TAR HEEL JUNIOR HISTORIAN THE STATE HISTORY JOURNAL FOR INQUIRING STUDENTS

Spring 1 991 Volume 30, Number 2 TAR HEEL JUNIOR HISTORIAN THE STATE HISTORY JOURNAL FOR INQUIRING STUDENTS

Spring 1991 Volume 30, Number 2

State of North Carolina CONTENTS James G. Martin, Governor

Department of Cultural Resources Patric Dorsey, Secretary 1 Introduction: "The Land of the Sky" Division of Archives and History Ron Holland and Harley Jolley William S. Price, Jr., Director Lawrence G. Misenheimer, Assistant Director Living with the Museum of History 2 Mountains John D. Ellington, Administrator Betty Jolley Wesley Creel, Assistant Administrator Research Branch

R. Jackson Marshall III, Curator of Research Tar Heel Junior Historian Staff 6 The Pisgah Culture: Ancestor of the Cherokees John Lee Bumgarner, Editor, Designer David Moore Ursula G. Glass, Editorial Assistant Melissa Johnson, Contributing Editor Sam Anthony, Photograph Researcher Susan Fender, Illustrator 9 The Cherokees: This Land Is Our Land! Education Branch Duane King Janice Williams. Curator of Education Tar Heel Junior Historian Association Doris McLean Bates, Executive Secretary 14 Mountain Folklife: A Blend Tar Heel Junior Historian Association Joan Moser Publications Advisory Board Faye L. Freeman, Carolyn Grubbs, Terry Holt, Lynn Lye, Terry Shive 19 Folklife by Hand: Handmade Is Best Made Managing Editors Ron Holland and Harley Jolley Bob Conway

22 Tourism: On the Road! M. Morton THE PURPOSE of the Tar Heel Junior Historian Hugh magazine (ISSN 0496-8913) is to present the history of North Carolina for this state's young people through a well-balanced selection of 26 Asheville: The City that Grew Up scholarly articles, photographs, and illustrations. Around Its Square It is published two times per year by the Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, North Carolina Mitzi S. Tessier Museum of History, 109 East Jones Street, Raleigh. North Carolina 27601-2807. Copies are provided free to association members, along with 30 The Federal Presence: A Big Deal the association newsletter, Crossroads. Individual Jim Ryan and Ron Holland and library subscriptions may be purchased at the

rate of $3.00 per year. © Copyright 1 991 , North Carolina Division of Archives and History. 33 On Top of Old Smoky: Creating EDITORIAL POLICY: The Tar Heel Junior Historian solicits manuscripts from expert Great Smoky Mountains National Park scholars for each issue. Articles are selected for Ed Trout publication by the editor in consultation with the managing editors and other experts. The editor reserves the right to make changes in articles 36 First in Forestry accepted for publication but will consult the author should substantive questions arise. Published John Palmer articles do not necessarily represent the views of the N.C. Museum of History, the Division of Archives and History, the Department of Cultural 39 Mining: Between a Rock and a Hard Place Resources, or of any other state agency. Student Leonard Wiener articles are welcomed. Guidelines for student articles are listed in the "Advisers' Supplement." THE TEXT of this journal is available on magnetic 45 Meet the Authors recording tape from the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. For information call 1 -800-662-7726. EIGHT THOUSAND copies Acknowledgments were produced at an approximate cost of 45 $7290.00 or $.91 per copy

r^M^lj |PRINTED with l^lSOYINK Introduction: "The Land of the Sky"

by Ron Holland and Harley Jolley

More than 1 00 years ago, The mountains of western North These mountains are the home Tar Heel novelist Christian Carolina comprise about twelve of the Cradle of Forestry in Reid described the percent (6,000 square miles) of the America, where the nation's first mountains of western North Caro- state (49,067 square miles). forestry school was established in lina as "The Land of the Sky." There are over forty peaks higher the late 1800s. Today, about

Over the years, this description than 6,000 feet and another eighty 1 ,500,000 acres of land are being has gained wide popularity. Today, peaks between 5,000 and 6,000 managed by state and federal "The Land of the Sky" continues to feet. Mount Mitchell, at 6,684 feet, agencies as well as by private and provide unique scenic beauty. It is the highest point in the eastern commercial interests. also provides recreational oppor- United States. It might be said also that the tunities as well as economic, In the thirty-mile drive from North Carolina mountain region is social, and cultural benefits. Asheville to Mount Mitchell, the the cradle of traditional crafts.

The North Carolina high country visitor can see changes in Self-sufficient mountaineers is a land of peaks and valleys hid- vegetation and climate that one passed down their skills from den in summer's morning mist. It could experience in a drive from generation to generation. Today, is a land where autumn's brilliant North Carolina to Canada. There many of these traditional crafts colors give way to the beauty of is also great diversity of animal life continue to survive. winter. It is a land where spring in the mountains, including bear, The region abounds in rocks bursts forth with flame azalea, wild boar, deer, turkey, and and minerals—more than 300 mountain laurel, and rhododendron. bobcat. The higher elevations varieties have been documented.

The mountains were the home- provide mild temperatures in the These range from semiprecious land of the Cherokee Indians and summer and temperatures cold stones, such as emeralds, rubies, other ancient cultures before Euro- enough to make snow skiing and aquamarines, to commercial peans came to America. Over the possible in the winter. Because of feldspar. years the history of the Indians and these and other features, tourism We invite you to explore the the settlers mixed to create a rich is the leading industry. It brings mountains in this issue of the Tar cultural heritage. And today, millions of dollars each year to the Heel Junior Historian. We hope some 650,000 North Carolinians region's economy. you will be able to experience this call the mountains home. region firsthand on a future vacation. Living with the mountains

by Betty Jolley

Almost everyone in North and increases in elevation to- extends from central Alabama, Carolina knows that the wards the west. Population is through parts of New England,

Tar Heel State has three dense in the piedmont, and it and into Canada. One part of geographic regions: the coastal is more highly urbanized than this chain, the southern Appala- plain, the piedmont, and the either the coastal plain or the chian highlands, extends from

mountains. The coastal plain is mountain regions. Virginia through North Carolina

flat, with sandy and loamy soils into Georgia.

covered in farmland or pine The mountains Cutting through these moun-

forests. The coastal plain meets The mountain region is a part tains is the Eastern Continental the piedmont at the fall line. of a larger mountain chain, the Divide. Rain and snow falling

Here, the land becomes hilly Appalachians. This chain west of this imaginary line

Elevations of North Carolina's regions Graphic not to scale

Continental Divide Piedmont Fall line Atlantic mountain Ocean ranges Mt. Mitchell,

6,684 ft.

Mountain region Piedmont region Coastal plain region

2 reaches creeks and rivers that How the mountains rocky mountains. Most travel took flow into the Gulf of Mexico. affected life place on paths and rough roads

Whatever falls east of the divide The earliest settlers in these along streams and rivers. Isolation flows downstream into the mountains moved into the region due to the lack of good roads Atlantic Ocean. about 10,000 years ago. They made European settlers self- Several mountain ranges were the native Americans, the sufficient and independent. make up the North Carolina Indians. They had moved east Despite isolation, the European portion of the Appalachians. One and south across the country until colonists and later generations notable range is the Black Moun- they reached the Appalachian from the 1 700s through the 1 900s tains. These mountains reach Mountains. were able to make a living. Most their greatest height at Mount Europeans moved to this lived in the valleys along the rivers.

Mitchell. At 6,684 feet, it is the area during the late 1 600s and They found plenty of wildlife and a highest point east of the Missis- the 1700s. They came from two great variety of plants for food, sippi River. directions. The English came medicine, and clothing. They also Within North Carolina over forty west through North Carolina's found vast forests for grazing peaks are higher than 6,000 feet. piedmont from the coastal plain. animals and supplying lumber for Eighty peaks are between 5,000 The Scotch-Irish and Germans houses and furnishings. The land and 6,000 feet. Other ranges in traveled from northern states was fairly fertile. Each family had the North Carolina Appalachians down the Great Wagon Road at least a few acres of land to farm. are the Great Smoky Mountains, through Virginia. As other settlers moved into the

Unaka Mountains, Newfound This mountain area with its region, more and more people Mountains, Pisgah Mountains, rugged terrain was difficult and farmed for a living. When the best Cowee Mountains, Balsam Moun- challenging for the new settlers. land was used up, more land was tains, Nantahala Mountains, Valley It remained an isolated area needed. But there was none left to

River Mountains, and the Snow- because it was difficult to build go around. Many people from the bird Mountains. roads through or around high, Appalachian region then moved

3 4 Native Americans and early settlers traveled on footpaths and primitive roads through valleys and beside rivers. Early railroads were also built through the same valleys and along the

same rivers (Top, left). Today in the mountains, railroads and highways often follow old paths and roads (Top. right). What allows modern road builders to construct roads on or through the sides of mountains (Bottom) ?

through gaps in the mountains to Today, the lifestyle of the Appala- highways have been built. Where other states in search of more and chian mountaineer reflects that once families worked and children better land. This trend continued historical cultural heritage. studied by the lamplight, electricity well into the 1900s. has been installed with all its Because of isolation, a distinc- Modern changes modern conveniences. The tive Appalachian culture devel- The mountains no longer isolate telephone and television have oped. It became different from people from the rest of the world. allowed the voices of the world to culture in other regions of the Many changes have come to the become a part of the modern state. It was a blend of Cherokee, region. Where once there were Appalachian scene. European, and African cultures. only dirt roads, many paved

Definitions

Coastal plain rivers are deep and wide. In the early rapid. Beyond this point, it is difficult for boats to days of water transportation, small boats could travel travel upstream.

upstream to the fall line. It is located on the boundary

of the coastal plain and the piedmont. There, the Urbanized means to become more like a city. piedmont rivers become narrow, rocky, shallow, and

5 The Pisgah culture: ancestor of the Cherokees

by David Moore

southern mountains Thewere home to native Americans long before Europeans explored the New

World in the 1 500s. These native

Americans practiced a way of life

that was in harmony with all living things. Their lives were rich with tradition and ritual. But they did not possess a written language. Instead, their history was told in

stories and myths. If their history was told and not written, how have we learned about the history of these prehistoric people? Archaeologists have provided some of the answers. Archaeological investigations

show that these Indians lived in villages scattered along the river valleys of the southern Appala- chian Mountains. They had settled there for at least 500 years before Europeans arrived. Archaeologists call these early people the Pisgah culture. They were the ancestors of the Cherokee.

Between 1 000 and 1 500, these

Cherokee ancestors lived in palisaded towns and villages. Most of their villages were located in what are now Haywood and Buncombe counties. Others were located throughout the mountains of North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

6 The Pisgah people were both ered nuts and wild plants. Men of dirt and were four-sided with farmers and hunters. They used hunted animals. Deer provided flattops. A ramp or log stairway the rich, valley soils to grow their most of the meat and were often led to the council houses or crops. Corn was the most impor- hunted by lame groups in the fall. temples built at the top. Here the tant plant grown. Boiled corn and The leaders of Pisgah society chief and his priests carried out ground cornmeal were basic to the were priests and chiefs. Priests important ceremonies. The local Pisgah diet. Beans and gourds performed sacred rituals to chief and priests were more were also grown. Pisgah people ensure the well-being of the powerful in towns with mounds grew tobacco, which they smoked people and the harmony of their than leaders of surrounding towns. in clay or stone pipes. They also world. Many everyday activities Archaeologists have carefully grew sunflowers and other plants. like farming, hunting, and playing excavated Pisgah village sites like

In the forest they gathered hickory games were usually accompanied the Warren Wilson site in Bun- nuts, walnuts, acorns, and other by rituals. Chiefs directed political combe County and the Cane River nuts. Other wild plants served as and economic activities such as School site in Yancey County. foods and medicines. trade and war. These sites have provided archae- Every member of Pisgah society Earthen mounds were con- ologists with much information helped to produce food. Women structed at some large Pisgah about Pisgah people. Pisgah tended the farm fields and gath- towns. The mounds were made villages ranged in size from one to

Archaeologists found pieces of this pot (Previous page) in a trash pit at the Cane River school site. They rebuilt it. It is about eleven-inches tall, and it was made and used between 1200 and 1400. How many years ago was it used? Pisgahs used pots like this for cooking or for food storage. How difficult would it be for you to make a pot like this ? How would you do it? What would it be like to cook food in it over a fire ? These are artifacts (Above) from the River Cane School Pisgah site . An artifact is anything made and used by people. The artifacts on the top row are gaming disks made from broken pots. Gaming disks were used as counters in games. How hard do you think it would be to make these disks from pieces of a broken pot? How do you think the artifacts on the bottom row were used by the Pisgah people ?

7 these pits were filled with gar- bage. Women made pottery for cook- ing and storing foods and liquids. The pots were decorated with fancy rims. Their surfaces were marked with patterns pressed onto the clay with carved wooden paddles. Some of the pots were nearly two-feet wide and

two-feet tall.

Village life also included death. Important rituals were part of burial. The dead person was Archaeologists often find plant materials and animal bones when they excavate a Pisgah village. usually wrapped in a flexed or What do these things tell archaeologists about Pisgah foodways ? HI fetal position. Then they were buried inside or just outside of

more than five acres. The vil- Pisgah people used the houses their house. Some were buried lages were usually surrounded by for cooking, storage, and sleeping. with shell jewelry or other a protective palisade. Pisgah Other activities took place outside objects. These showed how

houses were square, about twenty of the house. Villagers dug large important certain people were in feet on each side, with grass- or pits in the ground for smoking the community.

bark-covered roofs. House walls deer hides or roasting meats. To Sometime during the 1 500s, the

were made much like the pali- butcher animals for food, they Pisgah people moved. They left sade. Inside the house a central used stone knives and scrapers. the central mountain region for the hearth was used for cooking. Bone needles and awls were far western counties of North Smoke from the cooking fire used to sew garments from the Carolina. Archaeologists are

escaped through a hole at the top skins. They dug other pits to store unsure why they moved. That is of the roof. cured meats, nuts, and other one question archaeology cannot foods. When no longer needed, yet answer.

Definitions

Tradition is beliefs, opinions, customs, stories, Archaeologists use Prehistoric Period to refer to etc. Tradition is the way things are done, people who lived or events that occurred before the accepted by the people of a community. Tradi- use of a written record. They use Historic Period to

tion, knowledge, and behavior in all parts of life refer to events that occurred after the use of a written

combine to make a culture for a group of people. record. In the southern mountains, the Historic

Period is generally considered to begin in the 1 500s

A ritual is a ceremony, like a school graduation or after Spanish explorers met Indians and wrote about an awards presentation. Sacred rituals are holy them. or religious ceremonies, such as church services.

A palisaded village has a palisade around it. A Archaeologists study the remains—artifacts, plant palisade is fence of large, strong posts surrounding materials, graves, pits, animal materials—of past a village. Pisgah village palisades had sticks and human activities. Their work is called archaeology. branches woven between the posts and were When they excavate a site, they carefully remove packed with mud. layers of soil and photograph, draw, map, and

measure everything at the site. An awl is a tool used to punch holes in leather.

8 —.

The Cherokees: this land is our land!

by Duane King

Spanish explorers first met Contact with colonists, fought wars against their Indian the Cherokee Indians in late 1600s neighbors. They forced the

1540. At that time, the After 1 540 there was no recorded Tuscarora from North Carolina and Cherokees occupied the southern contact between Cherokee and the Yuchi and the Shawnee from

1 Appalachian mountains. Avery European until the late 1 600s. Tennessee. During this period, large wilderness separated them By then, European explorers and the Cherokees spoke of war as

from their neighbors. That land traders were moving in the their "beloved profession." For the was used for hunting and covered Cherokee territory. The struggle Cherokee, war was very important.

40,000 square miles in parts of for land began. Traditionally, young men gained

what are North Carolina, South In 1 684 the Cherokees made status in Cherokee society during

Carolina, West Virginia, Virginia, their first treaty with Europeans. war. They had to show courage

Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Representatives from the lower and valor in warfare. and Alabama. But their homeland towns of Toxawa and Keowa Sir Francis Nicholson, the

consisted of what is now eastern signed it in Charleston, South English royal governor of South Tennessee, southwestern North Carolina. In 1693 another Carolina, tried to simplify relations Carolina, northwestern South delegation from the lower towns between colonists and Cherokees.

