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(Harmful) Algal Blooms (H)Abs Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Cyanobacteria in Baltic sea, 30-June-2003, MODIS. State of the Art Remote Sensing for Health applications N° Ref.: 044-R755-v1.1-a 15 July 2010 Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 1/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 2/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL Control document table Nom et Fonction Date Signature Prepared by Jérôme Bruniquel 15/07/2010 Chloé Vincent 15/07/2010 Reviewed by Antoine Mangin 15/07/2010 Authorised Odile Fanton d’Andon 15/07/2010 by Change log Version Date Description Modification 1.0 15/07/2010 Final report on the state of the art – Remote Translation of the Sensing applied to Health French version Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 3/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 4/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL Table of content 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY AGENTS OR BY WATER ...................................... 8 2.1 CONTEXT AND MAIN RESEARCH AXIS ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 PRESENTATION OF SOME KEY WORKS ................................................................................................... 8 2.3 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT RESEARCH STATUS.................................................................................... 13 2.4 SUMMARY OF WORKS DEALING WITH THIS THEMATIC FIELD............................................................... 14 3 REMOTE SENSING OF (HARMFUL) ALGAL BLOOMS (H)ABS .................................................. 16 3.1 CONTEXT AND MAIN SYNDROMES CAUSED BY HARMFUL ALGAE ........................................................ 16 3.2 PRESENTATION OF SOME KEY WORKS ................................................................................................. 18 3.3 ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT RESEARCH STATE-OF-THE-ART .......................................................... 24 3.4 SUMMARY OF WORKS DEALING WITH THIS THEMATIC FIELD............................................................... 25 4 DANGEROUS SPECIES.......................................................................................................................... 27 5 EUROPEAN WATER REGULATIONS ................................................................................................ 28 5.1 WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD) 2000/60/CE ....................................................................... 28 5.2 BATHING WATER QUALITY.................................................................................................................. 30 5.3 MARINE STRATEGY FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE .................................................................................... 33 6 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 34 Table of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 39 ANNEX 1: SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY ON CYANOBACTERIA AND HABS........................................ 41 ANNEX 2: HISTORIC AND PROJECTED OCEAN COLOUR MISSIONS – PERFORMANCES OF THEIR SENSORS............................................................................................................................................... 43 Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 5/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL Table of illustrations Figure 1 (left) : Oct. 2008 forecast of RVF in Africa, source GEIS. ....................................... 12 Figure 2 (right): Rainfall anomalies forecast for Malaria risk areas for the period 11-20 sept.2009, source ADDS. ......................................................................................................... 12 Figure 3 : Absorption Spectra for different algae species, from Ruddick-HABWatch, 2003. 18 Figure 4 : Diagram of similarity between different algae species, from Millie et al., 2002.... 19 Figure 5 : Relation of low chl-bbp ratio in the case of a Karenia brevis bloom in situ (left) and modelled (right)........................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 6 : Measured Chl-a VS Fluorescence Line Height MODIS for Karenia brevis blooms identification............................................................................................................................. 20 Figure 7 : “True colour” MODIS image of Nodularia cyanobacteria bloom in Baltic sea on 30 June 2003.................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 8 : Extract of a HAB forecast bulletin for Florida – 14 Sept 2009, source HAB-FS NOAA. ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 9 : Example of forecast of chlorophyll concentration................................................... 24 Figure 10 : 3 days forecasts (26/09/2009) of the presence of jellyfishes in the Chesapeake bay .................................................................................................................................................. 27 List of Tables Table 1 : Required bathing water quality for the directive 1976/160/CEE.............................. 31 Table 2 : Required Quality for bathing waters for the directive 2006/60/EC.......................... 32 Table 3: Caracteristics of Regional and Global Ocean Colour Missions’ (Sources IOCCG, ACRI-ST)................................................................................................................................. 43 Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 6/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL 1 Introduction This document presents the state-of-the-art of remote sensing techniques applied to health and aims at being representative of the use of satellite data to characterise water quality, either in marine environment or for inland waters sufficiently extended. This report is organised around main families of organisms whose presence which trigger a risk for health, can be evaluated by satellite acquisitions. Hence, the development or the transmission of infectious disease, the presence of toxic or dangerous species having an impact on the water quality are developed in this state-of-the-art. A specific section is dedicated to the regulations in force at European level. For each organism, various modes of detection can be studied. We have grouped them together in 3 categories: - Direct remote sensing by observing water colour, as for instance in the case of algal bloom, which can have certain limitations, - Statistical indirect remote sensing computing the likelihood of presence of certain vectors of risk or pathogens from the environmental parameters observed by satellite. This technique is widely used to quantify the risk of development of epidemics like cholera, - Deterministic indirect remote sensing where the environmental characteristics are observed by satellite, and then integrated in a development model. This approach is based on a situation initially observed which can be confirmed by a study on ground and allows forecasting its evolution by using environmental and/or bio-geochemical models. Some key studies led in each category are presented and, in each domain, a table summarises all the studies analysed in the frame of the state-of-the-art. The annex 1 of this document is devoted to the organisation of the community working on algae and cyanobacteria bloom. A second annex provides a table which summarises past, current and future ocean colour space missions. Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Page: 7/43 State of the art: remote sensing for health applications Date: 15 July 2010 Ref. 044-R755-v1.1-a All rights reserved - 2009-2010 ACRI-ST – All rights reserved CONFIDENTIAL 2 Infectious diseases transmitted by agents or by water 2.1 Context and main research axis Satellite data give access to the environmental situation with a large coverage and with a regular frequency. In this section, we will focus more particularly on epidemic diseases whose evolution can be monitored by remote sensing of parameters linked to the marine environment. Various pathogens can be responsible for these diseases: bacteria, viruses or parasites. Depending on the species, two modes of development linked to the presence of water are possible for these diseases: vector-borne or water-borne diseases. The infectious
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