SPONDYLUS (BIVALVIA: SPONDYLIDAE) Oleh Muhammad Masrur Islami"

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SPONDYLUS (BIVALVIA: SPONDYLIDAE) Oleh Muhammad Masrur Islami Oseana, Volume XXXVI, Nomor 3, Tahun 2011: 39-46 ISSN 0216-1877 SEKILAS TENTANG SPONDYLUS (BIVALVIA: SPONDYLIDAE) Oleh Muhammad Masrur Islami" ABSTRACT A GLANCE ABOUT SPONDYLUS (BIVALVIA: SPONDILYDAE). Spondylus also known as "spiny oyster", is a macroinvertebrate of the Family Spondylidae. It is characterized by a large muscular scar, posterior to tile center of shell, usually inequivalve and cemented to substrate by the right (lower) valve. As an epifaunal and sedentary animal, suspension filter-feeder, it lives mainly in relatively shallow waters in coralline areas to 50 m. The shell is composed with two minerals, calcite and aragonite layers. Thepossible functions of spines are as (I) supportsfor sensory mantle tissue, (ii) serve a camouflaged function, (iii) discourage epibionts, (iv) act as defense mechanisms,(v) aid in attachment to the substrate, and (vi) stabilize the shell. The predators of Spondylus are the gastropoda Fasciolaria tulipa. the spiny lobster Panulirus ~ ray Aetobatis narinari and Dasyatis americanus, the porcupine fish Diodon hystrix. and an unidentified stomatopod. The distribution area ofSpondylus particularly in the Indo-Pacific regionfrom India.Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, southern of Australia and America, Mexico, Brazil and Mediteranian. PENDABULUAN kelimpahannya di perairan laut maupun tawar, dari habitat yang dingin hingga ke daerah tropis, Bivalvia atau istilah umumnya disebut dari perairan yang dangkal bingga ke zona kerang, merupakan kelas terbesar kedua dalam abyssal yang dalam, bivalvia tergolong biota Filum Moluska setelah Gastropoda. Kelompok yang berhasil dalam adaptasinya,. bewan ini mempunyai sejarah panjang berkaitan Salah satu contobjenis bivalvia adalah dengan temuan fosilnya. Menurut LAMPREL Spondylus. Sejauh ini, informasi mengenai & WHITEHEAD (1992), spesies bivalvia tertua Spondylus atau dalam istilah lain dikenal dengan yang ditemukan tercatat berasal dari zaman kerang berduri (spiny oyster) masih sangat Cambrian, lebib dari 500 juta tahun yang lalu. jarang terutama di Indonesia. Biota ini Bivalvia dicirikan dengan adanya sepasang merupakan salah satu bivalvia yang memiliki cangkang, yang keduanya dihubungkan oleh keunikan dan termasuk biota ekonomis penting sebuah ligamen elastis pad a bagian dorsal yang dapat dimanfaatkan baik daging maupun dan menyerupai engsel. Bila dilibat dari cangkangnya. Tulisan ini· bermaksud I) UPT Balai Konservasi Biota Laut, Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi - LIPt Ambon. 39 memaparkan sedikit gambaran mengenai Spondylus merupakan hewan yang karakteristik biologi, klasifikasi, distribusi dan bersifat epifauna dan filter-feeder. Hewan ini hal-hal lain yang berkaitan dengan Spondylus. mempunyai ciri-ciri yang unik dan tidak seperti bivalvia pada umumnya. Hal inilah yang menjadikan Spondylus culcup familiar di KLASIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISTIK kalangan kolektor kerang-kerangan (OLIVER, SPONDYLUS 2004). Adapun karakteristik umum dari Spondylus antara lain mantel terbuka lebar Spondylus (bahasa Latin: Spondylus, dengan adanya