Carolina, and northern Georgia. met in Charleston. This time they He created the title "Emperor of

The story of the Cherokees after asked for guns to use in their wars the Cherokee Nation." Thirty- they met Hernando de Soto's against the Esaw, Savannah, and seven Cherokee chiefs met with

explorers in 1 540 is their struggle Congaree Indians. Nicholson at Charleston in 1 721 to keep European colonists from They agreed to accept the radical

taking their land. Trading and treaties with idea of a leader for all the colonists, early 1700s Cherokees. They also agreed to

By the early 1 700s, the Chero- give away some of their land in kees and European colonists South Carolina to European

developed a thriving deerskin colonists. This was the first time

trade. More than 50,000 hides but it would not be the last—the were sold through Charleston Cherokees would give up land

annually. In exchange for deer- to whites. skins, the Cherokees received trade goods—guns, ammunition, Competing groups in the knives, axes, garden tools, Cherokee, early to mid-1 700s

beads, clothing, and rum. Of In 1 725 Colonel George Chicken the trade goods, guns were the visited the Cherokee town of

most important. With the guns, Tunnissee. It was the home—or the Cherokees could better capital—of the Cherokee emperor.

defend their hunting grounds On April 3, 1 730, Sir Alexander and settlements from their Cuming arranged for the election Indian neighbors. of a new emperor. His name was The Cherokees got their guns Moytoy, from Great Tellico. and became more powerful. They

1 Note: North Carolina was an English royal colony from 1 729 until 1 776. It consisted of present-day North Carolina and Tennessee. In 1 796 Tennessee became a state. Cherokee settlements, 1700s

Tellico River

Overhill or Little Tennessee River Western

Cherokee Oconaluftee River Settlements \ Middle <—r Cherokee : Settlements Tuckaseegee Nantahala River River Cheowa .' North Carolina River ." Hiwassee River

Lower Cherokee

Map not to scale Savannah River Settlements

Moytoy was killed in battle in Throughout this period, the Fighting during the French 1741. He was a member of the Chota council competed with the and Indian War, 1756-1761

Tellico-Hiwassee coalition. His Tellico-Hiwassee coalition. Its The French and Indian War began

supporters wanted another members wanted to be the leaders in 1 756. The Cherokees had member of their Tellico-Hiwassee of the Cherokees. Cherokees signed a treaty with the British

group to be emperor. They did argued more and more as the in 1730. Under that treaty the not want to give up their political Tellico-Hiwassee coalition grew Cherokees would support the power and prestige. The Tellico weaker. The coalition could not British. The British colonies called council was able to get the lead the Cherokee. So, the on the Cherokees to fight the British to make Ammonscossitee governor of South Carolina turned French and their Indian allies. the new emperor. He was the to the Chota council for leaders. The Cherokees did not want to son of Moytoy. In 1753 South Carolina's royal send warriors to the Virginia

In 1 751 the colony of South governor named the Chota chief frontier because their homes Carolina placed an embargo on as emperor. would be unprotected. They would

Cherokee trade goods. There had Settlers called the new emperor send warriors if the British been problems between the Old Hop. He served until his death protected their vulnerable

Cherokees and traders, and the in 1760. He was powerful because settlements. The Chota council Cherokee were fighting with the he had strong supporters on his urged the Virginia and South Creek Indians. In 1752 Emperor council. They included Carolina colonies to build forts in Ammonscossitee traveled to Attakullakulla, the best-known the overhill country in Tennessee.

Virginia to find another source of Cherokee diplomat in the 1 700s; The colonies agreed. The Virginia trade goods. He was Oconastota, a warrior and head fort was built across the unsuccessful. But false rumors of the military organization; Tennessee River from Chota. started before he returned. The Ostenaco, a former member of the South Carolina's Fort Loudoun rumors were that he had sold the Tellico-Hiwassee coalition; Long was built upstream from the mouth northern hunting grounds. Jack, from Fanasi; and Cheulah, of the Tellico River. The Ammonscossitee lost the support from Settico. Cherokees sent several hundred of his own council. w warriors to fight. The Cherokees Loudoun. The people in the fort kee settlements on the Little Ten- served with valor, and a number were forced to surrender. About nessee River. They burned the were killed in battle. two dozen soldiers were killed. In towns of Mialaquo and Tuskeegee. But everything did not go well. 1761 Lieutenant Colonel James Because of the fighting, The warriors were away from Grant and 2,800 soldiers burned Dragging Canoe wanted to

home for a long time. They had the fifteen middle towns in North abandon the towns along the Little fought but had not received Carolina. After this fighting ended, Tennessee River. He wanted to payment promised by the British. an uneasy truce lasted for more start new towns on the Hiwassee Some returning Cherokee than ten years. River, farther from whites. The veterans were killed by Virginia older Cherokee chiefs did not want frontiersmen. The Cherokees felt Fighting again, 1776-1794 to be part of the fight. They hoped

betrayed and were angry. They In 1 776 Cherokee war parties to remain neutral during the retaliated—got even—by attacking attacked white settlements in American Revolution (1776- settlers in North Carolina and upper east Tennessee. The 1781). The chiefs wanted to

South Carolina. They attacked Cherokees were fighting on the rebuild the towns on the Little as far east as Fort Dobbs near side of the British. Abram and his Tennessee. They did so without Statesville in present-day Iredell warriors attacked Fort Caswell on Dragging Canoe. He and his County. And they attacked the Watauga River, near present- followers of 600-700 families present-day Forsyth and day Elizabethton. The Raven of started new settlements along Stokes counties. Chota led warriors against the Chickamauga Creek near

The British sent an army against isolated farms in the Carter's Chattanooga, Tennessee.

the Cherokees. In June, 1760, Valley area, and Dragging Canoe In 1780 and 1 781 , frontiers- Colonel Archibald Montgomery attacked the Holston River settlers men burned the towns along the destroyed the lower towns in near present-day Kingsport. But in Little Tennessee. They were

South Carolina. Two months later the fall of 1 776, Virginia frontiers- retaliating for raids by Dragging the Cherokees surrounded Fort men destroyed most of the Chero- Canoe's warriors.

Cherokee towns, 1700s

Tunisee Tommotley Tuskeegee \ / / Settico

Little Tennessee River

Great Oconaluftee River Tellico Tuckaseegee Chota

Tallassee Tuckaseegee River Nantahala River Cheowa Carolina Great Hiwassee North Hiwassee Hiwassee River

Tunisee Keowa Savannah River Map not to scale

11 By 1 784 Chota had only thirty fighting in 1794. Cherokees had The "Trail of Tears,"

houses. But it was still one of the hoped to protect their land against 1838-1839 largest towns in the Little white settlers. But they could not. White pressure for Cherokee land Tennessee River Valley. In June, More white settlers crossed the increased. In 1835 a small group

1 788, Chief Old Tassel, Old Abram mountains and moved into of Cherokees signed away the last from Chilhowie village, and his son Cherokee territory. Many Cherokee land east of the were killed at Chilhowie. The Cherokees moved south and west Mississippi River. From 1838 to Cherokee capital was moved from into Georgia and Alabama. By 1839, most of the Cherokee

Chota to Oostanauli, Georgia. 1 799 only five houses remained people were forcefully removed Cherokees continued to leave the at Chota. Most of the fields were from their land. They were taken Little Tennessee River Valley. overgrown in the towns on the to the Indian Territory, now the Little Tennessee River. In 1819 state of Oklahoma. Losing more land to white the land on which these towns The United States government

settlers, 1794-early 1880s were located was given to tried to remove all Cherokees. But

Cherokees and whites stopped the whites. more than 1 ,000 managed to stay

de Soto 7540 Cherokee timeline, 1540-1840 encounters Cherokee Traders 1660 began entering 1684 Cherokees sign treaty in Cherokee Charleston land

European Royal early Cherokees force out settlers began governor 1720s Tuscarora, Shawnee, Yuchi moving into appoints Cherokee land Cherokee 1740- Tellico-Hiwasee coalition emperor 1753 leads Cherokees until Chota council becomes more powerful and begins to lead Cherokees

French and 1756- Cherokees aid Returning Cherokee warriors Indian War 1761 British in war killed by Virginians; Cherokees retaliate by attacking white settlements

American 1776-1781 Revolution 1776- Cherokees Cherokees leave parts of 1794 attack white Cherokee territory destroyed settlements; by whites settlers retaliate

1 780s- Cherokees lose much land to early whites; Cherokees leave towns 1800s and move to other areas

1838-1839 Cherokees removed to Oklahoma ("Trail of Tears") 1840

12 — — —

fighting, Cherokee and white settlements during .Fort Carter's Valley - 1776-1794 Caswell

Watauga Holston River settlements' River

Holston River Virginia fort \

Tellico River.

Middle Tuckaseegee River Cherokee Settlements

North Carolina

Map not to scale Savannah River Keowa River

in the east. Most of these were in Today, more than 9,500 can take that land from them now.

North Carolina. The rugged descendants of those Cherokees The land was placed in federal mountains and friendly whites still live in North Carolina. Most trust in 1 924 to ensure that this provided a safe haven for many reside on the Qualla Boundary tiny fraction of their once vast Cherokees who did not wish to comprised of 56,000 acres of land territory will always remain in leave their homes. in five western counties. No one Cherokee possession.

Definitions

A treaty is a formal, written agreement. It is The western or overhill dialect—Otali—was spoken approved and signed by the representatives of in western or overhill towns of what is modern-day groups of people. east Tennessee and in the towns along the Hiwassee

and Cheowa rivers in North Carolina. At the time of European contact, the Cherokees

spoke three dialects. A dialect is a form of speech A coalition is a union, combination, or alliance of spoken in a certain area by a certain group of people for a special purpose, usually for politics or

people. People in each of the three major war. A council is a group of people elected or geographical divisions of Cherokee settlements appointed to make laws or to rule or manage a town. spoke a different dialect. The lower dialect— Elati was spoken in the lower settlements along the A government can slow down or stop trade of another

Keowa, Tugaloo, and the Savannah rivers in what nation or group of people by embargo. It stops are now northwestern South Carolina and trading with that group of people or prevents others northeastern Georgia. The middle dialect from buying or from selling goods to them. Kituhwa—was spoken in the middle settlements on the Oconaluftee, Tuckaseegee, Nantahala, and

Little Tennessee rivers in western North Carolina.

13 Mountain folklife: a blend

by Joan Moser

All cultures, at all times, in all Earliest folklife was This was the folklife of the Pisgah parts of our world maintain native American culture, and it was alive as early as

vital, living traditions. Mountain folklife began with the 1 ,000 years ago. IntheSwan- These traditions are passed on to earliest cultures—the native nanoa River valley, just east of future generations by word of Americans. They may have lived Asheville in Buncombe County, mouth. These word-of-mouth, or here as early as 1 0,000 years ago. archaeologists have discovered oral, traditions are called folklore. No oral folklore traditions survive the remains of a Pisgah village.

Folklore requires a spoken to tell us about them. But many No spoken language remains of language. Older generations use stone artifacts such as spears, these early mountaineers. But that language to tell the next ones axes, scrapers, and celts remain. many details of their lives do. these important traditions. When Those objects tell us what oral There are graves in which they traditions are combined and traditions cannot. buried their dead with ceremonial passed by this spoken language to Archaeologists have uncovered objects, such as pottery and neck- future generations, they are evidence of early mountain folklife. laces made of animal teeth and continuing folklife.

Do the people in the North Carolina mountains have folklife and folklore? Yes. A distinct folklife has devel- oped in western North Carolina. This folklife blends the traditions of native American, European, and African cultures. Mountain folklore is many things. It is stories, songs and dances, humorous anecdotes, riddles, and other things passed by word of mouth. Craftmaking is part of folklife. Crafts might be necessi- ties such as quilts, woven cover- lets, baskets, pottery, and log buildings. Folklife in the North Carolina mountains also includes traditional foodways. Foodways are recipes for preparing and cooking food and drink, types of foods eaten, and tools and utensils used to cook or serve food.

14 —

sea shells. The method of burial suggests a traditional folk belief Cherokees relied on in a life after death. In addition, plants for some foods. One wild food archaeologists have found many resource was the

" stone artifacts. The artifacts "Indian turnip. It is include grinding stones for corn also known as the "jack in the pulpit" and arrow points and spearheads (Arisaema triphyllum). for hunting. These artifacts tell The bulblike roots of how these people gathered food the plants were baked to reduce the spicy and how they prepared it. taste and were eaten Archaeologists have found like onions. evidence of houses. Soil samples Cherokees also relied on plants for tell archaeologists about the medicine. They housesthey lived in. The Pisgah taught European people had a tradition of building settlers what they knew. houses using upright, wooden poles. The patterns of the house posts remain in the ground. They also know that Pisgahs placed hearths inside for heating and cooking. Archaeologists also know more about their foodways by their garbage. Near their houses, they placed piles of trash in pits discarded animal bones, seeds, and other plant materials. These piles tell us what they ate. [See hunt and to preserve food. The From Great Britain, the Scotch- David Moore's article on the Cherokees taught the settlers Irish brought looms, weaving, Pisgah culture in this issue.— Ed.] how to gather, dry, and store wild and needlework traditions. The fruits, roots, nuts, and herbs for French Huguenots weaved and Cherokees shared their use during the cold winters. developed a sturdy cloth known folklife: food and medicine Cherokees not only passed as linsey-woolsey. The Cherokee Indians developed on folklore about food but also The Germans brought tools, a distinctive culture like the Pis- about medicine. Europeans and such as the broad axe, froe, draw gahs. We have much more Cherokees in the 1 700s had one knife, and shave horse. They evidence of their folklife because thing in common: they both de- introduced these to other settlers their descendants continue to pended on plants for medicine. for the building of log cabins and live in western North Carolina. The colonists came to the New barns. In Britain many of the major Many live within the Qualla World assuming that there would forests had already been cut down Boundary in Swain, Haywood, be plants for medicine. So they for buildings and firewood. So and Jackson counties. had to rely on the native Ameri- the Scotch-Irish, Welsh, and

Cherokee folklife contributed cans to tell them which plants English who came from there to to the survival of the early Euro- provided medicine. the North Carolina mountains were pean settlers in the 1700s. Pio- not used to building with wood. neers traveled to America from European settlers They were used to building with Great Britain and the European brought their folklife stone. But the Germans had continent. All of these early European settlers brought their learned to conserve their forests European colonists depended own folklife and folklore with and brought along techniques for heavily on the Cherokees. The them to America. They brought building with wood. native Americans introduced them their crafts and knowledge of The Appalachian stories, songs, to corn, beans, and squash. how to make them and tools and and dances that are part of today's They also showed them how to knowledge of how to use them. mountain heritage were brought by

15 these European groups. These have been a European king's fiddles. German dance music stories include hero tales from palace in "Jack Tales" was tradition is preserved in tunes such Europe. And many of the longer changed to a frontiersman's large, as "Buffalo Gals." The Germans narrative songs called "ballads" log cabin. also brought a stringed instrument

also came from Europe. But Dance music reflects other that was held on the lap. It was European settlers changed folk- cultures as well. Mountaineers played with the fingers and a lore to reflect their new environ- continue to play old bagpipe tunes goose feather. Today that instru- ment. For example, what should like "Bonaparte's Retreat" on ment is known as the Appalachian

Ginseng: the marvelous specimens for the private gardens chewed. Traditional recipes are little magician of European kings and wealthy still followed for ginseng teas. private citizens in such cities as The root is also ground into a Boston, Massachusetts, and powder for soup seasoning.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mountaineers also gather it to The most famous plant col- export to Asian countries, espe-

lected was ginseng (Panax quin- cially to China. It sells for as much

quefolium). This plant had been as $200 per pound during the fall When the earliest European used in China as a cure-all for foraging season. settlers moved into the mountains, over five thousand years. During In mountain and Asian folklore,

Cherokees knew the uses of the 1 700s, it was an important the ginseng root has amazing almost 400 different plants, trees, agricultural product shipped from properties. It is supposed to and shrubs. European botanists the American colonies. improve the memory, stimulate and explorers Andre Michaux and And today the root of this plant the nervous system, and lengthen

William Bartram visited native is still prized. Mountain families life. The Cherokees who discov-

American villages throughout the gather it for use in folk medicine. ered it first called it the "most southeast. They collected plant Sometimes it is sliced and marvelous little magician."

off'"* mm®

16 Mountain folklife is a blend of many cultures. Early settlers played Scotch-Irish music on a musical instrument of German origins, the dulcimer. Some still play the dulcimer today (Left). Today's mountain string-band music relies on two musical instruments with African folklife origins, the guitar and the banjo (Left and right).

dulcimer. Scotch- Irish dance owned slaves, for many people in Mountain folklife is a blend tunes are also played on it. the mountains opposed slavery. North Carolina mountain culture

But following the Civil War (1 861- today reflects the blending to-

African Americans 1 865), many African Americans gether of native American, Euro- brought their folklife came to the mountains in search pean, and African-American folk Besides the native Americans of work. They brought the banjos traditions. They have changed and the European immigrants, and guitars that are so important in through time and will continue to African Americans added to mountain string-band music today. do so as new immigrants join from folklife traditions in the moun- And they added many new steps other states and other countries tains. Only a few mountaineers to traditional clog dances as well. bringing their own folklife.

Definitions

Artifacts are objects made or used by humans. Celts are ground and polished stone axes.

They are used in some human activity. . A cure a|| js a medjcjne thgt js sypposed tQ hea , a|| Scrapers are made of stone and are used to scrape diseases, animal hides.

17

Folklife by hand: handmade is best made

by Bob Conway

Crafts are a part of western North Carolina's folklife. What are crafts? They are objects made by hand, household items that were once used in everyday life. They include baskets, pottery, quilts, and woven rugs. Handmade crafts were usually made out of natural materials such as wood, stone, metal, or cloth.

