................................................8 Campus and Community Environment................................................................................8 What Colleges Should Do and Are Doing to Prevent or Reduce Student Substance Abuse.....8 Changing the Prevailing Climate.........................................................................................8 Changing Students’ Attitudes and Expectations..................................................................9 Engaging Parents .................................................................................................................9 Reducing Availability ..........................................................................................................9 Identifying Students at High Risk......................................................................................10 Targeting High Risk Times and Events.............................................................................10 Providing Services .............................................................................................................10 Barriers to Implementing Successful Programs and Policies ..................................................10 A College Climate Promoting Substance Abuse ...............................................................10 Administrative Failure to Accept Responsibility...............................................................11 Failure to Appropriate Needed Resources .........................................................................11 Failure to Evaluate Efficacy of Interventions ....................................................................11 Student Resistance .............................................................................................................11 Limited Parental Engagement............................................................................................11 Stigma ................................................................................................................................11 Legal Liability..........................................................................................................................11 Recommendations....................................................................................................................12 College Administrators ......................................................................................................12 Parents................................................................................................................................13 Trustees and Alumni..........................................................................................................13 Students..............................................................................................................................13 National Greek Organizations............................................................................................13 The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ....................................................13 State Governments.............................................................................................................14
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