tentakel di bagian lateral dan bahasa Yunani: Sphondulos, Spondulos) mata; Iipatan mantel bagian luar terpisahkan dari termasuk dalarn Filum Moluska, Kelas Bivalvia, organ sensori bagian tengah yang terdapat Farnili Spondylidae yang merupakan famili tentakel dan mata oleh suatu lekukan dengan anggota satu genus saja yakni periostracal. Sedangkan mantel bagian dalam Spondylus. Famili ini masih berkerabat dekat berisi otot radial yang rnasuk ke bagian interior dengan Famili Pectinidae yang sama-sama sepanjang garis pallial (LOGAN, 1974). Garis anggota Ordo Ostreoida. lumlah jenisnya pallial tanpa sinus, gill atau iosangnya bertipe diperkirakan antara 70 sampai 80jenis dan masih fillibranchiate tanpa lipatan branchia. Selain terus dilakukan revisi ilmiah mengenai hal itu bewan ini hanya merniliki satu buah otot tersebut (NAZCA, 2010). Contohnya adalah aduktor di bagian posterior, kakinya tereduksi Spondylus american us Hermann, 1781, dengan dan tidak memiliki filamen (byssus) yang urutan klasifikasi sebagai berikut: biasanya untuk peletakan di dasar substrat serta Filum Moluska tidak mempunyai siphon. (POUTIERS, 1998). Kelas Bivalvia Ordo Ostreoida Famili Spondylidae Genus Spondylus Spesies Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781 .Gambar 1. Spondylus americanus Hermann, Gambar 2. Interior cangkang bagian kid 1781(LOGAN, 1974; VIANA & Spondylus (pOUTIERS, 1998) ROCHA-BARREIRA, 2007). 40 Spondy/us memiliki cangkang yang berupa mineral aragonit. Pada beberapa bagian keras, terdiri dari dua bagian yang tidak sarna cangkang, komposisi aragonit cenderung Iebih besar (asimetris) dimana cangkang bagian kanan tebal dibandingkan dengan kalsit, bahkan pada umumnya lebih besar dan cembung hinge seluruhnya dipenuhi oleh aragonit. Kalsit dibandingkan cangkang bagiankiri (Gambar 1), umumnya mengendap akibat pertambahan yang serta dihubungkan dengan sebuah ligamen terus-menerus pada bagian tepi cangkang dan elastis yang disebut dengan istilah ball and strukturnya akan Ieb:ih komplek pada bagian sockethinge(POUTIERS, 1998;DIMITRIJEVIC yang mengarah pada umbo, terutama pada saat & TRIPKOVIC, 2002; 2006; SEFERlADBS, 2(09). pertumbuhan duri (MAlER & TITSCHACK. Salah satu cangkangnya (cangkang bagian 2010). kanan)Iangsung menempel pada substrat keras TAYLOR do/am LOGAN (1974) seperti karang atau koral selama masa bidupnya membedakan komposisi cangkang Spondylus seperti halnya jenis oyster (OLNER, 2004; menjadi lima lapisan berdasarkan SEFERlADES, 2009). FIENE-SEFERNS et.a/., pengamatannya terhadap SpondyZus (2004) menyatakan bahwa penempelan salah gaederopus. Kelima lapisan tersebut antara lain: satu cangkang Spondylus pada subtrat keras 1. Outer calcitic foliated layer; dipeogaruhi oleh adanya batasan ruang yang merupakan lapisan terluar dari ada pada substrat, nutrisi, temperatur dan cangkang termasuk duri dan rumbai• jumlah pergerakan massa air. rumbai pada kedua sisi cangkang, Bentuk cangkang Spondy/us tersusun dari bilah lentikular kalsit umumnya oval mernanjang (elongate-ovate), mulai dari dalam hingga ke arab tepi memiliki sculptura berjumlah 8-9 tulang serta ventral dari cangkang. Menurut dilengkapi tulang radial yang keras dan duri- ' LOGAN (1974) lapisan ini terlihatjelas duri tak beraturan yang di seIa-selanya terdapat pada jenis Spondylus americanus duri-duri yang Iebih kecil (pOPPE & GOTO dengan warna pigmen rnerah-orange do/am MAIER & TITSCHACK. 