The first mountain crafts were made by native Americans. We know the most about crafts made by the Cherokees. In the 1700s, European settlers moved into the area. The pioneers brought with them their skills for making useful things. They needed them in the new land. When the pioneers met the Cherokees, both learned new skills and borrowed new kinds of tools and objects from each other. They also learned each others' ways for making crafts. From the colonial days until the early 1900s, mountain people made things for their own use—or for someone else in the commu- nity. But change came with roads. People visited the area and wanted to buy crafts, but many mountain people were giving up making crafts because they could buy the same things at nearby stores. When better highways were built, craftmaking was re- vived for the tourist trade. As Mountain crafts are traditional objects made by hand for use in the house. Pottery was used to tourists flocked to the Great prepare or store food in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Coverlets were woven on looms and used on beds for warmth. Smoky Mountains National Park and drove down the Blue Ridge

19 20 In the 1 900s new national parks and forests and new highways attracted tourists who wanted to buy crafts. Tourists are still attracted by crafts at places like the Southern Highland Handicraft Guild in Asheville. HHHHHSHHHHBH

Parkway, they brought money to want to work in offices, stores, or Traditional mountain crafts are

buy crafts. They visited the Chero- factories. For those who cannot still being made, but they are less kee Indian reservation and bought leave their houses, such as the common. Modern, artistic crafts baskets, pottery, woodcarving, elderly or the handicapped, hand- have become popular. Some are weaving, and beadwork crafts. crafts provide an income. based on the pioneer crafts, but Today on the Qualla Boundary, Among mountaineers, dulcimer- many are not. They are made by Cherokee wood carvers like maker Edd Presnell, folk-toy people who have moved into the Goingback Chiltoskey, Amanda maker Willard Watson, and region. They sometimes have Crowe, Virgil Ledford, and John blacksmith Bea Hensley are well college degrees, usually in art, and Julius Wilnoty and basketmakers known. Craft collectors and are well trained. Sometimes they like Eva Wolfe and Rowena tourists seek them out. receive training at one of two craft

Bradley have become nationally Mary M. Cornwell of Lake schools in the mountains: the

famous. Visitors to the town of Junaluska in Haywood County John C. Campbell Folk School in

Cherokee can see a variety of has been a leader in mountain Cherokee County near Murphy,

working craftspeople at Oco- handcrafts. In 1951 , with only and Penland School in Mitchell naluftee Indian Village. Craft fourteen craftspeople, she County near Spruce Pine. The

exhibits are featured also at the founded the Village of Yesteryear. Campbell Folk School is the home

Cherokee Heritage Center, Qualla It was first located in a small, of the famous Brasstown Carvers.

Arts and Crafts Gallery, and wooden building at the North It also teaches wrought-iron

Museum of the Cherokee Indian. Carolina State Fair in Raleigh. making to would-be blacksmiths. Some mountaineers choose to Now, thirty-nine years later, Although traditional crafts have

live in rural areas instead of towns Cornwell still goes to Raleigh survived for two centuries, their

and cities. They make their living each October for the State Fair. future is not bright. Someone

creating crafts. And besides An average of 1 00 craftspeople recently observed, "We are now

farming, some mountain people work in a large, modern pavilion living in the last decade of have no interest in any other work that has become one of the fair's mountain crafts." ~i than handcrafts. They do not leading attractions.

21 Tourism: on the road!

by Hugh M. Morton

When Sir Walter Raleigh's water or bathe in it. Many visited built. They offered the same colonists came to North resorts like Hot Springs in Madison luxuries and modem conven-

Carolina in 1 585, no one County. The water from the iences, except they lacked mineral on board his tiny ships was a springs was supposed to heal water springs. Northeast of Hot

tourist. All on board came to settle sicknesses and ailments. Once Springs, Blowing Rock in Watauga this corner of the New World. named Warm Springs, Hot Springs and Caldwell counties, and Linville

Those were rugged times. The claimed to have been a health in Avery County, are examples of colonists struggled for food, resort since 1779. two fine resorts that developed.

shelter, and life itself. No one had By the late 1 800s, the resort In 1889, my grandfather, Hugh much time or thought about had grown larger. Thousands MacRae, formed the Linville traveling for enjoyment. of tourists traveled there follow- Improvement Company to begin In the 1600s and 1700s, ing the construction of the magnifi- the Linville Resort. In 1891 and European explorers and settlers cent Mountain Park Hotel in the 1892, he linked Linville with

traveled in the New World. But 1 890s. The hotel was described Blowing Rock. He constructed a

they were exploring, looking for as a rambling structure. It had a stagecoach route called the spices, gold, new travel routes, or large lobby, spacious parlors, Yonahlossee Road (now U.S.

a place to live. Some recorded and one fourth of a mile of veran- Highway 221). Eseeola Inn was and published what they saw. das—porches. It also included completed in Linville in 1892. luxuries and modern conve- Mayview Manor and Green Park

Early tourism for health, niences such as elevators, steam Hotel were built in Blowing Rock then recreation heat, toilets, fireplaces, an orches- for tourists. In the early 1800s, people began tra, a music hall, billiard parlors, One reason these resorts

traveling to escape sickness or to and bowling alleys. It also offered expanded was the growth of the get well. Many wealthy residents a golf course, tennis courts, and railroads in the mountains. For of the coastal areas of the horseback riding. With such example, Asheville, in Buncombe

Carolinas and Georgia visited the luxuries and conveniences, County, is the present-day tourism mountains to escape coastal heat, many soon came to enjoy only capital of the North Carolina

humidity, and ticks and mosqui- the pleasures that the health mountains. But it did not earn that toes, which spread malaria and resort offered. honor until the railroad came to

other fevers. Some men built town in the 1 880s. The Western summer homes in the mountains Expansion: railroads + North Carolina Railroad was the

for their families and stayed in the promotion = tourists major line leading to Asheville. It

coastal areas to work. During the 1 890s, tourism ex- made Asheville the transportation

Those who traveled to get well panded in the North Carolina hub in the western part of the visited mineral springs to drink the mountains. Other resorts were state. Railroads were the key

22 Tourists have long been attracted to western North

Carolina. The first tourists visited springs

to drink and bathe in warm, mineral waters at places like Hot Springs. They later came just for the luxuries and activities offered by hotels, such as the Mountain Park Hotel, located at Hot Springs.

to all transportation in that day, Carolina tourism from the 1 880s cials and the public began to both for cargo and passengers. into the 1940s. By the end of realize that tourism industries

Railroad connections were essen- World War II (1941-1945), fewer could supply needed employment tial to tourism. tourists came by train. More and and taxes in the mountain coun- When the Western North Caro- more came by cars or airplanes. ties. Some counties and towns lina Railroad reached Asheville in Some tourists had been visiting added room occupancy taxes.

1 880, "Judge" Edward Aston was the area by car after Great Smoky This tax increased their tourism the loyal and enthusiastic mayor. Mountains National Park was promotion funds so that they could

He wanted to attract people to the opened in 1 934 and sections of the attract more tourists. 2,61 0-person community. So he Blue Ridge Parkway were opened During this period of expansion, sent thousands of advertising around 1940. Both had attracted tourists have found new reasons to mailers throughout the United many millions of visitors. Yet visit the mountains during the States and Europe. The circulars many more of the area's visitors warm months. Historical dramas boasted that Asheville was a resort traveled to the area on major Unto These Hills, in Cherokee in for those who suffered from tuber- United States highways. Now Swain and Jackson counties, and culosis. The health resort idea most reach the area by the Horn In The West, in Boone in caught on. Asheville successfully interstate highways. Watauga County, have become attracted people to the area. Asheville Regional Airport is the important cultural contributions to

Hotels were essential for only airport in the North Carolina tourism. New attractions like lodging the many visitors. The mountains offering major airline Tweetsie Railroad, Ghost Town, Swannanoa Hotel and the Eagle service. But air terminals are and Grandfather Mountain have Hotel were the best known hotels located on either side of the added other activities for young

in Asheville in 1880. Others were mountains in Knoxville, Tennes- and old alike. More than a dozen built. They included the Battery see; Greenville-Spartanburg, new golf resorts have opened. And Park, Kennilworth Inn, the Langren South Carolina; Charlotte; and many people from Florida are

Hotel, and the Grove Park Inn. Atlanta, Georgia. Many people fly attracted to the mountains. Many These fine hotels gave Asheville into these airports, rent a car, and Floridians have built second the reputation of having more and drive to the mountains. homes in the mountains. Tourists better hotels than any city of the When World Warll ended, come in fall's cool weather to view

same size in the United States. tourism once again expanded in leaves changing. Others visit in the North Carolina mountains and the winter to ski. Year-round

After World War II: the whole state. North Carolina tourism is now the rule in western planes and automobiles state government began an North Carolina. Rail transportation had been effective tourism promotion

important to western North agency. State government offi-

23 Tourism in western North Carolina is threatened by air pollution. Forests at around 6, 000 feet suffer from air pollution and acid rain (Top,—left). Heavy damage has occurred at Mount Mitchell. Roan Mountain. Clingman 's Peak. Water Rock Knob, and Grandfather Mountain. Clearcutting cutting down

all the trees in one area—is a logging technique that threatens the natural beauty of western North Carolina s forests. This load of logs (Top. right) was hauled from a clearcut area in Pisgah National Forest near Linville in sight of the Blue Ridge Parkway. Visual pollution is also a problem. Lack of planning and development regulations allows low quality growth along heavily traveled highways (Bottom).

24 Today, tourists visit the mountains all year round.

What about the future? and lowered water levels in by plane and car to visit historic Managers at Grandfather Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) sites, to see beautiful scenery, and Mountain, a scenic attraction near lakes. One recent threat was to take advantage of natural Linville, survey their visitors. eliminated by the passage of the resources in the mountains. They

Those surveys show that scenery Ridge Law. It stopped the travel to their second homes, to is the leading reason people visit building of high-rise apartments play golf, to fish for trout, or to raft that attraction. This finding might on the crests of mountain ridges. on the cold clear waters. An active be true for all tourists visiting Despite these threats to tour- and effective Travel Council of western North Carolina. Yet there ism, North Carolina's citizens and North Carolina is taking the lead in are a number of threats to the out-of-state guests continue to finding solutions to the threats, natural beauty of the mountains. flock to the North Carolina moun- determined to see that tourism will They include damage to waters tains. They no longer come by be North Carolina's number one and forests from air pollution, lack stagecoach or train. They do not industry by the year 2000. of regulations and planning to come to take advantage of min- control building, timber harvesting eral waters and to escape hot, close to heavily traveled highways, mosquito summers. They come

25 Asheville: the city that grew up around its square

by Mitzi S. Tessier

heart of Asheville is its Thepublic square. Once called

Public Square, it did not look anything like today's Pack Square. There was no monument to Buncombe County native and Civil War Governor Zebulon B. Vance

( 1 862-1 865) . It had no paved streets, fountain, or artistic buildings. A fenced lot along a dirt trail, it was simply a crossroads in the western part of the state. Public Square had very humble beginnings. The first courthouse built there by the Buncombe County Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions was a log building. The village that grew up around it was called Morristown until it was incorporated by the state in 1 797 and renamed to honor Samuel B. Ashe, governor of North Carolina (1 795-1 798). Early travelers described what the square looked like in the 1 700s and early 1800s. One woman who came to Asheville in 1 824 wrote,

"Asheville is not so handsome a

village as I expected, there are four pretty good brick buildings, the Jail and three dwelling houses, the foundation of the court house

is laid which will also be of brick.

When that is finished the village will look much better, it being

bounded on all sides by mountains to give it all the beauty."

26 Transportation and growth poultry to markets in South McDowell County and Asheville.

In 1 828 the first "major highway" in Carolina. As many as 1 00,000 It was difficult to cut through the western part of the state was turkeys or pigs may have fluttered hundreds of feet of stone without built. Called the Buncombe and squealed their way across powerful machinery.

Turnpike, it followed the route of Public Square in a single season. an Indian trail along the French Many years passed before the The first boom

Broad River. At Asheville it railroad came to Asheville. The The period between 1880 and crossed Public Square. Civil War (1861-1865) and 1 890 in Asheville was a boom

Asheville's hotels flourished financial problems blocked early time. The city grew in population from turnpike traffic. Visitors from efforts to build a railroad. Rough, and wealth. During the 1880s and

South Carolina and Tennessee rocky terrain posed problems in 1 890s, Asheville attracted many arrived in stage coaches, dusty bringing the railroad to the people. It grew from a town of and weary. At the hotels they mountains. Building a track about 2,500 to a city of almost could buy lodging and dinner. through the Blue Ridge Mountains 15,000. It also gained a national Other travelers, called drovers, was hard and dangerous. Many reputation as a health spa. had used the turnpike route for workmen lost their lives as they cut Before the discovery of antibiotics, years. They herded livestock and seven tunnels between Old Fort in a cure for lung diseases included

rest in a cool climate. Hospitals and sanatoriums for tuberculosis patients dotted the

surrounding hills.

The man for whom the square is

now named came to Asheville in 1883. His name was George Pack. Pack was a man of dreams.

Although he lived in the city less than twenty years, he gave lots of money to make the square beautiful. He also contributed to the growth of Asheville. Another man who made a

difference in Asheville in the 1 880s was George Vanderbilt. He was the son of one of America's most wealthy men. Vanderbilt bought thousands of acres of land south of the city and built a palatial home. His 250-room castle, Biltmore

House, is now owned by his grandson and attracts thousands of tourists each year.

The second boom The next boom came in the 1920s. Nationwide, commerce and industry grew. More money than ever before became available. Asheville's ideal climate and beautiful scenery attracted people with money to spend. Real estate people became rich selling land and building new buildings downtown.

27 Public Square from the 1 700s to the late 1880s was a fenced lot surrounded by dirt streets (Top, left). George W. Pack (Top, right) shared his wealth with Asheville by giving money for improvements to the square. One improvement was a monument on the square to honor former governor Zebulon Vance. To honor Pack, Asheville changed the name of Public Square to Pack Square. The square was busy in 1930 (Bottom). Just beyond Pack Square are buildings built during Asheville's boom. The county courthouse is the tall building on the left. Like other Asheville and Buncombe

County buildings, it was built with bonds.

28 The Asheville and Buncombe during the national "crash," also A furniture store has been made County governments even caught called the depression. into apartments. boom fever. By 1 929 they had Passenger trains no longer run borrowed enough money for new Recovery, growth, and boom the rails into Asheville, but new buildings. They built a new city For Asheville, the crash turned out highways and a jetport carry hall, a county courthouse, a high to be lucky. Her people saw hard travelers to the city. Two large school, a library, and a highway times during the depression years. malls and several major tunnel under Beau-catcher Yet all that time the city and the department stores ensure her Mountain. This money came from county were buying back those reputation as a commercial center the sale of bonds. bonds. They were paying people for the western part of the state.

back the money the city and As ever, the heart of Asheville is

The crash county had borrowed. It took over still the square. Each year in July,

It seemed that nothing could stop forty years. But finally in 1976, the over 1 00,000 people gather there progress in the 1 920s. Over last bond was paid off. The city to celebrate life in the city at a

$8,000,000 of city and county was left with a strong credit rating festival called Bele Chere. Bele funds rested in the Central Bank and a wealth of unusual 1 920s Chere in the old Scottish language and Trust Company on Pack buildings. means beautiful living.

Square. It was enough money to Today, Asheville is again This year Pack Place Arts and repay those bonds. All seemed enjoying a boom. Developers are Cultural Center opened on the rosy until the morning of restoring downtown and Pack southwest corner of Pack Square.

November 20, 1930. On that Square. Those artistic buildings It is very near the place where the morning, Central Bank and Trust from the 1 920s are being cleaned first courthouse stood. Pack Place

Company failed. All the money up and used again. For some the is home to museums and a was gone. This was called the use may be different. A former performing arts theater. There

"crash." This crash occurred department store is now a hotel. visitors may hear the story of Asheville's history and see the

place where it all began.

Definitions

A Court of Pleas and Quarter Sessions was the A palatial house is one that is large and fancy, like a

form of courts and county government in early North palace.

Carolina. The Court of Pleas heard civil suits. The Court of Sessions tried minor criminal cases. The Bonds are certificates that governments sell when word "quarter" came from the meeting dates of the they want money for constructing buildings. After a court—once a quarter or once every three months. designated time, people get their money back plus The court also had other county administration interest. A credit rating is an estimate of the duties. amount of money that can be loaned to someone.

It is determined by a lending agency, like a bank.

A boom is a time of swift, vigorous growth and A credit rating is based on how much money development. someone has and his record in paying debts.

Health spas are places where people visit to The depression started with the stock market

exercise or to get healthy again after an illness. "crash" on October 29, 1 929. Banks had made too

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease affecting the many loans, and people could not pay loans back.

lungs. Patients with turberculosis, or consumption, As a result, banks could not pay depositors money in went to sanatoriums for rest and to be treated. their accounts. Businesses had borrowed too much Antibiotic drugs were not available at the time to money and were in debt. The national economy cure tuberculosis. Antibiotic drugs are made from slowed down. Unemployment rose. The depression

bacteria or fungi and destroy or weaken germs. ended in the early 1 940s.

