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Tarheel Junior Historian TAR HEEL JUNIOR HISTORIAN THE STATE HISTORY JOURNAL FOR INQUIRING STUDENTS Spring 1 991 Volume 30, Number 2 TAR HEEL JUNIOR HISTORIAN THE STATE HISTORY JOURNAL FOR INQUIRING STUDENTS Spring 1991 Volume 30, Number 2 State of North Carolina CONTENTS James G. Martin, Governor Department of Cultural Resources Patric Dorsey, Secretary 1 Introduction: "The Land of the Sky" Division of Archives and History Ron Holland and Harley Jolley William S. Price, Jr., Director Lawrence G. Misenheimer, Assistant Director Living with the Museum of History 2 Mountains John D. Ellington, Administrator Betty Jolley Wesley Creel, Assistant Administrator Research Branch R. Jackson Marshall III, Curator of Research Tar Heel Junior Historian Staff 6 The Pisgah Culture: Ancestor of the Cherokees John Lee Bumgarner, Editor, Designer David Moore Ursula G. Glass, Editorial Assistant Melissa Johnson, Contributing Editor Sam Anthony, Photograph Researcher Susan Fender, Illustrator 9 The Cherokees: This Land Is Our Land! Education Branch Duane King Janice Williams. Curator of Education Tar Heel Junior Historian Association Doris McLean Bates, Executive Secretary 14 Mountain Folklife: A Blend Tar Heel Junior Historian Association Joan Moser Publications Advisory Board Faye L. Freeman, Carolyn Grubbs, Terry Holt, Lynn Lye, Terry Shive 19 Folklife by Hand: Handmade Is Best Made Managing Editors Ron Holland and Harley Jolley Bob Conway 22 Tourism: On the Road! M. Morton THE PURPOSE of the Tar Heel Junior Historian Hugh magazine (ISSN 0496-8913) is to present the history of North Carolina for this state's young people through a well-balanced selection of 26 Asheville: The City that Grew Up scholarly articles, photographs, and illustrations. Around Its Square It is published two times per year by the Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, North Carolina Mitzi S. Tessier Museum of History, 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh. North Carolina 27601-2807. Copies are provided free to association members, along with 30 The Federal Presence: A Big Deal the association newsletter, Crossroads. Individual Jim Ryan and Ron Holland and library subscriptions may be purchased at the rate of $3.00 per year. © Copyright 1 991 , North Carolina Division of Archives and History. 33 On Top of Old Smoky: Creating EDITORIAL POLICY: The Tar Heel Junior Historian solicits manuscripts from expert Great Smoky Mountains National Park scholars for each issue. Articles are selected for Ed Trout publication by the editor in consultation with the managing editors and other experts. The editor reserves the right to make changes in articles 36 First in Forestry accepted for publication but will consult the author should substantive questions arise. Published John Palmer articles do not necessarily represent the views of the N.C. Museum of History, the Division of Archives and History, the Department of Cultural 39 Mining: Between a Rock and a Hard Place Resources, or of any other state agency. Student Leonard Wiener articles are welcomed. Guidelines for student articles are listed in the "Advisers' Supplement." THE TEXT of this journal is available on magnetic 45 Meet the Authors recording tape from the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. For information call 1 -800-662-7726. EIGHT THOUSAND copies Acknowledgments were produced at an approximate cost of 45 $7290.00 or $.91 per copy r^M^lj |PRINTED with l^lSOYINK Introduction: "The Land of the Sky" by Ron Holland and Harley Jolley More than 1 00 years ago, The mountains of western North These mountains are the home Tar Heel novelist Christian Carolina comprise about twelve of the Cradle of Forestry in Reid described the percent (6,000 square miles) of the America, where the nation's first mountains of western North Caro- state (49,067 square miles). forestry school was established in lina as "The Land of the Sky." There are over forty peaks higher the late 1800s. Today, about Over the years, this description than 6,000 feet and another eighty 1 ,500,000 acres of land are being has gained wide popularity. Today, peaks between 5,000 and 6,000 managed by state and federal "The Land of the Sky" continues to feet. Mount Mitchell, at 6,684 feet, agencies as well as by private and provide unique scenic beauty. It is the highest point in the eastern commercial interests. also provides recreational oppor- United States. It might be said also that the tunities as well as economic, In the thirty-mile drive from North Carolina mountain region is social, and cultural benefits. Asheville to Mount Mitchell, the the cradle of traditional crafts. The North Carolina high country visitor can see changes in Self-sufficient mountaineers is a land of peaks and valleys hid- vegetation and climate that one passed down their skills from den in summer's morning mist. It could experience in a drive from generation to generation. Today, is a land where autumn's