2010). Pada bingga kekuningan. bagian dalam cangkang terdapat kerutan aduktor 2. Middle aragonitic crossed-lamelar sirkuler (circular adductor) bingga ke bagian layer; merupakan lapisan yang posterior, sedangkan bagian tepi ventral membentuk hinge dan gigi serta area cangkang umumnya bergerigi tidak halus. internal sepanjang garis pallial. Cangkang berwarna putih susu, merah Lapisan ini juga mudah terlihat lembayung, kekuningan bingga coklat. Oleh terutama pada saat juvenil. karena ito, Spondylus memiliki variasi dalam 3. Aragonitic prismatic pallial bentuk cangkang, warna dan pelengkap yang myostracallayer; merupakan lapisan ada di cangkangnya (DIMITRIJEVIC & yang berada pad a area di bawah otot. TRIPKOVIC, 2002; 2006). Bagian ini disebut juga myostracum. Pada S. americanus, lapisan ini sangat tipis dan memiliki bagian yang berliku• KOMPOSISI CANGKANG DAN DURI liku bertemu dengan lapisan middle SPONDYLUS aragonitic crossed-lamelar dan kadang sangat sulit untuk mengetahui Komposisi cangkang dan duri yang batas dari kedua lapisan terse but ada pada Spondylus diketahui terdiri dari dua 4.Aragonitic prismatic adductor macam mineral. Pada bagian luar tersusun oleh myostracallayer; lapisan ini muncul mineral kalsit, sedangkan bagian dalamnya di bagian interior cangkang dalam 41 batas guratan otot aduktor dan terdiri terutama yang berbahaya bagi dan sisik-sisik aragonit menyerupai Spondylus. kristal yangmenebal sebagai tanda dari 4. Duri sebagai mekanisme pertahanan perkembangan otot aduktor. yang rnelindungi bagian dalam tubuh 5. Inner aragonitic crossed-lamelar seperti halnya bulu-bulu yang terdapat layer; merupakan lapis an yang kuat pada landak. terutarna di bawah hinge serta 5. Duri membantu saat pelekatan menunjukkan bagian myostracal yang eangkang pada substrat. tipis dalam pembentukan mantel. 6. Duri menyeimbangkan eangkang Saluran yang sangat keeil (tubula) terutarna apabila adanya substrat yang terlihat jelas pada lapisan ini, hanya bergeser atau berubah sehingga saja fungsinya belum diketahui dengan memungkinkan posisinya dapat pasti, namun diperkirakan bagian terjaga dengan baik. tersebut digunakan untuk menyimpan material organik selama hidup dari Spondylus. PREDATORSPONDYLUS FUNGSI DURI SPONDYLUS Spondylus merupakan epifauna sehingga memungkinkan dirinya beradaptasi Duri merupakan sesuatu yang tidak dengan baik pada kondisi subtrat yang tidak lazim pada Bivalvia. Pada umumnya yang ada coeok bagi jenis bivalvia infauna lainnya. pada eangkang bivalvia jenis tertentu terutama Namun hal ini menjadikan Spondylus lebih di daerah tropis banya berupa tonjolan kecil dan mudah mendapat aneaman dari predator karena pendek, bukan berupa duri. Oleh karena itu tidak dapat bergerak menghindarkan diri seperti adanya duri pada Spondylus merupakan halnya jenis-jenis bivalvia pada umumnya, fenornenayangunik(NICOLdalamFEIFAREK, misalnya dengan eara membenarnkan diri ke 1987). dalam pasir dan lainnya (STANLEY, 1977: Fungsi duri pada Spondylus belum HARPER& SKELTON, 1993). diketahui dengan pasti.STANLEY (1977) Menurut HARPER & SKELTON berasumsi bahwa duri-duri Spondylus terutama (1993), predator pada bivalvia seeara
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