Penicillin is an antibiotic.

29 The federal presence: a big deal by Jim Ryan and Ron Holland

Life has changed in the counties. The Blue Ridge $32 million; and Great Smoky mountains since the time of Parkway employs 1 46 people. Mountains National Park,

the first native Americans Three hundred fifty people work $2.5 million. Counties where these and European settlers. Much of at the National Climatic Data agencies operate benefit in some the area now is under control of Center while 41 work for the way from their presence. Millions the United States government. U.S. Forest Service. In the Great of visitors spend their tourist The land and its use are regulated Smoky Mountains National Park, dollars visiting federal land and by federal law. Government 75 people are employed, and sites in these counties, often programs and policies affect the at Tennessee Valley Authority, providing employment and taxes lives of many people. Some sixty people are employed. In to less-developed areas. people do not like the government addition, many people work part- control of the land or their lives. time or as temporaries for these National Climatic Data Center Yet the federal government's federal agencies. The National Climatic Data Center policies and programs have had a The budgets for these agencies (NCDC) moved from New Orleans, positive impact on western North are in the millions of dollars. For Louisiana, to Asheville in 1952. Carolina during the past fifty to example, the Blue Ridge Parkway The center was established as an sixty years. has a budget of $5.3 million; official Federal Records Center for Today, more than 4,000 federal National Climatic Data Center, preserving the weather records of employees work in the mountain $1 8 million; U.S. Forest Service, the United States. Today many

Federal presence

Tennessee

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Fontana Dam and Lake

Hiwassee Dam and Lake Map not to scale

30 —

global weather records are the way, the parkway provides until 1 987, more than fifty years preserved for studying worldwide visitors with spectacular views of after the parkway was begun. climatic problems. mountain peaks and valleys. At With brilliant fall foliage, an An agency of the U.S. historic sites on the way, visitors abundance of spring blossoms, Department of Commerce, NCDC can catch glimpses of re-created and cool summer temperatures, manages and makes available pioneer life. the parkway has become one of global environmental data. By President Franklin Delano the most popular recreational using more than 1 00 years of Roosevelt (1 933-1 945) began the areas in the nation. weather records, NCDC learns parkway in 1 933 as a public works Its motor road, with low speed from the past in an effort to help project under the eye of the limits, was designed exclusively others prepare for a better National Park Service. The for leisurely recreational travel. tomorrow. From the weather parkway provided jobs for many Off the road, the parkway offers observations of Ben Franklin and men during the depression (1 929- camping, picnicking, fishing,

Thomas Jefferson to the data from early 1 940s). The last leg, Linn hiking, and a wide variety of modern weather satellites, the Cove viaduct, near Linville in ranger-led programs. NCDC archives contain a wealth of Avery County, was not completed valuable information.

Blue Ridge Parkway The Blue Ridge Parkway winds 470 miles through the southern

Appalachian Mountains. It con- nects two national parks

Shenandoah in Virginia and Great

Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. Along

Great Smoky Mountains National Park West of Asheville, the southern leg

Construction of the of the Blue Ridge Parkway ends at Blue Ridge Parkway the Great Smoky Mountains. The began in 1935, and it North Carolina-Tennessee border opened around 1940.

Some of it ran through divides the park and follows the forested areas that crest of some of the highest had been cut of the Mississippi down by logging mountains east companies for timber River. Many of the peaks are more (Top). Today, millions than 6,000 feet in height. This travel along the national park contains parkway enjoying its 525,000 beauty (Left). acres of mountains, about 820 square miles.

Established in 1934, the Great

Smoky Mountains National Park is

the most popular national park in the United States. Millions of visitors go to the park each year. The park offers spectacular scenery, sparkling streams, and more than 1 ,400 species of flowering plants and trees. In addition many of the old pioneer buildings have been saved so that people can see what life was like in the old days. Visitors can see these sights by car or on foot. They can also hike, camp, fish, picnic, or just relax in an unspoiled wilderness.

United States Forest Service The U.S. Forest Service manages more than 1 ,000,000 acres of national forests in western North

Carolina, about 1 ,600 square miles. Under the U.S. Department Fontana Dam of Agriculture, the forests provide habitats for plants and animals and offer services to visitors. Visitors Pisgah National Forest has from the Great Depression. use recreation areas for hiking, 498,000 acres. It was established It provided jobs, electric power for camping, hunting, boating, and in 1 91 6 as the first national forest homes and industry, and flood fishing. Some areas are east of the Mississippi River. A control in North Carolina's Tennes- considered wilderness and for large portion of Pisgah National see River Basin. North Carolina is limited use. In recent years more Forest was originally part of the one of seven states in the project. people have used the Pisgah and Biltmore Estate belonging to Four major TVA hydroelectric

Nantahala national forests than George W. Vanderbilt of Asheville. dams were constructed in western have visited Great Smoky The largest national forest in North Carolina—Hiwassee, Mountains National Park. North Carolina is Nantahala Na- Apalachia, Chatuge, and Fontana. Other areas of the forest provide tional Forest, with 518,000 acres. These dams form lakes used watersheds for nearby communi- Cherokee Indians were the original by many for boating, fishing, ties. Those same communites owners and users of the land. and skiing. benefit from the timber in the Fontana Dam is located on the forest. Timber companies hire Tennessee Valley Authority Little Tennessee River in Swain local people to cut the trees for The Tennessee Valley Authority County. It is the highest and per- furniture and paper manufacturers. (TVA) was established by Con- haps the most picturesque of all

In some areas, citizens receive gress in 1 933. Its main purpose the TVA dams. At 480 feet, Fon- permits and cut trees for firewood. was to help the nation recover tana Dam is also the tallest dam in the eastern United States.

Definitions

A watershed is an area where water drains into a community. Hydroelectric dams are dams built creeks, rivers, or lakes providing the water needs of on rivers to provide electricity. The water passes through generators, which make electricity.

32 On top of old Smoky: creating Great Smoky Mountains National Park

by Ed Trout

Creating Great Smoky of lands already owned by the companies owned land in the Mountains National Park government. They were often Smoky Mountains. Many people

was difficult. It took money places where no one wanted to had farmed there for many years and a lot of work by thousands of live anyway. and did not want to leave their people. Establishing parks located Getting park land in this area family homesteads. Nor did the in the western United States was was a different story. Thousands large corporations want to fairly easy. Congress merely of people and a handful of large abandon huge timber forests, carved parks like Yellowstone out timber and paper-manufacturing miles of railroad track, logging

Asheville

Cherokee

Great Smoky Mountains National Park North Carolina

Map not to scale

33 equipment, and whole villages of gave the U.S. Department of the condemned in court. On that employee housing. Interior responsibility for a park in land, timber and paper the Smoky Mountains. But manufacturing companies owned

The idea 1 50,000 acres of land had to be trees and valuable equipment they

The idea for a national park in the purchased first. Since the did not want to lose. southern Appalachians started in government could not buy land for It was a tough situation for the late 1890s. A few people from national park use, supporters had people who lived there. Losing a northern states began to talk about to raise the money. house and land was an emotional a public land preserve in the cool, In the late 1 920s, the Tennes- loss. For many, their families had healthful air of the southern see and North Carolina legisla- lived there for generations. Losing Appalachians. A legislator even tures each gave $2 million to buy land meant losing a homestead, entered a bill in the North Carolina land. Citizens, private groups, and churches where neighbors gath- General Assembly to establish a even schoolchildren raised addi- ered, and cemeteries where loved land preserve. It failed. By the tional money. By 1928, $5 million ones were buried. early 1900s, many more people had been raised by the legislatures Some people were allowed to were pressuring Washington for some kind of public preserve. Some people wanted a national park, and others wanted a national forest.

The drive to create

In the mid-1 920s, the drive to create a national park became successful. Many people living and working in Knoxville,

Tennessee, and in Asheville wanted a national park created. The two groups had long been competitors over its location. Each wanted it near them so that their group could profit. But they finally began to work together for a park halfway between the two cities in the heart of the Smoky Mountains. The park supporters were not and citizens. But there was stay under lifetime leases. They hard-core conservationists, trouble. The cost of the land had were too old or too sick to move. backpackers, and trout fishermen. doubled, and the campaign Younger ones were granted They were motorists. Cars were ground to a halt. The day was leases on a short-term basis. Yet becoming more popular, and many saved when the Laura Spellman if they stayed, they would not be people were beginning to own Rockefeller Memorial Fund do- allowed to live the same life they them. Car owners had formed nated $5 million. The land was had lived before. They could not clubs and wanted new and better finally bought. cut timber or hunt and trap animals. roads on which to drive their cars. Many people were asked later They were interested in good Buying the land how they felt about losing their roads through beautiful scenery. Although supporters had raised land to make Great Smoky money, buying the land was Mountains National Park. About

Raising the money difficult. Six thousand small farms, half took the money offered for

In May, 1926, President Calvir large tracts, and other miscella- their land and left. They were glad

Coolidge (1923-1929) signed neous parcels had to be to have it. The other half ex- a bill to establish Great Smoky surveyed, appraised, pressed feelings from inconve-

Mountains National Park. This bill negotiated, and sometimes nience to hostility.

34 —

Dedicating the park

Developing the park and the beautiful stone bridges With one foot on the North

The first park superintendent and buildings. Carolina side and one foot on the arrived in 1931. From 1933 to Tennessee side, he spoke about

1942, the Civilian Conservation Dedicating the park the park and its many supporters.

Corps built the facilities and The final touch in the creation of That ceremony dedicated a restored pioneer buildings. the park was its formal dedication. sanctuary that is not a local park, a They stopped when World In September, 1940, President county park, or even a state park.

Warll (1941-1945) finally shut Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933- It is a national park for all the the program down. They built 1945) stood on the Rockefeller people of the country and the rest many of the trails, campgrounds, Monument at Newfound Gap. of the world to enjoy.

Definitions

There are differences between a national forest government went to court and had the land and a national park. In a national forest, the condemned—taken for public use and the owners federal government allows people to use its paid. renewable resources. This means that a person might be allowed to cut large groves of trees for Leases are rights to use property in exchange for timber or to graze cattle on grassland. In a national money—rent. park the scenery and resources are protected.

Nature is allowed to run its course. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was an

agency created during the depression (1 929-early

Tracts and parcels are pieces of land. They were 1 940s) to provide work and wages for unemployed surveyed—measured for size and boundaries young men. appraised—a money value determined—and negotiated—a price offered and then accepted or

rejected. If the owner rejected the price offered, the

35 First in forestry by John Palmer

I n 1968 the U.S. Forest Service 1 900s, most forests in western Yet some forest remained,

opened the Cradle of Forestry, North Carolina had been de- showing it could be made beautiful

I a historical museum in Pisgah stroyed. Lumber companies and useful once more. In the late

National Forest. Today the drive logged the trees to make money, 1 800s and early 1 900s, many to the museum on a winding or farmers burned the trees to people wanted to see forests cover mountain road is through natural provide pastures for grazing cattle. the mountains again. These beauty. Oaks, dogwoods, yellow Poor farming methods destroyed people included George and Edith poplars, white pines, sourwoods, the soil, and much of it filled valley Vanderbilt, Gifford Pinchot, Doctor and other trees shade the streams, leaving deep gulleys on Chase P. Ambler, Doctor Henry O. roadway. Under the trees, "pink the hillsides. Marcy, and Professor Carl A. beds"—thickets of rhododendron and mountain laurel—add greenery and flowers. After driving through this natural beauty, it is hard to believe that these mountainsides were once bare of all bushes and trees. The only thing left were stumps and limbs. In the late 1800s and early

mi

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36 Schenck. In the process of re- view of the mountains from a hill building the forests in western near the resort town. Soon after- North Carolina, they made North wards, Vanderbilt purchased Lone

Carolina famous in forestry. Pine Hill. It became the first of the

All North Carolina license plates purchases he made in building his are proudly stamped with the 125,000-acre Biltmore Estate. phrase "First in Flight." That To manage the forests on his phrase celebrates the Wright land, he hired Gifford Pinchot.

Brother's first airplane flight at Kitty Pinchot was a Pennsylvanian who Hawk. Yet North Carolina's plates graduated from a French forestry could be stamped "First in For- college in Nancy, France. (There estry" since many of America's were no American forestry schools forestry "firsts" occurred in western at this time.) Vanderbilt hired North Carolina. These firsts Pinchot in 1892. He took over the include:

• the first American forester with a college degree to be hired;

• the first American college of forestry;

• the first national forest to be

created in the eastern mustache, and heavy accent, United States. Schenck left a mark wherever he went. Schenck continued and First American forester expanded on Pinchot's work. But The story starts with George W. he is primarily remembered for Vanderbilt when he visited starting the Biltmore Forest Asheville with his mother in the School, the first school of forestry early 1880s. Vanderbilt grew up in in America. New York City and had recently The Biltmore Forest School inherited several million dollars opened in September, 1898, and from his family. During his visit to closed fifteen years later. It turned Asheville, he was attracted to a out between 350 and 400 gradu- ates. Schenck's wide knowledge and magnetic personality attracted a growing group of young men planning and care of Vanderbilt's interested in forestry. "My forestry forests. As a result, he became apprentices . . . accompanied me America's first practicing scientific everywhere and asked contin- forester. 1 ually for explanations," Schenck

wrote in his autobiography, The First forestry American Birth of Forestry in America. school The school was the obvious, After Gifford Pinchot left Biltmore, organized answer to his appren- Dr. Carl Alwin his Schenck took tices' questions. place. Schenck was born in George Vanderbilt had encour- Germany and educated there as a aged Schenck and the school. forester. He became responsible Schenck started with a twelve- for the management of the forests month course. Tuition, room, and on Edith Vanderbilt's George and meals cost only $200 per year. Biltmore Estate. Schenck was a Schenck held the college at the captivating person. With his stern Biltmore Estate from fall through German manner, flamboyant

1 ln 1905, under President Theodore "Teddy" velt (1 901-1 909), Pinchot became the first chief the newly established U.S. Forest Service. spring. In the summer, he moved it passed the Weeks Act. It gave the Under this act, in 1 91 5, the to a remote site deep within Bilt- U.S. government power to buy government bought nearly 87,000 more's forest at the Pink Beds (an private land in the east for national acres around Mount Pisgah from area in Transylvania County). All forests. North Carolina legislators George Vanderbilt's widow, Edith. transportation was by horseback. supported the passage of the act She was very interested in pre-

in Congress. serving the mountains and their First national forest in natural resources. This was the east among the first land purchased

In the 1 800s people flocked to under the Weeks Act. It also western North Carolina for their began the establishment of all the health. They soon grew to love the national forests east of the Missis- beauty of the mountains. In 1885 sippi River. doctors like Chase P. Ambler and Henry O. Marcy thought that the Conclusion natural beauty of the mountains All of these milestones are of contributed to the health of people continuing importance for North visiting the region. For that reason Carolina, its mountains, and their they thought the forests needed to people. Without Vanderbilt, his be preserved. widow, Edith, Pinchot, Schenck, Many people became interested Drs. Marcy and Ambler, in what Marcy and Ambler had to congressmen, and citizens, say. As a result, they fought and we might not have the beautiful planned to save the forests. The forests in the mountains. All North region was surveyed and a report Carolinians can be deeply proud of was made. After many years of Edith Vanderbilt such a fine forestry heritage. work, the U.S. Congress finally

38 Mining: between a rock and a hard place

by Leonard Wiener

The first miners were native Americans

Mining has played an impor- tant but unappreciated role

in western North Carolina history. The very earliest miners were native Americans who needed minerals and rocks. They searched for and dug earth and rock materials. The Indians dug clay to make pottery. They also looked for specific types of rocks for tools or hunting equipment. About 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, some groups discovered soap-

stone. From it they carved useful bowls and vessels as well as ornaments. The Indians also dug Early native Americans needed minerals and rocks. Soapstone—a soft, talc-rich rock that can be and collected sheets of mica. The easily cut and carved—was used to make bowls, vessels, ornaments, and pipes (Top in photo). mica was often split and trimmed Certain kinds of rocks were made into scrapers (Left in photo) and celts (Right in photo). What were other tools Indians may have made from earth or rock materials? (Hint: see photographs in David into ornaments. They traded it to Moore 's article on the Pisgah culture). other Indian groups as far away as the Ohio River Valley.

