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BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN A. Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan Tahap 1 1. Kondisi Faktor Abiotik Ekosistem perairan dapat dipengaruhi oleh suatu kesatuan faktor lingkungan, yaitu biotik dan abiotik. Faktor abiotik merupakan faktor alam non-organisme yang mempengaruhi proses perkembangan dan pertumbuhan makhluk hidup. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan analisis faktor abiotik berupa faktor kimia dan fisika. Faktor kimia meliputi derajat keasaman (pH). Sedangkan faktor fisika meliputi suhu dan salinitas air laut. Hasil pengukuran suhu, salinitas, dan pH dapat dilihat sebagai tabel berikut: Tabel 4.1 Faktor Abiotik Pantai Peh Pulo Kabupaten Blitar Faktor Abiotik No. Letak Substrat Suhu Salinitas Ph P1 29,8 20 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir S1 1. P2 30,1 23 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir P3 30,5 28 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir 2. P1 29,7 38 8 Berbatu dan Berpasir S2 P2 29,7 40 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir P3 29,7 33 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir 3. P1 30,9 41 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir S3 P2 30,3 42 8 Berbatu dan Berpasir P3 30,1 41 7 Berbatu dan Berpasir 77 78 Tabel 4.2 Rentang Nilai Faktor Abiotik Pantai Peh Pulo Faktor Abiotik Nilai Suhu (˚C) 29,7-30,9 Salinitas (%) 20-42 Ph 7-8 Berdasarkan pengukuran faktor abiotik lingkungan, masing-masing stasiun pengambilan data memiliki nilai yang berbeda. Hal ini juga mempengaruhi kehidupan gastropoda yang ditemukan. Kehidupan gastropoda sangat dipengaruhi oleh besarnya nilai suhu. Suhu normal untuk kehidupan gastropoda adalah 26-32˚C.80 Sedangkan menurut Sutikno, suhu sangat mempengaruhi proses metabolisme suatu organisme, gastropoda dapat melakukan proses metabolisme optimal pada kisaran suhu antara 25- 32˚C. Perubahan suhu lingkungan berpengaruh terhadap jenis organisme yang dapat hidup pada wilayah perairan tertentu, serta mempengaruhi aktifitas suatu organisme. Semakin tinggi suhu suatu perairan, maka semakin sedikit kandungan oksigen yang larut (DO) dalam air. Gas oksigen yang terdapat dalam air digunakan oleh organisme perairan dalam proses respirasi. Suhu yang tinggi akan menurunkan jumlah oksigen yang terlarut dalam air, sehingga gastropoda dan organisme air lainnya akan mati karena kekurangan oksigen.81 Suhu perairan intertidal pantai peh pulo Kabupaten Blitar berkisar antara 29,7-30,9˚C. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa suhu perairan pantai peh pulo dapat dibilang cocok dan normal bagi keberlangsungan hidup 80 Junita Supusepa, Inventaris Jenis Dan Potensi Gastropoda di Negeri Suli dan Negeri Tial, (Ambon: Universitas Pattimura, 2018)., Jurnal Triton, Volume 14(1), Hal. 30 81 Horas P. Hutagalung, Pengaruh Suhu Air Terhadap Kehidupan Organisme Laut, (Jakarta: LIPI, 1988)., Jurnal Oseana 13(4), Hal. 163 79 gastropoda. Suhu terendah terletak pada stasiun 2 dengan nilai 29,7 ˚C dan suhu tertinggi pada stasiun 3 di plot 1 dengan nilai 30,9˚C. Selain suhu, sainitas perairan juga mempengaruhi aktifitas gastropoda. Faktor fisika ini juga mempengaruhi kadar oksigen terlarut dalam perairan. Perbedaan nilai salinitas pada setiap plot cukup bervariasi yaitu antara 20-42%. Jika diperhatikan, nilai salinitas masing-masing plot tidak stabil dan memiliki selisih perbedaan yang jauh. Sehingga diketahui nilai salinitas perairan peh pulo menunjukkan ketidaknormalan. Penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa salinitas yang cocok untuk proses metabolisme hewan makrobentos termasuk gastropoda adalah 26-37%.82 Perbedaan nilai salinitas di perairan pantai peh pulo yang di dapat dimungkinkan karena faktor penguapan yang tinggi. Besar kecilnya nilai salinitas suatu perairan dipengaruhi oleh pola sirkulasi air, penguapan (evaporasi), curah hujan (presipitasi) dan adanya aliran sungai (run off).83 Derajat keasaman (pH) perairan intertidal atau pasang surut air laut pantai pehpulo kabupaten blitar berkisar