brilliant North Carolina to Canada. There many of these traditional crafts colors give way to the beauty of is also great diversity of animal life continue to survive. winter. It is a land where spring in the mountains, including bear, The region abounds in rocks bursts forth with flame azalea, wild boar, deer, turkey, and and minerals—more than 300 mountain laurel, and rhododendron. bobcat. The higher elevations varieties have been documented. The mountains were the home- provide mild temperatures in the These range from semiprecious land of the Cherokee Indians and summer and temperatures cold stones, such as emeralds, rubies, other ancient cultures before Euro- enough to make snow skiing and aquamarines, to commercial peans came to America. Over the possible in the winter. Because of feldspar. years the history of the Indians and these and other features, tourism We invite you to explore the the settlers mixed to create a rich is the leading industry. It brings mountains in this issue of the Tar cultural heritage. And today, millions of dollars each year to the Heel Junior Historian. We hope some 650,000 North Carolinians region's economy. you will be able to experience this call the mountains home. region firsthand on a future vacation. Living with the mountains by Betty Jolley Almost everyone in North and increases in elevation to- extends from central Alabama, Carolina knows that the wards the west. Population is through parts of New England, Tar Heel State has three dense in the piedmont, and it and into Canada. One part of geographic regions: the coastal is more highly urbanized than this chain, the southern Appala- plain, the piedmont, and the either the coastal plain or the chian highlands, extends from mountains. The coastal plain is mountain regions. Virginia through North Carolina flat, with sandy and loamy soils into Georgia. covered in farmland or pine The mountains Cutting through these moun- forests. The coastal plain meets The mountain region is a part tains is the Eastern Continental the piedmont at the fall line. of a larger mountain chain, the Divide. Rain and snow falling Here, the land becomes hilly Appalachians. This chain west of this imaginary line Elevations of North Carolina's regions Graphic not to scale Continental Divide Piedmont Fall line Atlantic mountain Ocean ranges Mt. Mitchell, 6,684 ft. Mountain region Piedmont region Coastal plain region 2 reaches creeks and rivers that How the mountains rocky mountains. Most travel took flow into the Gulf of Mexico. affected life place on paths and rough roads Whatever falls east of the divide The earliest settlers in these along streams and rivers. Isolation flows downstream into the mountains moved into the region due to the lack of good roads Atlantic Ocean. about 10,000 years ago. They made European settlers self- Several mountain ranges were the native Americans, the sufficient and independent. make up the North Carolina Indians. They had moved east Despite isolation, the European portion of the Appalachians. One and south across the country until colonists and later generations notable range is the Black Moun- they reached the Appalachian from the 1 700s through the 1 900s tains. These mountains reach Mountains. were able to make a living. Most their greatest height at Mount Europeans moved to this lived in the valleys along the rivers. Mitchell. At 6,684 feet, it is the area during the late 1 600s and They found plenty of wildlife and a highest point east of the Missis- the 1700s. They came from two great variety of plants for food, sippi River. directions. The English came medicine, and clothing. They also Within North Carolina over forty west through North Carolina's found vast forests for grazing peaks are higher than 6,000 feet. piedmont from the coastal plain. animals and supplying lumber for Eighty peaks are between 5,000 The Scotch-Irish and Germans houses and furnishings. The land and 6,000 feet. Other ranges in traveled from northern states was fairly fertile. Each family had the North Carolina Appalachians down the Great Wagon Road at least a few acres of land to farm. are the Great Smoky Mountains, through Virginia. As other settlers moved into the Unaka Mountains, Newfound This mountain area with its region, more and more people Mountains, Pisgah Mountains, rugged terrain was difficult and farmed for a living. When the best Cowee Mountains, Balsam Moun- challenging for the new settlers. land was used up, more land was tains, Nantahala Mountains, Valley It remained an isolated area needed. But there was none left to River Mountains, and the Snow- because it was difficult to build go around. Many people from the bird Mountains. roads through or around high, Appalachian region then moved 3 4 Native Americans and early settlers traveled on footpaths and primitive roads through valleys and beside rivers. Early railroads were also built through the same valleys and along the same rivers (Top, left).
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