39 Europeans came later mountain settlers had found any After the American and searched for gold of the useful mineral deposits, few Revolution, iron

In 1 540 the first Europeans were experienced in refining the products were scarce explored the North Carolina, raw ores. After the Revolutionary War

Georgia, and Tennessee Gradually, some mineral depos- (1 776-1 781 ), iron products were mountains. The expedition its were discovered in the moun- scarce in the state. Iron pots and belonged to Spanish explorer tain area. In 1767, English pans, lanterns, knives, farm Hernando de Soto. Lured by tales chinaware-maker Josiah Wedg- equipment, axes, saws, guns, and and rumors, they searched for wood sent Thomas Griffiths to tools of all sorts were especially gold-bearing mountains. But the North Carolina. Griffiths searched scarce in the remote parts of

Spanish gold-hunting effort was for raw clay to make pottery. western North Carolina. In 1788 unsuccessful. Three hundred He mined and shipped to England the General Assembly recognized years later, prospectors finally more than five tons of white, china this need and passed a law. It found and mined a small amount clay. Today, china clay is called encouraged development of local of gold in this region. kaolin. Wedgwood's source of clay iron-ore mines and refining lay along the Little Tennessee operations. The law granted up to

Settlers needed iron; River in Macon County. 3,000 acres to iron manufacturers. other minerals were found Wedgwood produced his first It gave them three years to erect

The early mountain settlers had to modern, white pottery from this an iron works. If the iron manu- become experts at making kaolin. But he stopped using this facturer could make at least 5,000 wooden products from the forest North Carolina clay the next year. pounds of iron, the state gave because metal tools and He had discovered a large deposit him the land. In addition, he hardware, such as hammers and of china clay in England. No more would not have to pay land taxes nails, were very scarce. Most tools kaolin was mined in North Carolina for ten years. The legislature and hardware had to be shipped until the 1880s. granted the manufacturer land so from England. Even if the that he could have a source of trees to make charcoal.

From what material do you think this Mining increased English Wedgwood in the 1800s pitcher was made? Did native Americans In the early to mid-1 800s, many or European settlers small ironmaking forges were built make pottery in in western North Carolina. These North Carolina? If they did, what did forges supplied needed iron to they make, and how communities in the area. When did they make it? transportation to the mountains improved, communities no longer needed to supply and refine their own iron because they could get iron products elsewhere. The local forges were abandoned. The most productive iron-

producing area in western North Carolina was at the Cranberry

community in Avery County. It is just a few miles from the Tennes- see border. Magnetite was discovered at this location around 1789. Magne-

tite is an important ore of iron.

Not until about 1 820 was a small ironmaking forge constructed

40 alongside Cranberry Creek. Like most early forges, water power ran

its machinery. Soon several more water-powered forges were built near Cranberry. The iron produced was used

mostly in the local area. Because of poor transportation, these forges in Cranberry had few customers outside of the commu- nity. Lack of transportation was a major reason these operations remained small. As late as 1856, iron production was less than twenty-five tons per year. This amount is barely enough to make a single load for a modern, flatbed tractor-trailer! This is Cranberry iron-ore works in Avery County in the 1920s. An entrance to the mine is at the

In 1 866, to overcome the trans- upper left. After mining, the ore was processed in the buildings to separate magnetite—an iron-rich mineral—from unwanted rock. The magnetite concentrate was then shipped to the blast furnace portation problem, the mine where it was converted to metallic iron. owners in Cranberry planned to build a railroad. However, con- struction of the thirty-two-mile-long tomers increased. The owners they collected it from shallow, track was not finished until 1882. promptly built a new blast furnace hand-dug pits. The mine owners The railroad went from Cranberry, that could produce up to fifteen now had to be more systematic to west through the mountains and tons of iron per day. Because the get enough ore. the Doe River Gorge, to Johnson furnace could produce more iron, About 1900, a much bigger, City, Tennessee. In Johnson City, more ore had to be mined. Previ- steam-powered furnace and plant the railroad connected with an ously, the forge operators had were built in Johnson City. De- interstate railroad. simply picked up abundant pieces mand for iron increased and iron Because of the railroad, of ore found on the surface. Or, mining in Cranberry quickly Cranberry's iron sales and cus-

About 1850. copper ore was discovered at Ore

Knob copper mine, and it was mined from 1873 to 1883 and from 1952 to 1962. Miners leave the main shaft along one of the underground

tunnels. This mine has been the state 's biggest copper producer.

41 increased. The new furnace medium-size operations. Although and processing plant. The highly

could produce as much as 1 00 not large, they provided work in populated counties require much tons of iron per day. Since the ore many out-of-the-way places. crushed stone. During 1989, the was only about one-third iron, the In isolated communities, cash- western counties used nearly 8 miners had to mine 300 tons of paying jobs were scarce and the million tons of crushed stone and

ore per day to get 1 00 tons of iron mines were welcome. gravel valued at about $40 million.

from the furnace. Today, four minerals dominate Crushed stone is essential in

The Johnson City furnace was western North Carolina's mining. construction of all sorts. For finally shut down and abandoned These are crushed stone (includ- example, a modern highway

in 1 930. In 11 years, about 1 .5 ing sand and gravel), mica, feld- may need more than a foot of million tons of iron ore had been spar, and olivine. processed stone underneath mined from Cranberry. Competi- the pavement and shoulders. tion had forced the mine opera- Crushed stone In addition, stone makes up sixty tors to close. Competitors in Crushed stone is the state's to eighty percent of the concrete Michigan and Minnesota found biggest mineral. Nearly every or asphalt pavement. much bigger, richer deposits of mountain county has at least one When people build roads or iron ore in the mid-1 800s. operating crushed-stone quarry homes or renovate and rebuild old Geologists estimate that there

are perhaps another 1 .5 million tons of iron ore still remaining in the Cranberry deposit. However, competition from the Great Lakes and other areas makes the pros- pects for renewed iron mining at Cranberry quite dim.

Other minerals were mined in western North Carolina in the

1 800s. Commercial mica mining

started in 1867. At first, the demand was for big sheets of mica. The sheets were trimmed to specific shapes. They were

used for windows in wood- and

coal-burning stoves and in lan- terns. Mica sheets were used because they are transparent and

resistant to heat. Since mica is also an excellent electrical insula-

tor, it was later used in electrical machinery.

Copper was also mined in

western North Carolina in the

1800s. At Ore Knob in Ashe County, copper ore was discov- ered about 1850. Most of the

mining took place from 1 873 to

1 883. Some took place later.

Mining continues today

Besides iron, many other mineral In the 1900s, crushed stone production became the largest mining operation in western North products have been mined in Carolina and the state. It has to be mined in a quarry (Top, left) and processed (Top, right) before it can be used as a foundation for roads (Bottom). western North Carolina. Until the

1 940s, most mines were small to

42 structures, they need crushed Mica such as computer chips, have stone. If the quarries are nearby, Over the years, sheet mica has replaced many old-style electronic the stone is cheaper. The amount been mined from more than 2,000 parts that required mica. of processing is one important different western North Carolina But there are still uses for mica. cost factor. The other is hauling sites. But demand for sheet mica Industry now uses tiny, ground the stone in trucks. The longer has greatly decreased. It is no flakes of mica for other purposes. the distance, the higher the cost longer mined in the United States. Most goes into paint and gypsum- of the stone. Solid-state electronic components, plasterboard cement. In western

Minerals mined in North Carolina mountains

Minerals County

Anthophyllite, asbestos Avery, Jackson, Mitchell, 1933-1978 Transylvania, Yancey

Barite Madison 1884-1927

Clay (brick) Buncombe, Henderson I pitp 1700^ tn nrp^pnt

Clay (kaolin) Avery, Buncombe, Jackson, 1888 to present Mitchell Copper Ashe, Jackson, Swain 1850-1962

Corundum Clay, Jackson, Macon Late 1800s to present

Crushed stone, sand, and gravel All counties Late 1700s to Dresent

Dimension stone (fieldstone and All counties 1700s to present rough-dressed stone)

Dimension stone (finished and Buncombe, Cherokee, 1800s to 1981 dressed marble and granite) Henderson

Feldspar Avery, Buncombe, Haywood, Late 1800s to present Jackson, Mitchell, Transylvania, Yancey

Gold Buncombe, Burke, Caldwell, 1828 to about Cherokee, McDowell, 1940 Transylvania

Iron Allegheny, Ashe, Avery, 1 807-1 Q?fi Cherokee, Madison Kyanite Yancey 1934-1944

Mica Most counties 1867 to present Monazite Madison, McDowell, 1886-1910 Polk, Rutherford

Olivine Avery, Clay, Jackson, Macon, 1933 to present Yancey Talc Cherokee, Madison 1859-1988 Titanium Caldwell 1942-1952

Miscellaneous: beryl, chromite, Various counties Various times columbite gems (especially emerald, ruby, and sapphire), graphite, lead, lime, manganese, quartz, vermiculite, zinc, zircon, and others

43 Molten iron, steel, and aluminum

Children were paid to are poured into the molds to make split and trim mica at castings. These metal castings the Walnut Knob range from small, delicate shapes mine, Ashe County, about 1900. What to huge industrial machine parts. would it be like to split Olivine was first identified in mica ? Do you think North Carolina in the late 1 800s. you would like this kind ofjob after Because the deposits sometimes school instead of what contain ruby and sapphire, gem you do now? Why? hunters soon located nearly all If mica was used in lanterns, what do you the olivine. By 1933 commercial think it looks like? production of olivine was under- What color is it, and way. There are several hundred how easy is it for light to pass through ? olivine deposits in the mountain How do you think it is region. Only about two dozen used in electrical devices 9 are big enough to be mined. In North Carolina, one mill in Yancey County processes North Carolina, about 25,000 tons handpicked ore was shipped to olivine ore mined from several per year of flake mica are pro- out-of-state mills for processing. nearby deposits. duced. The mica comes from a After a large grinding plant was half-dozen open-pit mines and built nearby in Tennessee in 1914, What will happen to mining plants in the Spruce Pine area in North Carolina became a steady in the future? Mitchell and Avery counties. producer. A great deal of research In the future, we can anticipate

led to the construction of a new that the old mining districts will

Feldspar processing mill at Spruce Pine in continue to attract prospectors.

Since 1917, North Carolina has 1946. New technology reduced They will continue to look for been the nation's leading feldspar the amount of hand labor needed undiscovered ore deposits. producer. Feldspar is used in the to mine and sort ore. Massive, We can also anticipate that as ceramic industry and in making heavy equipment now digs, society's desires and commercial glass, especially jars and bottles. moves, and processes large needs change, the nation's miners Television picture tubes also use quantities of ore cheaply and will respond. New mines feldspar. efficiently. producing new minerals may have

In the late 1 800s, feldspar was to be developed. Some old mines first mined near Sylva in Jackson Olivine will have to close. But it is almost

County. In 1 91 1 mining began Olivine is an unusual, green- certain that ordinary crushed near Spruce Pine. That area now colored, heat resistant mineral. stone quarries will be needed to is North America's principal feld- Because of its heat resistance, meet our local needs for many, spar-producing region. At first, olivine is used to make molds. many years to come.

Definitions

Soapstone is a soft, talc-rich rock that can be easily used to take a metal, such as iron, and heat and

cut and carved. shape it to make tools. Charcoal is a black, brittle form of carbon made by partly burning wood without

Ores are minerals or rocks containing metal that can air. Charcoal was used to create fires in furnaces be mined and refined. After an ore has been dug and forges. Part of the reason for granting land to

from the ground, it is refined. In refining, the ore is iron manufacturers was to supply the iron works

heated in a forge or a furnace and the metal is with sources of wood to make charcoal. separated from other minerals. Forges are also

44 Meet the authors

Ron Holland is regional supervisor, Western Office, Division of Archives and History, N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Asheville. Harley Jolley teaches history, Mars Hill College, Mars Hill and is an authority on the history of the Blue Ridge Parkway. Betty Jolley teaches geography, Mars Hill College,

Mars Hill. David Moore is staff archaeologist, Western Office, Division of Archives and History, N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Asheville. Duane King is assistant director, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, New York City. Joan Moser teaches sociology and anthropology, Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa. Bob Conway retired several years ago from the Western Office, Division of Archives and History, N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Asheville. He now presents programs for the Cherokee Historical Association, Cherokee. Hugh MacRae Morton has been active in promoting tourism and environmental protection for many years in North Carolina. He operates Grandfather

Mountain. Mitzl Tessier is an author living in Asheville. She has written Asheville: A Pictorial History and is working on Buncombe County: A Pictorial History. Jim Ryan is park ranger and management assistant, Blue Ridge Parkway, National Park Service, Asheville. Ed Trout is park historian, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Service, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. John Palmer is forestry instructor and campus arboretum director, Haywood Community College, Clyde. Leonard Wiener is geologist, Geological Survey, N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Asheville.

Acknowledgments

Artifact credits: Unless otherwise indicated, artifacts are from the collection of the N.C. Museum of History. Thanks to Al Hoilman, Collections Branch, N.C. Museum of History, for artifact assistance. Photograph and illustration credits: Eric Blevins, photographer, collections and design branches, N.C. Museum of History, photographed the museum's artifacts. Unless otherwise indicated, Lee Bumgarner, editor, produced maps, graphics, charts, and timeline. Unless otherwise indicated, historical photographs are provided by the Archives and Records Section, Division of Archives and History, N.C. Department of Cultural Resources. Front and back cover: Susan

Fender, Raleigh; page 3, map by Jean Marie McManus, Raleigh; page 4, both photos by Tim Barnwell, © copyright; page 5, top left. North Carolina Collection, University of

N.C. Library at Chapel Hill; page 5, bottom. Public Information, N.C. Department of Transportation; pages 6, 7, and 8, courtesy of author; page 1 5, courtesy of author; page

1 6, objects courtesy of Lee Bumgarner, photographed by Eric Blevins; page 1 7, top left, courtesy of author, photograph by Bob Lindsey, Asheville Area Chamber of

Commerce; page 17, top right, North Carolina Collection, UNC Library at Chapel Hill; page 18, courtesy of Cherokee Historical Association, Cherokee, photograph by Edward

L. DuPuy, Black Mountain; Historical left, all of page 20, Cherokee Association; page 21 , courtesy of Southern Highland Handicraft Guild, Asheville; page 24, courtesy author; page 25, all photos by Tim Barnwell, © copyright; page 26, courtesy of author; page 27, Pack Memorial Library, Asheville: page 28, top right, North Carolina

Collection, University of N.C. Library at Chapel Hill; page 32, courtesy of authors; page 34, courtesy of author; page 37, North Carolina Collection, University of N.C. Library at

Chapel Hill: page 37, bottom left, courtesy of author, ©copyright The Biltmore Company, Asheville; page 37, middle, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, provided by Forest History Society, Durham; page top right, courtesy of author; of ©copyright Biltmore Company. Asheville; page 41 top, 37, page 38, courtesy author, The , courtesy of author, N.C. Geological Survey Bulletin 32, bottom, of Colburn Mineral Asheville; page courtesy of author, 1923; page 41 , courtesy author. Gem and Museum, 44, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 740, 1923. Special thanks: Many thanks to Sam Anthony for his unflagging enthusiasm in researching photographs; thanks for map reproduction assistance to Bob Frye, Technical Services Section, Division of Archives and History; thanks for photo reproduction assistance to Nick Lanier, Western Office, Division of Archives and History, Asheville; thanks to David Moore, Western Office, for reviewing maps; thanks to Steve Massengill, Archives and Records Section, Division of Archives and History, for photograph search assistance; thanks to John Ellington, Wesley Creel, Janice Williams, Jackson Marshall, Doris Bates, Ron Holland, and Harley Jolley for reviewing the manuscripts; thanks to Doris Bates and Lynn Lye, Education Branch, N.C. Museum of History, for producing 'Adviser's Supplement." Special, special kudos and undying gratitude go to Ron Holland for photograph research, advice, editing, writing, and other things that I do not know about.—Ed. O

45 North Carolina Museum of History Division of Archives and History Library Rates Department of Cultural Resources 109 East Jones Street Raleigh, North Carolina 27601-2807 1 CROSSROADS