antara 7-8. Hal ini dapat dikatakan bahwa nilai derajat keasaman kawasan intertidal pehpulo stabil. Nilai pH diperairan ini, menunjukkan keadaan yang normal dan cocok untuk pertumbuhan gastropoda. Berdasarkan Kep-Men LH No.51 Tahun 2004, derajat keasaman (pH) yang cocok untuk pertumbuhan biota laut adalah dalam kisaran 7-8,5. Gastropoda tidak dapat mentoleransi nilai pH yang 82 Rella Nur Taqwa, dkk., Studi Hubungan Substrat Dasar, Hal.132 83 Marlen Persulessy dan Ine Arini, Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Kepadatan Gastropoda di Berbagai Substrat Berkarang di Perairan Pantai Tihunitu Kecamatan Pulau Haruku Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, (Ambon: Universitas Pattimura, 2018)., Biopendix, Volume 5(1), Hal. 49 80 terlalu tinggi atau bahkan terlalu rendah. Hal ini dikarenakan derajat keasamaan mempengaruhi ketahanan hidup organisme terhadap lingkungan. PH akan mempengaruhi ketersediaan DO atau oksigen terlarut yang ada pada perairan untuk proses respirasi organisme. Jika nilai pH terlalu rendah, maka oksigen terlarut pada perairan akan rendah pula. PH <5,00 dan pH>9,00 merupakan kondisi yang tidak baik untuk gastropoda.84 Secara keseluruhan, nilai faktor abiotik pantai peh pulo yang di dapatkan dikatakan normal, cukup stabil, dan cocok untuk kehidupan organisme gastropoda. Hal ini didukung dengan kondisi pantai yang sepi pengunjung sehingga aliran air tidak dipengaruhi oleh kegiatan pengunjung. Selain itu, pemukiman penduduk yang jauh dari kawasan pantai menjadikan pantai ini mampu mempertahankan faktor abiotik yang stabil dan cocok untuk kehidupan biota laut terutama gastropoda. Nilai faktor abiotik yang sesuai mempengaruhi struktur komunitas gastropoda yang ada pada kawasan pesisir pantai peh pulo. Keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dominansi, dan pola persebaran (distribusi) di kawasan ini, memiliki nilai yang berbeda dan menunjukkan kondisi yang baik. Hal ini dapat dilihat secara lebih rinci sebagaimana pembahasan di bawah ini. 84 Kordi dan Tancung, Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dalam Budidaya Perairan Edisi Keempat, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2007)., Hal. 91 81 2. Struktur Komunitas Gastropoda Kawasan pesisir pantai peh pulo, tepatnya di daerah intertidal atau pasang surut air laut, memiliki ekosistem tersendiri. Wilayah ini dihuni oleh berbagai biota laut salah satunya gastropoda. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat diketahui berbagai gastropoda ditemukan dalam keadaan berlimpah. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tanggal 17-18 Desember 2020 menggunakan 3 stasiun dan 9 plot dengan substrat berbatu dan berpasir. Stasiun 1 dan 2 didominasi oleh substrat berbatu. Sedangkan stasiun 3 didominasi substrat berpasir. Data penelitian yang diperoleh berasal dari pencuplikan spesies secara langsung pada lokasi penelitian. Seluruh spesies yang masuk dalam stasiun penelitian diambil dan diletakkan pada tempat yang berbeda sesuai dengan stasiun penelitian. Jumlah keseluruhan spesies gastropoda yang ditemukan adalah 389. Spesies yang ditemukan diberi tanda yang berbeda dengan spesies lain untuk memudahkan proses identifikasi. Gastropoda yang ditemukan, diawetkan menggunakan formalin 10% kemudian diidentifikasi menggunakan laman web sebagai berikut: Gastropods.com, Marine Species.org, Animalbase.org, Conchylinet.com, dan Gbif.org. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi, gastropoda yang terdapat dikawasan ini terdiri dari 9 ordo meliputi Caenogastropoda, Cephalapsida, Cycloneritida, Ellobiida, Heterobranchia, Littorinimorpha, Neogastropoda, Patellagastropoda, dan Trochida. Berdasarkan tabel 4.3 berikut, keseluruhan ordo yang ditemukan terbagi menjadi 16 famili, 23 genus, dan 31 spesies. 82 Keseluruhan spesies yang telah diidentifikasi dilakukan validasi kebasahan data oleh dosen ahli. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kevalidan spesies dan deskripsinya agar dapat dikembangkan menjadi katalog struktur komunitas gastropoda yang valid juga. Dosen ahli yang berperan dalam penelitian ini adalah bapak Arif Mustakim, M. Si. Selaku dosen Tadris Biologi IAIN Tulungagung. Adapun klasifikasi gastropoda diambil berdasarkan taksonomi spesies pada www.gbif.org sebagai berikut ini: 83 Tabel 4.3. Klasifikasi Gastropoda Pantai Peh Pulo NO. FILUM KELAS ORDO FAMILI GENUS NAMA SPESIES 1. Mollusca Gastropoda Caenogastropoda Cerithiidae Cerithium Cerithium sp. 2. Mollusca Gastropoda Caenogastropoda Cerithiidae Clypeomorus Clypeomorus petrosa 3. Mollusca Gastropoda Cephalapsida Aplustridae Hydatina Hydatina physis 4. Mollusca Gastropoda Cycloneritida Neritidae Nerita Nerita albicilla 5. Mollusca Gastropoda Cycloneritida Neritidae Nerita Nerita costata 6. Mollusca Gastropoda Ellobiida Ellobiidae Melampus Melampus castaneus 7. Mollusca Gastropoda Heterobranchia Architectonicidae Heliacus Heliacus areola 8. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Cypraeidae Cypraea Cypraea staphylaea 9. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Cypraeidae Monetaria Monetaria annulus 10. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Cypraeidae Monetaria Monetaria caputserpentis 11. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Cypraeidae Monetaria Monetaria moneta 12. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Naticidae Natica Natica carnica 13. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Strombidae Harpago Harpago chiragra 14. Mollusca Gastropoda Littorinimorpha Strombidae Canarium Canarium mutabile 15. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Columbellidae Pardalinops Pardalinops testudinaria 16. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus Conus catus 17. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus Conus coronatus 18. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus Conus ebraeus 19. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus Conus frigidus 20. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Conidae Conus Conus sponsalis 21. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra Mitra litterata 84 22. Mollusca Gastropoda Neogastropoda Mitridae Mitra Mitra paupercula 23. Mollusca
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    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES SYSTEMATICS AND PALEOENVIRONMENT OF QUATERNARY CORALS AND OSTRACODS IN DALLOL CARBONATES, NORTH AFAR ADDIS HAILU ENDESHAW NOV., 2017 ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA i Systematics and Paleoenvironments of Quaternary Corals and Ostracods in Dallol Carbonates; North Afar Addis Hailu Endeshaw Advisor – Dr. Balemwal Atnafu A Thesis Submitted to School of Earth Sciences Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Earth Sciences (Paleontology and Paleoenvironment) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nov., 2017 ii iii ABSTRACT Systematics and Paleoenvironment of Quaternary Corals and Ostracods in Dallol Carbonates, North Afar Addis Hailu Endeshaw Addis Ababa University, 2017 There are reef structures developed in Dallol during the Quaternary Period as a result of flooding of the area by the Red Sea at least two times. Dallol area is situated in the northern most part of the Eastern African Rift system. The studied coral outcrops are aligned along the northwestern margin of the Afar rift. This research focused on the investigation of systematics of corals and associated fossils of mollusca, echinoidea, ostracoda and foraminifera together with the reconstruction of past environmental conditions. Different scientific methods were followed in order to achieve the objectives of the study. These are detailed insitu morphological descriptions; field observations and measurements; laboratory preparations and microscopic examinations; comparison of the described specimens with type specimens; and paleoecological calculations using PAST-3 software. Total of 164 fossil and 9 sediment samples are collected from the field and examined. The Dallol corals are classified into 12 Families, 29 Genera and 60 Species.
  • Do Singapore's Seawalls Host Non-Native Marine Molluscs?

    Do Singapore's Seawalls Host Non-Native Marine Molluscs?

