Criminal Neglect
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The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University 633 Third Avenue New Yolk. NY 10017-6706 phone212841 5200 fax 212 956 8020 w.casacolurnbia.org Board of Direclors Joseph A. Califano, Jr. Chairman and President Criminal Neglect: Lee C. Bollinger Columba Bush Substance Abuse, Juvenile Justice and The Kenneth I. Chenault Jamie Lee Curtis Children Left Behind James Dirnon Peter R. Dolan Mary Fisher Victor F. Ganzi Leo-Arthur Kelrnenson Donald R. Keough David A. Kessler, M.D. Rev. Edward A. Malloy, CSC Manuel T. Pacheco, PhD. Joseph J. Plumeri II Shari E. Redstone E. John Rosenwald, Jr. Michael P. Schulhof Louis W. Sullivan, M.D. John J. Sweeney Michael A. Wiener --- Director; Emeritus James E. Burke (1992-1997) October 2004 Belty Ford (1992-1998) Douglas A Fraser (1992-2003) Barbara C. Jordan (1992-1996) LaSalle D. Leffall (1992-2001) Nancy Reagan (1995-2000) Linda Johnson Rice (1992-1996) George Rupp, Ph.D. (1993-2002) Michael I. Sovern (1992-1993) Frank G. Wells (1992-1994) Funded by: William T. Grant Foundation National Institute on Drug Abuse The Abercrom bie Foundation Board of Directors Lee C. Bollinger President of Columbia University Columba Bush First Lady of Florida Joseph A. Califano, Jr. Chairman and President of CASA Kenneth I. Chenault Chairman and CEO of American Express Company Jamie Lee Curtis James Dimon President and COO of JPMorgan Chase & Co. Peter R. Dolan Chairman and CEO of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Mary Fisher Mary Fisher Care Fund Victor F. Ganzi President and CEO of The Hearst Corporation Leo-Arthur Kelmenson Chairman Emeritus of the Board of FCB Worldwide Donald R. Keough Chairman of the Board of Allen and Company Incorporated (Former Prcsident of The Coca-Cola Company) David A. Kessler, M.D. Dean of the School of Medicine and Vice Chancellor for Medical Affairs, University of California, San Francisco Rev. Edward A. Malloy, CSC President of the University of Notre Dame Manuel T. Pacheco, Ph.D. Joseph J. Plumeri 11 Chairman and CEO of The Willis Group Limited Shari E. Redstone President of National Amusements, Inc. E. John Rosenwald, Jr. Vice Chairman of Bcar, Steams & Co. Inc. Michael P. Schulhof Louis W. Sullivan, M.D. President Emeritus of Morehousc School of Medicine John J. Sweeney President of AFL-CIO Michael A. Wiener Founder and Chairman Emeritus of Infinity Broadcasting Corporation Directors Emeritus James E. Burke (1992-1997) Nancy Reagan (1995-2000) Betty Ford (1992-1998) Linda Johnson Rice (1 992- 1996) Douglas A. Fraser (1992-2003) George Rupp (1 993-2002) Barbara C. Jordan (1992-1996) Michael I. Sovern (1992-1993) LaSalle D. Leffall, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. (1992-2001) Frank G. Wells (1992-1 994) Copyright O 2004. All rights reserved. May not be used or reproduced without the express written permission of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University. Table of Contents Glossary ................................................................................................................................ Accompanying Statement ............................................................................................ i I Introduction and Executive Summary .........................................................................1 . Key Findings ......................................................................................................3 Substance Abuse Imposes Enormous Costs on Juvenile Justice Systems .........5 Missed Opportunities of Prevention ..................................................................6 What Would It Take to Prevent Substance-Involved Delinquency? .................8 What Would It Take to Treat Substance-Involved Delinquent Juveniles? ........8 Recommendations ..............................................................................................9 11 .Substance Abuse and Juvenile Delinquency ............................................................11 The Data ...........................................................................................................12 A Brief History of Juvenile Justice Systems .................................................... 13 Pathways Through Juvenile Justice Systems ...................................................13 Most Arrests Are Substance Involved .............................................................15 Significant Increases in Juvenile Drug Offense Arrests ............................15 Fewer Juveniles Released Prior to Court Appearance .....................................16 Juvenile Court Intake Handling More Drug Law Violators ............................16 Drug Law Violators Increasingly Likely to Be Detained ................................17 Referral to Criminal Court: Up and Down Again ...........................................17 Drug Law Violators Increasingly Likely to be Judged Delinquent .................17 Probation Increasing as an Option for Drug Law Violators ............................17 Out-of-Home Placements for Drug Law Violators on the Rise ...................... 18 Length of Stay in Detention and Residential Placement ........................... 18 The Demographics of Juvenile Crime .............................................................19 Age Distribution Remains Stable ...............................................................19 . Income Disparities .....................................................................................19 . Racial Disparities .......................................................................................19 Gender Disparities .....................................................................................20 Most Substance-Involved Juveniles Use Marijuana and Alcohol ...................21 I11 .The Nature and Extent of Drug Involvement Among Juvenile Offenders ..........23 Substance Abuse, Delinquency and Crime ......................................................23 Increased Substance Involvement Equals Increased Incarceration or Detention .........................................................................................26 Juvenile Substance Use and Delinquency Linked to Adult Crime and Substance Dependence ..................................................................27 Juvenile Justice Involvement is Linked to Less Education and Employment .28 IV. Missed Opportunities for Prevention ......................................................................31 Off to a Rocky Start .........................................................................................31 Substance-Abusing Parents ........................................................................32 Neglect and Abuse .....................................................................................32 Impoverished and Dangerous Neighborhoods .................................................32 Lack of Attachment to School ...................................................................... 33 Truants at Higher Risk of Substance Abuse and Delinquency ..................34 Delinquent and Drug-Using Children Likelier to be Below Grade Level or Suspended ..............................................................................34 Bullying ......................................................................................................35 Limited Health Care .........................................................................................35 Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders .........................................35 .... Learning Disabilities ..................................................................................37 Hieh., Stress .................................................................................................38 Intravenous Drug Use ................................................................................38 Running With the Wrong Crowd .....................................................................38 Gang Activity .......................................................................................... 38 Risky Sexual Behavior .....................................................................................39 Girls and Risky Sexual Activity ................................................................40 . Lack of Spiritual Grounding ...........................................................................40 Police Often Involved With Troubled Youth Before Arrest ............................40 Substance Abuse is One of Many Problems ....................................................41 V . Criminal Neglect ....................................................................................................... 43 Overcrowding ..................................................................................................43 . ... Juveniles in Adult Facilities .............................................................................44 Treatment in State and Local Facilities ...........................................................44 Lack of Educational Services ......................................................................... 46 Lack of Aftercare ........................................................................................... 46 VI What Would It Take to Prevent Substance Abuse and Delinquency? ...........47 . Strengthening Families ....................................................................................47 Principles of Effective Family Prevention Approaches .............................48 Improving Child Protection Services ........................................................48