AWARDS DAY 1989 A HIT! Awards Day 1989 was a booming music. Belton great success! The event was laughed, "That dance always fun and rewarding for all junior leads to friendship and historians who met May 25-26 romance." INSIDE at the Peace College campus, But the convention included Raleigh. Over 500 students and far more than social activity. Winning Workshops 2 advisers from across the state Friday morning, junior historians gathered for the annual attended two historical Artifact Search 3 meeting. For many students, a workshops of their choice. Contest year of hard work paid off as Belton declared that the they received awards for their workshops "were terrific." Thoughts on A wards 4 projects. Tom Belton, Following lunch on the grounds, Day executive secretary of the Tar the festivities were topped off by Societies' Special 5 Heel Junior Historian program. Dr. the awards Prizes Association (THJHA), William S. Price, Jr., director, commented, "The atmosphere N.C. Division of Archives and THJH Magazine 6 at the awards program was History, presented thirty-five News much like that at the Academy awards in three categories. Competitors Reach 8 Awards in Hollywood!" Smiling winners came up on Raleigh On Thursday, junior stage while the audience historians mingled with club clapped and cheered. The This Year's Top 1 members from other schools. audience was so thrilled with Advisers After the presentation of special each junior historian on stage What's Coming Up 12 awards and student that by the end it was clear: in 1990? entertainment that evening, the everyone at Awards Day 1989 crowd danced to a DJ's was a winner! Meanwhile, Billy E. LIGHTS, Richardson, Airship Industries CAMERA, USA, Inc., Weeksville, took on the role of teacher when he AND LOTS OF discussed how blimps and airships fit into coastal history. ACTION AT The Knotts Island Junior Historical Association, Knotts AWARDS DAY Island School, Knotts Island, brought along a whole cast of When the curtain went up on students to illustrate the "Art of the workshops at Awards Day Decoy Making." 1989, junior historians were Junior historians also caught treated to an extravaganza of a glimpse of what went on shows. A variety of workshop behind the scenes for sailors on

presenters took the stage battleships in World War II. Friday morning to interpret North Carolina history. All seven presenters played their "Making buckets was parts well. Each turned the fascinating. You could watch it actually spotlight to some aspect of happening!" North Carolina's coastal plain. In some cases, the —Blair Smith, student, audiences participated in the East Rowan High School drama. Spectators at George Pettengell's demonstration of serenaded junior historians colonial coopering became during her performance of Janette Meek, USS North leading actors they when got to "Wind, Water, and Song: Life on Carolina Battleship Memorial try their hand at making Portsmouth Island." Duncan Commission, Wilmington, came buckets. Pettengell is a cooper McKee and Jimmy Barger, to discuss the sailors' lives on at Colonial Williamsburg, Elizabeth II State Historic Site, board ship. Virginia. Manteo, attracted attention Finally, Leisa Brown, At other workshops, when they appeared in full Somerset Place State Historic presenters took over the whole sixteenth-century costume for Site, Creswell, brought down the act. Connie Mason, N.C. their "We'd Rather Knot" house with her workshop, Maritime Museum, Beaufort, demonstration of knot tying. "Somerset Place: Past Present, and Future." When the shows were over, junior historians gave the George Pettengell workshops rave reviews. The perfects the angle presenters turned out to be an on the wood that informative and entertaining students used to cast of players! make their own buckets. Tracking down history at the annual artifact search

This year, sixty-nine junior historians from across North Carolina went hunting for their state's past. They unearthed 110 artifacts while participating in the eleventh annual artifact search, sponsored by the North Carolina Museum of History Associates. Each of the twelve clubs whose students participated in the search Artifact search winners received a copy of Stephen E. Massengill's North Carolina North Carolina Commission on Mastandrea, Carmel's Votes on the Constitution: A the Bicentennial of the United Adventurous Tar Heels (CATS), Roster of Delegates to the States Constitution. In addition, Carmel Junior High School, State Ratification Conventions thirteen junior historians who Charlotte; Elizabeth Albert, of 1788 and 1789. Recently located exceptional North Carmel's Adventurous Tar published by the N.C. Division Carolina artifacts received a Heels (CATS), Carmel Junior of Archives and History, the copper brooch of the dogwood High School, Charlotte; Kara book is the first in a series to be flower. The commemorative Matterman, Parkwood History printed in cooperation with the pins were handcrafted in North Cubs, Parkwood Middle School, Carolina using copper from the Monroe; Lisa M. Johnson, dome of the state capitol Academy Adventurers, building, which was removed in Waccamaw Academy, 1972 during extensive Whiteville; Jann McKeithan, Crossroads renovations. Parkwood History Cubs, John Lee Bumgarner, Editor Those junior historians Parkwood Middle School, Lisa Marie O'Neil, Editorial receiving awards are as Monroe; Monica Miller, Intern follows: James Alston, Yellow Mustang Militia, East Rowan Tom Belton and Susan Baker Monroe, Reporters Jacket Historians, John Graham High School, Salisbury; and Ursula Gray, Editorial Middle School, Warrenton; Anita Ernest L. Ritchie, Mustang Assistant Sadler, The Moratoc Militia, East Rowan High Eric Blevins and Jim Mercer, MarConians, E. J. Hayes School, Salisbury. Photographers Elementary School, Williamston;

Crossroads is a newsletter Teresa Shough, Madison- published once during the school Mayodan Junior Tar Heels V, year by the Tar Heel Junior Madison-Mayodan Middle Historian Association, North Carolina Museum of History, 109 School, Madison; Kristi Lunch, East Jones Street, Raleigh, NC Yellow Jacket Historians, John 27611. Copies are provided free to Graham Middle School, club members, along with the magazine Tar Heel Junior Warrenton; Lee A. Peele, Historian. Individual and library Yellow Jacket Historians, John subscriptions for the newsletter Graham Middle School, and magazine may be purchased Warrenton; Tyra Houghton, at the rate of $3.00 per year. Carmel's Adventurous Tar Heels (CATS), Carmel Junior High School, Charlotte; Lynne —

WOULD YOU WALK A MILE TO PEACE COLLEGE? oa

Would you walk a mile to know if he enjoyed the ride or Peace College? Well, Tar not. Heels are famous for their feet, Monica Miller, on the other

but we still don't know anyone hand, could have arrived at the

who actually footed it to the Tar convention in a one-horse Heel Junior Historian buggy. She didn't though. The Association's annual Awards old buggy was her winning entry Day. in the artifacts search contest. We do know at least two Monica, three-year member boys who couldn't make the trip and president of East Rowan's on the school bus. Instead they Mustang Militia, Salisbury, sent their father. John and Joe discovered the buggy at her Of course, most people at Fernald's dad showed up at family's homestead. Everyone Awards Day arrived by bus. Peace College when his sons told her digging it out would be The Parkwood Middle School got sick. The twins from too much trouble, but she didn't Cubs, Monroe, came out in Cumberland County insisted give up! Today she has an force. Randy Howell, Noah that they didn't want to miss a award to make up for all her Duvernell, Marc Arnold, Jay bit of the weekend's excitement. work, even if she didn't get to Hutcherson, and Jeff Howard Sending their father was the hitch up her artifact and drive to piled out of their bus onto best they could do. We don't the capital city. Peace College's campus ready to embark on two days of fun and learning. Noah and his friends spent Thursday Students came to afternoon together while other Raleigh from all over. Monica students played frisbee. They Miller and her argued about the Civil War adviser. Julie (from both sides), discussed the Smith (standing dance planned for Thursday left), arrived from night, and realized that talking Salisbury (right and learning with friends photo). Others provided, as Noah said, "a lot in from poured of opportunities." Beaufort County Later that evening the (below). Parkwood club performed, "They'll Never Hang a Woman," during student entertainment. Raina Trull, who acted in the play, agreed with Noah. She said that Awards Day was "very creative and a great learning experience."

All in all, junior historians

agreed that it was worth the long ride from any hometown on foot or by bus! BEAUFORT COUNTY SCHOOLS SOCIETIES PRESENT AWARDS

Melvin T. Scott, Jr., Jamesville Junior Historians, Jamesville Elementary School, Jamesville, won the Afro- American History Award and $50.00 for his paper, "Struggles to Success." The Piedmont Area Branch of the Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and History sponsors this award to encourage student appreciation for black achievements. Melvin's article

details the life of David Franklin Griffin, who was orphaned as a child and became a prominent Southern Junior black minister in Williamston. High THJHA The North Carolina receives Youth Genealogy Society presented Preservation Award (above, two $25.00 awards because left). Scott wins there were so many high- Afro-American quality submissions. One History Award award went to Amanda Ellen (above, right). Martin Martin McGrady, '76ers, McGrady and Raleigh, for her Middle School, Waterfield with entry, "Tracing My Roots." The Genealogy other award was presented to Society awards. Lee Waterfield, Knotts Island Junior Historians, Knotts Island Heritage." Lee Albright of the number of excellent entries and

School, Knotts Island, for his Genealogy Society stated, "I the interest in genealogy." project, "The Waterfield was so pleased to see the The Southern Junior High Tar Heel Junior Historian competition are encouraged Association, Southern Junior PICTURE High School, Roxboro, won the to photograph unique North $50.00 Youth Preservation Carolina buildings and PERFECT Award sponsored by the architectural elements. This Historic Preservation DETAIL practice helps them to Foundation of North Carolina, appreciate the value of Photography has Inc. Under the guidance of photographic documentation Mitch Wilds, State Historic become a great interest of as a historical research tool. Preservation Office, club junior historians. In part We congratulate the contest members removed deteriorated this is because the State winners, whose names, entry boards on an antebellum Historic Preservation Office titles, and photographs will smokehouse in Person County has sponsored the North appear in the fall 1989 issue and replaced them with solid Carolina Historic of the Tar Heel Junior boards from the same period. Architecture Contest since Historian magazine. They also repaired and painted 1979. Students in the tin roof, and they painted the smokehouse white. EDITOR mountains. Bumgarner These experts believe that commented, "Our spring 1989 students must learn to REVEALS coastal plain issue was a appreciate all kinds of North tremendous success. It was Carolina houses and buildings. great! We had a lot of positive THEMES FOR Many junior historians have, of response from students and course, been to Raleigh and NEW ISSUES teachers. They all like this have seen the State Capitol series because they can learn and the restored houses on Recently, John Lee something different about Blount Street. But how many editor Bumgarner, of the Tar another region of North students have thought about old Heel Junior Historian, revealed Carolina." tobacco barns as important the topics of the upcoming All three consulting editors structures? Old barns and issues of the magazine. During of the fall THJH are part of the packhouses are very much a the 1989-1990 school year, Historic Preservation

two issues will be published by Foundation. Catherine Bishir is the Tar Heel Junior Historian a well-known historic "We want students to say, Association. The first of the preservationist and author who 'What makes my town or state two, the fall 1989 issue, will deal is currently director of the North my different and how can we keep it that with historic preservation. The Carolina Architecture Project for way publication, which has been a the foundation. Along with long time in the works, will Bishir, Myrick Howard, the —Sally Poland, commemorate the fiftieth foundation's executive director, consulting editor anniversary of the Historic and Sally Poland, director of Preservation Foundation of education/events, will make North Carolina, Inc., an contributions to the magazine in part of North Carolina culture. organization that works to an effort to introduce students to They are an expression of the restore and preserve North historic preservation. Howard way we live and of the

Carolina homes, buildings, and explained, "We believe it's very agriculture that made us what landmarks. important that young people we are! Meanwhile, the spring 1990 develop an interest in their All buildings represent in

THJH will concentrate on the heritage as it lives and as it some way what is unique about North Carolina piedmont. This stands around them. We hope the place where they stand. issue will be the second in a students realize what their The architecture in North series of three that focus on the churches, homes, or schools Carolina is, therefore, different different geographical regions mean to them and to their from that which exists in all of the state: the coastal plain, society." other states. "North Carolina is the piedmont, and the

The North Carolina piedmont has been a center of industrial and technological growth. At R. J. Reynolds Company's Tobaccoville plant, for example, the cigarette manufacturing industry nourishes What other industries have developed in the piedmont? These are photographs of the Richmond Law School, Yadkin County, before and after restoration. Why

is it important to restore and preserve old buildings and homes ? What does a building

tell us about when

it was built or about the people

who built it? not," said Bumgarner, "like In the THJH piedmont issue, line where rivers are too steep New Mexico. There are no three distinguished professors and rocky for navigation adobe houses here, but there will serve as consulting editors. upstream, and it works its way are houses that are made out of They are Dr. John David Smith, westward towards the pinewood." Sally Poland states professor of history, NCSU, mountains. that the Historic Preservation Raleigh; Dr. David R. Goldfield, The piedmont is an area of Foundation and the Tar Heel Robert Lee Bailey Professor of great interest, not only because Junior Historian Association History, UNC-Charlotte; and of its geography, but also "want to get students out in the Dr. Lindley Butler, historian- because of the contact between community to look up at the in-residence, Rockingham rural and urban sectors. Farms architecture and say What Community College, Wentworth. sit alongside the outer limits of makes my town or my state Goldfield remarked on the growing cities where industries different and how can we keep importance of the spring such as textile, furniture, and it that way?' We'd like to sow tobacco manufacturing have the seeds of historic developed. rr preservation in the next No longer do Indian Today a sweeping arc of generation." trails connect piedmont cities—each with its own style cities. The region has and personality—runs west and witnessed an evolution south from Raleigh to Charlotte, from trails to railroads to the state's largest city. And no modern interstates and longer do Indian trails connect airplanes." these cities. The piedmont has witnessed an evolution from trails to railroads to modern publication by saying, "Most interstates and airplanes. The school curricula don't deal with central plateau of North regional issues. They deal with Carolina, technologically the state and the nation but not progressive and culturally and with regions. The piedmont geographically diverse, is a issue will, then, add a new fascinating study. dimension to students' studies TEACHERS: Have your of North Carolina." students research and write The piedmont is a distinctly articles for the piedmont issue. different place from the coastal Note that articles are due by plain or the mountains. It is October 30, 1989. See the mostly rolling hills. It starts at latest Teacher's Supplement for the fall line, the eastern dividing editorial guidelines. WORKING THEIR WAY UP: JUNIOR RAILROAD HISTORIANS REACH RALEIGH

Each year, junior historians across the state slowly climb the THJHA contest ladder with their history projects. On the ladder's first rung, students compete at local schools, where advisers and other adults select each club's best MEDIA CONTEST projects. As many as six of the selected projects may be entered in the statewide Elementary Regular competition. These winning contest/individual contest/individual student entries step up the First place First place ladder towards the highest "Wildlife on Lake Mattamuskeet "Economic Growth of Greenville" National Wildlife Refuge" Mandy Cox contest level in Raleigh. Anita Sadler History Unlimited II in Raleigh, Once most clubs The Moratoc MarConians E. B. Aycock Junior High School compete in the general contest E. J. Hayes Elementary School Greenville at either the elementary or Williamston Mrs. Patricia Sheppard, adviser regular contest level. Some Mrs. Minnie Hoggard, adviser Honorable mention clubs, however, may enter their Honorable mention "Evans' Family Cemeteries" "An Oral History of Famous Schwartz projects at the very top of the Amy Women in North Carolina History" Carolina Explorers ladder—in the special Martha Wayne E. B. Aycock Junior High School achievement category. These Academy Adventurers Greenville are the clubs that have Waccamaw Academy Mrs. Sandra Walton, adviser previously distinguished Whiteville themselves by winning at least Mrs. Betty Butler, adviser Regular contest/group two first-place awards and one First place Elementary honorable mention in three "The Legend of Frankie Silver: contest/group separate contests. They'll Never Hang a Woman" First place Parkwood History Cubs Of course, all contest "Dymond City: Martin County's Parkwood Middle School participants sharpened their Ghost Town" Monroe research and artistic skills while Jamesville Junior Historian Club Mrs. Nancy Mills and Mrs. learning about their Jamesville Elementary School Donna Elmore, advisers communities. They also helped Jamesville Honorable mention others become more aware of Mrs. Merle Price and Mrs. Nancy "Interview With Thad Eure" Long, advisers North Carolina's complex Martin '76ers Honorable mention Martin Middle School history. The association wishes "The King-Bazemore House" Raleigh to recognize all the winners, The Moratoc MarConians Mr. Craig Matthews, Mrs. Sarah who are listed below by E. J. Hayes Elementary School Jordan, and Ms. Joyce Somes, category. Williamston advisers Mrs. Minnie Hoggard, adviser Special Honorable mention Special achievement/group "History of the Roanoke River" achievement/individual Don Mills First place First place The Moratoc MarConians "Mackay Island National Wildlife "Charlie Poole: Rockingham E. J. Hayes Elementary School Refuge" County Stnngband Musician" Williamston Knotts Island Junior Historians Alex Seymour Mrs. Minnie Hoggard, adviser Knotts Island School Wentworth Tar Heel Junior Knotts Island Historians Mrs. Faye Freeman, adviser Elementary Wentworth School Honorable mention contest/group Wentworth "Those Were The Days" Honorable mention Mr. Ward Triche, adviser Eagle Express "David Stone" Honorable mention C. C. Erwin Junior High School The Moratoc MarConians "The Waterfield Heritage" Salisbury E. J. Hayes Elementary School Lee Waterfield Mr. Terry Holt and Mr. Terry Shive, Williamston Knotts Island Junior Historians advisers Mr. Minnie Hoggard, adviser Knotts Island School Knotts Island Regular Mrs. Faye Freeman, adviser contest/individual First place Special "Blackbeard" achievement/group Dru Lewis First place Carolina Explorers "Sounder" E. B. Aycock Junior High School Couratucke Greenville Currituck County High School Mrs. Sandra Walton, adviser Currituck Honorable mention Mrs. Barbara Snowden, adviser (two-way tie) Honorable mention "The Hunt" "Grist Mill Gleanings" Ann Weathers Eagle Express Nash Central Junior Historians C. C. Erwin Junior High School Nash Central Junior High School Mr. Terry Holt and Mr. Terry Shive, Nashville advisers Mrs. Cherry, Mrs. Smith, and Mrs. Flowers, advisers

