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Systematics and Paleoenvironment of Quaternary Corals and Ostracods in Dallol Carbonates, North Afar

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Systematics and Paleoenvironment of Quaternary Corals and Ostracods in Dallol Carbonates, North Afar ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES SYSTEMATICS AND PALEOENVIRONMENT OF QUATERNARY CORALS AND OSTRACODS IN DALLOL CARBONATES, NORTH AFAR ADDIS HAILU ENDESHAW NOV., 2017 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA i Systematics and Paleoenvironments of Quaternary Corals and Ostracods in Dallol Carbonates; North Afar Addis Hailu Endeshaw Advisor – Dr. Balemwal Atnafu A Thesis Submitted to School of Earth Sciences Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Earth Sciences (Paleontology and Paleoenvironment) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nov., 2017 ii iii ABSTRACT Systematics and Paleoenvironment of Quaternary Corals and Ostracods in Dallol Carbonates, North Afar Addis Hailu Endeshaw Addis Ababa University, 2017 There are reef structures developed in Dallol during the Quaternary Period as a result of flooding of the area by the Red Sea at least two times. Dallol area is situated in the northern most part of the Eastern African Rift system. The studied coral outcrops are aligned along the northwestern margin of the Afar rift. This research focused on the investigation of systematics of corals and associated fossils of mollusca, echinoidea, ostracoda and foraminifera together with the reconstruction of past environmental conditions. Different scientific methods were followed in order to achieve the objectives of the study. These are detailed insitu morphological descriptions; field observations and measurements; laboratory preparations and microscopic examinations; comparison of the described specimens with type specimens; and paleoecological calculations using PAST-3 software. Total of 164 fossil and 9 sediment samples are collected from the field and examined. The Dallol corals are classified into 12 Families, 29 Genera and 60 Species. The most common species include massive Porites, Porite lobata, Goniastrea pectinata, Goniastrea retiformis, Goniastrea stelligera, Echinopora hirsutissima, Echinopora gemmacea, Echinopora sp., Caulastrea furcata, Caulastrea tumida, Pavona venosa, Stylopora wellsi. Bivalvia classified into 9 Genera and 12 Species which are dominated by Tridacna maxima, Tridacna crocia, Arca boucardi and Crossastrea sp.; gastropoda classified into 6 Genera and 7 Species dominantly Cerithideopsilla cingulata, Canarium mutabile and Rhinoclavis sordidula; and echinoidea classified into 6 Genera and 8 Species dominantly Clypeaster humilis, Echinometra mathaei and Phyllacanthus imperialis. Ostracoda grouped into 15 Genera and 27 Species most of them are monospecific and dominantly Cyprideis torosa, Cyprideis longespina, Xestoleberis rotunda, Xestoleberis depressa, Leptocythere castanea, Loxoconcha carinata, Pontoparta salina, Keijia demissa and Cytherella sp. are recognized. Most of them are euhaline ostracoda species. Foramenifera grouped in to 9 Genera and 13 Species with dominant species Trocohamina sp., Quinqueloculina oblonga, Quinqueloculina lamarckiana, Quinqueloculina sagamensis, Elphideum crispum, Amphistegina lenssonii and Ammonia tepida. From paleoecological analysis of coral species 36% of total identified species are rare, 40% moderately abundant and 23% abundant. Shannon-Wiener index indicates that the older (MIS7) coral species are more diverse than the younger (MIS5) coral species. Paleoenvironmental interpretations are made from biofacies associations and paleoecological results. These are shallow open marine environments of two different phases with small sub – environments of shallow lagoon, brackish protected environment and lacustrine environment. Key words: Dallol, Corals, Ostracoda, Mollusca, Systematics, Reef, Paleoecology, Paleoenvironment i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am thankful to LORD for everything that you made in my life and for your everyday blessings. First of all I would like to give my sincere gratitude to Addis Ababa University School of Earth Sciences for giving me this opportunity of master’s study and research funding. I am above all deeply grateful to my supervisor Associate Professor Balemwal Atnafu for his wise guidance, advice, encouragement and introducing me to the scientific research. These will add valuable results and satisfactions throughout the research work. I am grateful to Prof. Tesfaye Kidane (School of Earth Sciences, AAU); Prof. Anneleen Faubert and Dr. David Jaramillo Vogel (Carbonate sedimentologists from Fribourg University) for their great assistances during the fieldwork and bring me scanned reference literatures on corals. It is with great pleasure to express my thanks to SERENA project for covering fieldwork accommodations. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Geological Survey of Ethiopia for providing me the geological reports of the area. My gratitude extends to my colleagues and friend specially Mr. Wendwossen Sisay, School of Earth Sciences Petrology Laboratory expert; Mr. Ermiyas Filfilu and Mr. Haftom Hagos for their support during transect study in the field; and Dr. Seifu Kebede for his invaluable support and encouragement during the research work. Finally, I am thankful to Mr. Tayachew Amsal, my husband, and my family members Reizana, Mariyamawit, Yeamlak, and Million for their patience and unforgettable support to see my success. The last but not least my gratitude goes to Mr. Hussen, Ahmedella local peoples and CIRCUM Company staffs for their help during the fieldwork. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF PLATES .................................................................................................................................... IX LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. X 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Previous Studies ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Study Area Description ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1. Location ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2. Geology of Dallol........................................................................................................................ 9 1.3.3. Tectonics and Structural Geology of the Area .......................................................................... 11 1.4. Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.5. Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 12 1.5.1. General Objective ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.5.2. Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................... 13 1.6. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................. 13 1.7. Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................................. 14 2. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ......................................................................................... 15 2.1. Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1. Background ............................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2. Data Collection ......................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2.1. Pre – fieldwork ................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2.2. Fieldwork ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.2.3. Post – fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 16 2.1.3. Macrofossil Preparations and Descriptions ............................................................................... 17 2.1.3.1. Coral Description and Comparison Approach ..................................................................
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