    Aquatic Invasions (2018) Volume 13, Issue 3: 365–378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2018.13.3.05 Open Access © 2018 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2018 REABIC Research Article Do Singapore’s seawalls host non-native marine molluscs? Wen Ting Tan1, Lynette H.L. Loke1, Darren C.J. Yeo2, Siong Kiat Tan3 and Peter A. Todd1,* 1Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Block S3, #02-05, Singapore 117543 2Freshwater & Invasion Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Block S3, #02-05, Singapore 117543 3Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377 *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 9 March 2018 / Accepted: 8 August 2018 / Published online: 17 September 2018 Handling editor: Cynthia McKenzie Abstract Marine urbanization and the construction of artificial coastal structures such as seawalls have been implicated in the spread of non-native marine species for a variety of reasons, the most common being that seawalls provide unoccupied niches for alien colonisation. If urbanisation is accompanied by a concomitant increase in shipping then this may also be a factor, i.e. increased propagule pressure of non-native species due to translocation beyond their native range via the hulls of ships and/or in ballast water. Singapore is potentially highly vulnerable to invasion by non-native marine species as its coastline comprises over 60% seawall and it is one of the world’s busiest ports. The aim of this study is to investigate the native, non-native, and cryptogenic molluscs found on Singapore’s seawalls.
  • Training Workshop on the Taxonomy of Marine Molluscs Mauritius, October 2017

    Training Workshop on the Taxonomy of Marine Molluscs Mauritius, October 2017

    Training workshop on the taxonomy of marine molluscs Mauritius, October 2017 Introduction IOC Biodiversity and MOI organized a regional workshop in Mauritius in October 2017 for 4 days. The main objective of the workshop were (i) to train regional marine biologists to the taxonomy of molluscs, (ii) to build capacities in the description and identification of molluscs, (iii) to assess the mollusc biodiversity and its evolution in tropical marine ecosystems. Figure 1: Le Bouchon sampling site Material and Methods About 20 participants attended the workshop with about half of them from Mauritius and the others from Madagascar, Comoros, Kenya and Tanzania. The workshop was led by an Australian expert. The workshop followed these 3 steps: - Day 1: Formal classroom training about taxonomy, molluscs and shells features. Generals information slide about molluscs were projected. - Day 2: Field sampling in Mauritius at Le Bouchon (South-east coast). The sampling was performed in various biotopes provided at the location: beach, rocky shore, mangrove and lagoon. Lagoon itself provided various environments (live coral, rubbles, sand, grass, silt). Some samplers were on foot and other snorkelling. The only method used was hand picking of shells during one hour. Shells were either dead (empty or crabbed) or alive with limitation of 1 specimen per species. The objective of the sampling was not quantitative but qualitative. The shells have been washed and put to dry in the lab after the field collection. - Day 3-4: Analysis of the samples sorted and numbered by kind and appearance. Participants had to write a description of as many species as they could in group of 2-3.
  • THE LISTING of PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T

    THE LISTING of PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T

    August 2017 Guido T. Poppe A LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS - V1.00 THE LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T. Poppe INTRODUCTION The publication of Philippine Marine Mollusks, Volumes 1 to 4 has been a revelation to the conchological community. Apart from being the delight of collectors, the PMM started a new way of layout and publishing - followed today by many authors. Internet technology has allowed more than 50 experts worldwide to work on the collection that forms the base of the 4 PMM books. This expertise, together with modern means of identification has allowed a quality in determinations which is unique in books covering a geographical area. Our Volume 1 was published only 9 years ago: in 2008. Since that time “a lot” has changed. Finally, after almost two decades, the digital world has been embraced by the scientific community, and a new generation of young scientists appeared, well acquainted with text processors, internet communication and digital photographic skills. Museums all over the planet start putting the holotypes online – a still ongoing process – which saves taxonomists from huge confusion and “guessing” about how animals look like. Initiatives as Biodiversity Heritage Library made accessible huge libraries to many thousands of biologists who, without that, were not able to publish properly. The process of all these technological revolutions is ongoing and improves taxonomy and nomenclature in a way which is unprecedented. All this caused an acceleration in the nomenclatural field: both in quantity and in quality of expertise and fieldwork. The above changes are not without huge problematics. Many studies are carried out on the wide diversity of these problems and even books are written on the subject.