"My Diary: Year One-June, 1860-June, 1861" Andrea Rosenberg ART CONTEST The Brogden Emeralds Brogden Middle School Durham Elementary Mrs. P. Honkanen, adviser contest/individual First place Regular contest/group "One Room School House" First place Queshenna Armstrong "Spirit of Bathtown" Jamesville Junior Historian Club Carolina Explorers Jamesville Elementary School LITERARY E. B. Aycock Junior High School Jamesville Greenville Mrs. Merle Price and Mrs. Nancy CONTEST Mrs. Sandra Walton, adviser Long, advisers Honorable mention Honorable mention Elementary "History of Early Churches in Rowan "Blackbeard" contest/individual County" Tyler Gooden Mustang Militia Academy Adventurers First place East Rowan High School Waccamaw Academy "Wilmington and the Cape Fear Salisbury Whiteville River" Mrs. Julie Smith, adviser Mrs. Betty Butler, adviser Lisa Johnson Academy Adventurers Waccamaw Academy Whiteville Mrs. Betty Butler, adviser Elementary Regular contest/group Special contest/group First place Achievement/group First place "Organ Church: 244 Years of First place "Our North Carolina Quilt" History" "Shuping's Mill" Lighthouse Historians Mustang Militia Eagle Express East End Elementary School East Rowan High School C. C. Erwin Junior High School Durham Salisbury Salisbury Mrs. LaHarve M. Johnson, adviser Mrs. Julie Smith, adviser Mr. Terry Holt and Mr. Terry Shive, Honorable mention Honorable mention advisers "J & W Railroad" (two-way tie) Honorable Mention Jamesville Junior Historian Club "Sherman Burns the Arsenal" "The Mitchell General Store" Jamesville Elementary School Stedman Junior High Historians Wentworth Tar Heel Junior Jamesville Stedman Junior High School Historians Mrs. Merle Price and Mrs. Stedman Wentworth School Nancy Long, advisers Mrs. Lynn Bunce, adviser Wentworth Mr. Ward Triche, adviser Regular "Quilt Sampler" Carmel's Adventurous Tar Heels contest/individual (CATS) First place Carmel Junior High School "The Old Johnson House" Charlotte April Arrington Mrs. Lutecia Hathcock, adviser STATE Regulators and Revolutionaries Douglas Byrd Junior High School Special HISTORY Fayetteville Achievement/individual Mr. Gary Whitman, adviser QUIZ Honorable mention First place "The Waterfield Heritage" (two-way tie) Contestants in the Lee Waterfield "A Teachery" Christopher Crittenden Knotts Island Junior Historians Jay Hutcherson Knotts Island School State History Quiz, which is Parkwood History Cubs Knotts Island Parkwood Middle School sponsored by the N.C. Mrs. Faye Freeman, adviser Monroe Literary and Historical Mrs. Nancy Mills and Mrs. Donna Association, were tested on Elmore, advisers their knowledge of people, "Cross Creek Cemetery" places, and events in North Max Weinstem Carolina history. The quiz Fayetteville Academy Chapter is named for Dr. Fayetteville Academy Crittenden, Fayetteville Christopher who Mrs. Lulie Harry, adviser was longtime director of the N.C. Division of Archives and History. This year the first-place $50.00 award went to Thomas Holmes, Buies Creek Junior Historian Club, Buies Creek School, Buies Creek. Second-place winner Julia Tyson, Parkwood History Cubs, Parkwood Middle School, Monroe, received $37.50. Cindy Honeycutt, North Rowan Middle School THJH Club, North Rowan Middle School, East Spencer, won the third- place award of $25.00.

10 a

TWO TERRYS AT THE TOP OF THJHA

Since 1977, THJHA has selected one Adviser of the Year in recognition of teachers who serve as club advisers. These individuals make invaluable contributions to the chapters. This year, for the first time, the association chose to honor two teachers. Terry Holt and Terry Shive, advisers of the Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Express held a children's Historians, C C. Erwin Junior walking tour where volunteers, High School, Salisbury, were dressed as characters from the named Co-advisers of the past, took groups through their Year. city's historic district. Holt went Since their club was formed as President Andrew Jackson! in 1984, it has moved quickly Holt is excited about the into THJHA history project club's activities because there competition at the highest HOLT is "so much interest and so level the special achievement — much energy." The advisers category. The club has Holt and Shive are very claim at least four group produced winners in the enthusiastic about the growth members want to become Historic Architecture and the achievements of their history teachers someday. Photography in group. Holt remarked that in Contest and the Another former member once Youth Preservation Award. the beginning, organization joined a reenactment group— Moreover, through the efforts of members got so interested in group that recreates historical these two advisers, a the program that "they wouldn't THJHA events by using clothing and chapter was established at East props of the period—and Rowan High School, Salisbury, recently got a paid movie part. so that students from C. C. "Eagle Express gives The club thrives, of course, Erwin Junior High School could students the opportunity to live part of the history on involvement. Participation of remain active in the program. we teach." everyone, says Shive, "makes During their term as co- North Carolina history very advisers of the year, the —Terry Holt, interesting to teach and also for advisers will serve on the adviser kids to learn." Shive always THJHA Publications Advisory looks forward to projects where Board. John Lee Bumgarner, students and advisers alike can editor of the Tar Heel Junior let it die." He said that the participate, learn, and have fun. Historian magazine, said, "We group, which is very active in He's a big fan of the workshops look forward to having them the community, is successful in at Awards Day. Shive offer advice at the meetings. large part it "gives because concluded, "Coming to Peace Their classroom experience students the opportunity to live College is the highlight of our and their years in the schools part of the history we teach." year." And this year, Shive and will help us in producing the One Sunday this spring, for Holt were the highlights of magazine." example, C. C. Erwin Eagle Peace College! CROSSROADS DON'T BE LEFT

HANGING IN 1990 These junior historians had a You're back in school. You firm grip and a have plenty of energy. How to positive attitude at

use it? Don't monkey around! Awards Day 1989. Plant your feet and start planning now for Awards Day 1990! According to Tom Belton, an Awards Day judge for eleven years, "The key to a winning project is advanced planning." In a recent interview, Belton insisted that he can always tell which students have gotten an early start on their projects. He remarked that they are the students "who have had time to do basic historical research, get to work, and refine the

project before sending it to

Raleigh. If you wait until the last minute, your work always shows

it." Junior historians who start now can relax and have fun with their projects!

"Everything students need to read your manual and adhere model should accompany all art know about project. entries and to the rules." Any backdrop of projects. Media entries may Awards Day, " Belton said, an art project may not exceed have a maximum running time "can be found in the THJH the maximum size limit of art of twelve minutes, and literary Manual: Adviser's Handbook projects (34 inch width, 34 inch projects must include footnotes. and Student Guide." All club length, 24 inch height). An Project entry forms for the advisers should have one. essay documenting the literary, media, and art Belton warned, "Be sure to historical significance of the categories are due April 6, 1990, and artifact search forms are due May 1. Media and Genealogy Society, the Youth Preservation Award THANKS, entries received by State Historic Preservation must be May 7. Photography entries are Office of the N.C. Division of SPONSORS! due by February 12, art projects Archives and History, the by May 24, and literary projects Awards Day 1989 Historic Preservation by April 9. Additional succeeded thanks to the Foundation of North information on Awards Day continued of Carolina, Inc., to the support and 1990 will be mailed to the clubs organizations like of the North Piedmont Area Branch later this year, but if you have Carolina Literary and the Association for the questions, call the THJHA office Historical Association, Study of Afro-American in Raleigh at (919) 733-3894. which has sponsored the Life. Special thanks go to Belton concluded, "I'm very literary, media, and arts the North Carolina Museum pleased with the number of awards for twenty-seven of History Associates, students who enter projects. clubs years. A debt of gratitude whose support truly made But, I'd like to see more to Awards Day!" also goes to the N.C. Awards Day possible. come

12 CROSSROADS mmmm HHIHHBHiBHHHHHi THE NEWSLETTER FOR THE TAR HEEL JUNIOR HISTORIAN ASSOCIATION AUGUST 1990

AWARDS DAY 1990: ONE TO REMEMBER!

Awards Day 1990 proved to historians roared. After the roll be one of the most memorable call of clubs, the governor in twenty-eight years. The presented awards to the State INSIDE event was thrilling to junior History Quiz winners and historians who met May 24-25 assisted in the presentation of Piedmont on the Peace College campus the Adviser of the Year Award. Workshops 2 in Raleigh. Doris McLean Bates, On Thursday, junior executive secretary of the Artifact Search historians toured Raleigh or Tar Heel Junior Historian Contest 3 met club members from other Association (THJHA) said, Societies' Special schools. After attending the "I was so pleased to meet the 4 special awards presentation governor. I was just as excited Awards and enjoying student drama as the junior historians." THJH Magazine and musical entertainment, the Dr. William S. Price, Jr., Update 5 crowd bopped to the beat of director, N.C. Division of the DJ's music. But the best Archives and History, then Photography was yet to forty-six in come. presented awards Contest Winners 6 The highlight of the annual three categories (literary, convention for the 450 students media, and art). Members Reaching the Goal: and advisers was an from the winner's club went Raleigh 8 appearance by our governor, wild when the winners were the Honorable James G. announced. Island Adviser 11 Martin, on Friday, May 25. At the end of the program, Ranks at the Top When the governor entered everyone agreed that Awards Prepare for the gymnasium on Friday for Day 1990 was one to 1991! 12 the main awards program, the remember! Awards Day crowd of excited junior North Carolina as well as some Workshops of the state's famous sports Take personalities. Others took a detour to visit Historians the "herb woman." Program specialist Kay K. Moss, Schiele Away! Museum of Natural History, Gastonia, dressed in The Awards Day 1990 eighteenth-century clothing to workshops were more like a show tourists medical vacation than work! Junior instruments, herbs, and historians took a trip through remedies used 200 years ago. the history of North Carolina's The road map led many piedmont region. And like the travelers to Susan Waller, piedmont, the workshops history specialist, Horizons offered something for everyone Unlimited Supplementary to enjoy. Education Center, Salisbury. The journey began with a After a visit with her, junior video trek to the N.C. historians knew about good Transportation Museum, and bad luck, weather signs, Historic Spencer Shops, important to the piedmont's fortune-telling, and other early Spencer. Clare Arthur, curator history. Site manager John beliefs. of collections, North Carolina Dysart, Reed Gold Mine State The trip ended when State Historic Sites, Raleigh, Historic Site, Stanfield, travelers dropped in on Alice E. presented a video on the explained the history of gold Jones, history instructor, N.C. history of Spencer Shops and mining in North Carolina. Site Central University, Durham. displayed railroad artifacts. manager A. Dale Coats, Duke She discussed how West At the next stop, junior Homestead State Historic Site, African culture has influenced historians went back in time to Durham, displayed artifacts American youth. the Battle of Guilford and showed slides describing After seeing the sights of Courthouse with Donald J. the growth of tobacco North Carolina's piedmont Long, park ranger, Guilford manufacturing in our state. region, junior historians agreed Courthouse National Military Some sightseers followed that their journey had been a Park, Greensboro. Some the signs to author and trip worth taking! The people visitors tried on reproduction historian Jim Sumner, State they met at each destination Revolutionary War uniforms! Historic Preservation Office, took the travelers on Explorers hit the road to get Raleigh, who discussed the an informative voyage a good look at some industries history of baseball in through history.

(Above) Alice E. Jones discusses the actions and ideas that young people in America have borrowed from

African culture.

(Right) The "herb woman," Kay K. Moss, shows junior historians herbs and medical instruments READY, SET, SEARCH!

This year, 139 junior historians from across North Carolina discovered 196 artifacts while participating in the twelfth annual Artifact Search Contest, sponsored by the North Carolina Museum of History Associates. Each of the nineteen clubs whose students participated in the search received a copy of Jim L. Sumner's recent publication, A History of Sports in North Carolina. (Published by the N.C. Division of Archives and History, the book covers North Carolina's sports heritage from the colonial Artifact Search Winners period to the late 1980s.) In addition, twenty junior Heather Hall, Western East Rowan Mustang Militia, historians who located Rockingham Junior Tar Heels East Rowan Senior High

exceptional North Carolina II, Western Rockingham Middle School, Salisbury; Sybil artifacts received School, Madison; Kimberly Settlemyre, Concordia complimentary North Carolina Parrish, Western Rockingham Tar Heel Kids Association,

and Raleigh T-shirts. Newsmakers II, Western Concordia Christian School, Those junior historians Rockingham Middle School, Conover; Robert Schneck, who received awards were Madison; Allison Stanley, CATs (Carmel's Adventurous Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Tar Heels), Carmel Junior Historians, C. C. Erwin Junior High School, Charlotte; High School, Salisbury; Erin Karen Petrea, Oakboro Vickers, Eagle Express Tar Junior History Club, Oakboro Crossroads Heel Junior Historians, Elementary School, Oakboro; C. C. Erwin Junior High School, Susan Beth Roberson, Lee Bumgarner, Editor Salisbury; Angie Kesler, Jamesville Tar Heel Junior Melissa Turner Johnson, Editorial and Eagle Express Tar Heel Historians, Division I, Design Intern Junior Historians, C. C. Erwin Jamesville Elementary School, Heather Harriss, Assistant Editor Junior High School, Salisbury; Jamesville; Melissa Holliday, Doris McLean Bates and Elizabeth Nordin, CATs Jamesville Tar Heel Junior Melissa Turner Johnson, Reporters (Carmel's Adventurous Historians, Division I, Ursula Gray, Editorial Assistant Heels), Junior Jamesville Elementary School, Eric Blevins, Photographer Tar Carmel High School, Charlotte; Jamesville; Jason Huneycutt, Kelly Hunsucker, Eagle Oakboro Junior History Club, Crossroads is a newsletter published once Express Tar Heel Junior Oakboro Elementary School, during the school year by the Tar Heel Junior Historian Association, Historians, C. C. Erwin Junior Oakboro; Laura Eudy, Oakboro North Carolina Museum of History, High School, Salisbury; Junior History Club, Oakboro 1 09 East Jones Street, Raleigh, NC Jeremy Bostian, Eagle Express Elementary School, Oakboro; 27601-2807. Copies are provided free to Tar Heel Junior Historians, Amber Drye, Oakboro Junior club members, along with the Tar Heel C. C. Erwin Junior High School, History Club, Oakboro J uruor Historian magazine. Individual and library subscriptions for the Salisbury; Thomas Sinclair, Elementary School, Oakboro; newsletter and magazine may be Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior and Carrie Lilley, Jamesville purchased at the rate of $3.00 per year. Historians, C. C. Erwin Junior Tar Heel Junior Historians,

High School, Salisbury; Division I, Jamesville Eleven thousand copies of this public document were Matt Tapley, Parkwood History Elementary School, printed at or per copy. J4.185.00, at $.38 Cubs, Parkwood Middle Jamesville. School, Monroe; Monica Miller,

Printed on Recycled Paper Junior Historians Receive Societies' Awards

For their literary entry, impressed the genealogy cemetery and charted seven

"Black Supermen of the Sea," judges because it included a others. The Lenoir County Emily Latham and Suzanne daily log of Will's activities and Community College assisted Ayers won the Afro-American research. He is a member of club members. History Award and pocketed the Martin '76ers, Martin $50.00. The award is Middle School, Raleigh. sponsored by the Charlotte In its first year of Hawkins Brown Memorial membership, the North Lenoir Foundation in Sedalia, the first History Club, North Lenoir High state historic site honoring a School, La Grange, was black individual. The award- awarded the $50.00 Youth winning students are members Preservation Award. The of the Carolina Explorers, E. B. award, sponsored by the Aycock Junior High School, Historic Preservation Greenville. Foundation of North Carolina, Will Cherry also had reason Inc., is given to clubs who to smile Thursday night. He participate in community received a $25.00 award from service projects that benefit the North Carolina historic preservation. The Genealogical Society, Inc. His North Lenoir History Club entry, "My Personal Heritage," located an unregistered

(Top, right) Winner of award from the North

Carolina Genealogical Society, Inc. (Above, left) Winners of THJHA Photography Contest

See page six for more details. (Above, right)

Winners of Afro-American History Award.

(Right) Club member accepting Youth Preservation Award.

4 a '

EDITOR ANNOUNCES NEW THJH THEMES

This summer, John Lee Bumgarner, editor of the Tar Heel Junior Historian, announced the themes of the upcoming issues of the magazine. During the 1990- 1991 school year, two issues will be published by the The mountain scenery of western North Carolina attracts many tourists. Industry and progress Tar Heel Junior Historian have changed the region, but some traditional ways of life have been preserved. Association. The fall 1990 issue will focus on the 1960s in Serving as consulting editor Both Harley Jolley, professor North Carolina, and the spring for this issue is Dr. Howell of history at Mars Hill College, 1991 issue will highlight the Smith, chairman, Department Mars Hill, and Ron Holland, North Carolina mountains. of History, Wake Forest curator of the Western Office of The 1960s were turbulent University, Winston-Salem. the N.C. Division of Archives years in United States history, Smith said this issue will touch and History, Asheville, will serve and the fall 1990 issue of the on many themes of the 1960s. as consulting editors for the magazine will deal with how He explained, "We will be mountain issue. Jolley said, "I

North Carolina was affected by showing how North Carolina think it's going to be great. It this era. Bumgarner shared in the action and will be a cross section of the commented, "During the 1960s optimism from the civil rights Great Smoky Mountains we had a great deal of change. sit-ins to the flower children' of National Park, the Tennessee Many young people went from rock n' roll; from the Valley Authority, the Blue Ridge being conservative in dress, recognition of new industry in Parkway, the Cherokee Indians, thought, actions, and speech, the Research Triangle to the and other aspects of the to being very rebellious. Times blossoming of optimism about mountains It should be a had changed." education." different dimension from The fall THJH will examine anything else we've had everything from politics and before." Vietnam to television and youth The North Carolina in North Carolina during the Appalachian and Smoky 1960s. Bumgarner added, mountains are the oldest in the "This issue will be exciting world, and they have a history because a lot of students in and traditions that differ from their history classes don't other regions of the state.

make it to the 1940s, and here Geography, industry, folklife, we're going to the 1960s— and tourism are aspects of the period worth examining." mountains that junior The spring THJH concludes historians can learn about the series focusing on the in the spring THJH. geographic regions of the state: the coastal plain, the ADVISERS: Have your students piedmont, and the mountains. research and write articles for Bumgarner said, "A lot of upcoming issues. Note that students in North Carolina only articles for the 1960s issue are know their immediate due by October 30, 1990. hometown or county. What Articles for the mountain issue During the 1960s, even very young people we're trying to do with these are due by January 28, 1991. loined protests to speak out about regional issues is to give a the latest controversial issues. These issues ranged See Advisers from busing and segregation to the broader view of North Carolina Supplement for editorial Vietnam War. and its regional histories." guidelines. Learn Photography through the THJHA

Junior historians learn state buildings, and they realize industrial/commercial buildings, many new and exciting skills the importance of photographic and institutional/public when competing in THJHA documentation as a research buildings. Awards of $20.00 for contests. For instance, the tool. first place, $10.00 for second North Carolina Historic This year, fifty-one junior place, and $5.00 for third place Architecture Photography historians from nine clubs were given to winning students. Contest introduces students to submitted 134 photographs for The best-in-show winner elementary photography. They judging in architectural detail, received a $25.00 award. learn to appreciate local and barns/outbuildings, houses, All winners are listed below.

First place, architectural detail: Joy Pharr

Architectural detail Troutman Middle School, Best-in-show: Monica Miller First place Troutman. Joy Pharr, Iredell Blues, Third place Best-in-show Troutman Middle School, Amanda Smith, WHY? (What Monica Miller, East Rowan Troutman. Happened Yesterday?), Mustang Militia, East Rowan Second place Trent Park Elementary School, Senior High School, Salisbury. Alison Lawrance, Iredell Blues, New Bern.

Barns/outbuildings First place Kent Smith, WHY? (What Happened Yesterday?), Trent Park Elementary School, New Bern. Second place Ewan Campbell, Watts-a-Wall Historians, George Watts Elementary School, Durham. Third place April Moody, Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Historians, C. C. Erwin Junior High School, Salisbury.

First place, barns/outbuildings: Kent Smith 6 Houses First place Ginger Drye, Oakboro Junior History Club, Oakboro Elementary School, Oakboro. Second place Jeremy Toombs, WHY? (What Happened Yesterday?), Trent Park Elementary School, New Bern. Third place Ginger Drye, Oakboro Junior History Club, Oakboro Elementary School, Oakboro.

First place, houses: Ginger Drye

Industrial/commercial buildings First place Monica Miller, East Rowan Mustang Militia, East Rowan Senior High School, Salisbury. Second place Ginger Drye, Oakboro Junior History Club, Oakboro Elementary School, Oakboro. Third place Amanda Smith, WHY? (What Happened Yesterday?), Trent Park Elementary School, New Bern.

First place, industrial/commercial buildings: Monica Miller

Institutional/public buildings First place Ginger Drye, Oakboro Junior History Club, Oakboro Elementary School, Oakboro. Second place Jeremy Toombs, WHY? (What Happened Yesterday?), Trent Park Elementary School, New Bern.

First place, institutional/public buildings: Ginger Drye 7 Honorable mention RALEIGH: (three-way tie) "The Smalley Legacy" THE Krystal D. Craven

Lexington Minutemen II ULTIMATE Lexington Middle School Lexington GOAL Jean B. Clark, adviser "The Cunninghams" For years, junior historians Kelly Cunningham across the state have entered Lexington Minutemen III Lexington Middle School history projects in the THJHA Lexington competition. This year, Jean B. Clark, adviser students from thirty-five clubs "U.S. Gunboat Picket" entered ninety-eight projects for Jamie Elks judging at Awards Day 1990! The Choco Indian Chiefs Junior historians work hard Chocowinity High School each year to create literary, Chocowinity media, and art projects that Larry Don Simmons, adviser they hope will win at the local LITERARY level and take them on to Elementary contest: Raleigh for Awards Day! CONTEST group Competition begins at the First place Elementary contest: "Special Footprints local level, with local judges of individual Martin County" selecting each club's best The Moratoc MarConians projects. A club enters First place as E J. Hayes and East End School "The Slades of Martin County, many as six of the selected 1742-1990" Williamston Minnie Hoggard and projects in state competition, Mary Katherine Slade Jeanne Maner, advisers which takes place in Raleigh. The Moratoc MarConians While in Raleigh, most E. J. Hayes and East End School Honorable mention (two-way tie) clubs compete at the Williamston "A Glimpse Back, a Look at Today" Minnie Hoggard and elementary and regular contest WHY? (What Happened Jeanne Maner, advisers levels. A few clubs, however, Yesterday?) Honorable mention Trent Park Elementary School enter their projects at the (two-way tie) New Bern special achievement level, the "The Hotel Albemarle in Albemarle, Cille B. Griffith, adviser highest level of competition. Stanly County" Blake Smith "History of the Carolina Tobacco To be placed in the special Oakboro Junior History Club Farmer" achievement category, a club Oakboro Elementary School Jamesville Tar Heel Junior must have won at least two Oakboro Historians, Division I first-place awards and one Janice C. Gibson, adviser Jamesville Elementary School Jamesville honorable mention in three "Scrap Facts About Black Nancy Long, adviser separate contests in previous North Carolinians" years. Phadjer Green Regular contest: As a result of the hard work Watts-a-Wall Historians George Watts Elementary School group put into the projects, contest Durham First place participants improve their Kaye D. adviser Mangum, "The Capitol, 150: 1840-1990" research and artistic skills and Martin '76ers learn about their communities Regular contest: Martin Middle School as well. They also inform individual Raleigh others of North Carolina's First place Craig Matthews, Joyce Somers, and history. Sarah Jordan, advisers "My Personal Heritage" The association recognizes Will Cherry all contest winners. They are Martin '76ers listed here by category. Martin Middle School Raleigh Congratulations to you all! Craig Matthews, Joyce Somers, and Sarah Jordan, advisers

8 Honorable mention MEDIA CONTEST (two-way tie) "Charlotte-Mecklenburg Quest: a Elementary contest: Regular contest: Board Trivial Game" individual individual CATs (Carmel's Adventurous Tar Heels) First place First place Carmel Junior High School "The Page-Walker Hotel" "Beaufort: an Old Port Town" Charlotte Annie Cottrell Sara Olack Lutecia Hathcock, adviser Capital Crusaders Hillcrest Historians Washington Elementary School Hillcrest Junior High School "Changing Shadows" Raleigh Fayetteville Mustang Militia Joyce Paige, adviser Betty C. Stone, adviser East Rowan Senior High School Salisbury Honorable mention Honorable mention Julie Smith, adviser "A Visit to an Eighteenth-Century "How North Carolina Has Plantation House" Progressed" Special achievement: Henry Ward Charles Colson The Moratoc MarConians Carolina Explorers individual E. J. Hayes and East End School E. B. Aycock Junior High School Honorable mention Williamston Greenville "The Diary" Minnie Hoggard and Sandra C. Walton, adviser Evan Christie Jeanne Maner, advisers History Unlimited II Regular contest: E. B. Aycock Junior High School Elementary contest: group Greenville group Patricia W. Sheppard, adviser First place First place "Battle of Bentonville" Special achievement: "Swan Island Club" Carolina Explorers group Knotts Island Junior Historians E. B. Aycock Junior High School Knotts Island Elementary School Greenville First place Knotts Island Sandra C. Walton, adviser "Kerr Kountry" Faye L. Freeman, adviser Honorable mention Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Honorable mention "Discovering the Spirit of Charlotte" Historians (two-way tie) CATs (Carmel's Adventurous C. C. Erwin Junior High School "The Capitol" Tar Heels) Salisbury Martin '76ers Carmel Junior High School Terry Holt and Terry Shive, advisers Martin Middle School Charlotte Honorable mention Raleigh Lutecia Hathcock, adviser "Currituck Sounder" Craig Matthews, Joyce Somers, Couratucke and Sarah Jordan, advisers Special achievement: Currituck County High School "The Great Dismal Swamp and the individual Barco Underground Railroad" Honorable mention Barbara Snowden, adviser Jamesville Tar Heel Junior "How Greenville and North Carolina Historians, Division I over the Years" Jamesville Elementary School Have Changed Aldridge Jamesville Chad History Unlimited II Nancy Long, adviser E. B. Aycock Junior High School Greenville Patricia W. Sheppard, adviser

Special achievement: group First place "Aw, Shucks!" Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Historians C. C. Erwin Junior High School Salisbury Terry Holt and Terry Shive, advisers Honorable mention

"Greenville During World War II"

History Unlimited II E. B. Aycock Junior High School Greenville Patricia W. Sheppard, adviser ART CONTEST Elementary contest: individual First place "Little Known Inventor" Paul R. Williams Jamesville Tar Heel Junior

Historians, Division I Jamesville Elementary School Jamesville Nancy Long, adviser Honorable mention (three-way tie) "Mountain Crafts" Megan Rothney Tar Heel Junior Historians Underwood Elementary School Raleigh Honorable mention "An Old Farm House" Kim Perez, adviser (three-way tie) The Choco Indian Chiefs "Carbine: the and the "The Tempest and a Teapot" Man Chocowinity High School Brandy Lowe Weapon" Chocowinity Charles Bell The Moratoc MarConians Larry Don Simmons, adviser E. J. Hayes and East End School Fayetteville Academy Chapter Williamston Fayetteville Academy Special achievement: Fayetteville Minnie Hoggard and individual Jeanne Maner, advisers Lulie M. Harry, adviser Honorable mention "Kron House, Stanly County" "Myrtle Hill" "Old Organ Church" Phillip Kidd Donald M. Warren Ashley Sapp Oakboro Junior History Club Hillcrest Searchers Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Oakboro Elementary School Hillcrest Junior High School Historians Oakboro Fayetteville C. C. Erwin Junior High School Janice C. Gibson, adviser Lucille Hipp, adviser Salisbury "Fort York" Terry Holt and Terry Shive, advisers Elementary contest: Robert L. Garner group Mustang Militia Special achievement: First place East Rowan Senior High School Salisbury group "Richfield Feed Mill" Julie Smith, adviser First place History Oakboro Junior Club (two-way tie) Oakboro Elementary School "Elmore Tobacco Factory" Oakboro Regular contest: group Wentworth Tar Heel Junior Janice C. Gibson, adviser Historians Honorable mention First place Wentworth School "A Voice in the Dark" "Digging into Fayetteville' s Past: Wentworth The Moratoc MarConians the Poe House Excavation" Ward L. Triche, adviser E. J. Hayes and East End School Hillcrest Historians "Kerr Mill" Williamston Hillcrest Junior High School Eagle Express Tar Heel Junior Minnie Hoggard and Fayetteville Historians Jeanne Maner, advisers Betty C. Stone, adviser C. C. Erwin Junior High School Honorable mention Salisbury (three-way tie) Regular contest: Terry Holt and Terry Shive, advisers individual "Tobacco Barn" The Chocowinity High School Honorable mention First place Fighting Indians "R. H. Wright Auditorium, "North Carolina Rural Heritage: Chocowinity High School East Carolina University Campus" a Hog Killing" Chocowinity History Unlimited II Junior High School Jason Cashwell Larry Don Simmons, adviser E. B. Aycock Stedman Junior High Historians Greenville "St. Mary's Chapel" Stedman Junior High School Patricia W. Sheppard, adviser Stedman CATs (Carmel's Adventurous Tar Heels) Lynne B. Bunce, adviser Carmel Junior High School Charlotte Lutecia Hathcock, adviser 10 ADVISING HER WAY TO THE TOP OF THJHA Each year the THJHA rewards a chapter adviser for outstanding service and contributions to his or her club by honoring an Adviser of the Year. For 1990, the association chose Faye L. Freeman, adviser of the Knotts Island Junior Historians, Knotts Island School, Knotts Island, to receive this award. Freeman formed her club seven years ago for junior high students. When she began Governor James G Martin congratulates 1990 Adviser ot the Year Faye L. Freeman (right) teaching the fourth grade, she changed the club to fourth being an adviser is "watching dedication to the Knotts Island graders so she wouldn't have the students get to know the Junior Historians. "I always to give up being the adviser! people on the island and want to sponsor the club," Under her guidance, the seeing them really love this she said. And being named club has won many awards- place." Adviser of the Year thrilled her! some in the special Freeman's love of history She said, "This is the highest achievement category— for its and of teaching shows in her honor I can receive." history projects recording the people, places, and traditions of Knotts Island. Individual North Carolina history. members have also won GOVERNOR Twenty-two clubs participated awards in the THJHA in the quiz, which is named Photography Contest. PRESENTS Freeman loves Knotts for Dr. Christopher Crittenden, Island, the place where she STATE longtime director of the N.C. grew up and now teaches. Division of Archives and Knotts Island is a small island HISTORY History. in the northeast corner of This year the first-place North Carolina. Most of it is QUIZ to marshland, and a small part of $50.00 award went Jason it— the part where Freeman AWARDS Cogdill, Buies Creek Junior lives — is in Virginia. When Historian Club, Buies Creek students begin high school, This year, the Governor of School, Buies Creek. The many take a ferry to the North North Carolina, the Honorable second-place winner, Valana Carolina mainland to go to James G. Martin, presented Gaymon, Parkwood History school in Currituck! Preserving the history of awards to the top three Cubs, Parkwood Middle Knotts Island and its people is winners of the Christopher School, Monroe, received the club's main project. Club Crittenden State History Quiz. $37.50. Brandilyn C. Eason, interview members senior The quiz, sponsored by the Southern Junior High citizens about the way things N.C. Literary and Historical Tar Heel Junior Historian were on the island many years Association, tested 345 Association, Southern Junior ago. The junior historians also send them birthday banners, participants on their High School, Roxboro, won and at Christmas, invite them to knowledge of the people, the third-place award of school for a special dinner. places, and events of $25.00. Freeman said the best part of 11 THANK YOU, SPONSORS!

The support of many organizations made Awards Day 1990 a success. Our thanks go to the North Carolina Literary and Historical Association, who sponsored the literary, media, and art awards for the twenty-eighth year. Special thanks also go to the North Carolina Genealogical Society, Inc., Prepare, Prepare, Prepare! the State Historic Preservation Office of the Summer is over and school somewhat-good media project has begun. Now is the time to that adheres to the twelve- N.C. Division of Archives start planning for Awards Day minute rule and one very good and History, the Charlotte 1991! one that doesn't, you have to Hawkins Brown Memorial "Preparation is the key," count against the good one that Foundation, the Historic Doris McLean Bates said. ran over the limit," Bates said. Preservation Foundation "With my first Awards Day Also, make sure literary

of North Carolina, Inc., behind me, I have learned that projects include footnotes, or the key to any event or they will be disqualified. and especially, the project's success is Project entry forms for the North Carolina Museum of preparation." literary, media, and art History Associates, whose Take the time now to categories are due April 5, support always ensures a consider whether you will enter 1991, and artifact search forms successful Awards Day. a project in competition. What are due May 1. Media and can you create that will display Youth Preservation Award your interests or talents? Be entries must be received by creative. Consider what you May 6. Photography entries can create that will grab the are due by February 11, literary judges' attention. Prepare, projects by April 8, and art prepare, prepare! projects by May 23. All due Once you have decided on dates are listed on the a project to enter, you and your association calendar, which is adviser should check the THJH mailed to clubs in late

Manual: Advisers ' Handbook December. Please refer to this and Student Guide. Make sure calendar frequently so that no you follow the rules on project deadlines will be missed. entries and Awards Day that Additional information on are listed in the manual. For Awards Day 1991 will be instance, art project backdrops mailed to clubs later this year,

may not exceed the maximum but if you have questions, size limit of arts projects (34- please call the THJHA office in inch width, 34-inch length, 24- Raleigh at (919) 733-3894.

inch height). Also, an essay Bates said, "I have found that explaining the historical most entries come in a week

significance of the model past the due date This I can should accompany all art accept. But those entries projects. coming in two to three weeks Make sure media entries past the due date will no longer run no more than twelve be accepted." Prepare, minutes. "When you have one prepare, prepare! 12