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Preferensi Habitat Spesies Kerang Laut (Moluska: Bivalvia) Di Ekosistem Intertidal Tanjung Bilik Taman Nasional Baluran

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Preferensi Habitat Spesies Kerang Laut (Moluska: Bivalvia) Di Ekosistem Intertidal Tanjung Bilik Taman Nasional Baluran Volume 08, Nomor 03: 165 — 170 Desember 2019 DOI: xx.xxxxx/xxxx.xxxxx Preferensi Habitat Spesies Kerang Laut (Moluska: Bivalvia) di Ekosistem Intertidal Tanjung Bilik Taman Nasional Baluran (Habitat Preference of Sea Shell Species (Moluska: Bivalvia) in the Intertidal Ecosystem of Tanjung Bilik Baluran National Park) 1 1 1 1 Rendy Setiawan* , Sudarmadji , Budi Putra Mulyadi , Revika Hilda Hamdani 1Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas MIPA Universitas Jember Jl. Kalimantan 37 Sumbersari, Jember 68121, Jawa Timur, Indonesia Keywords: Sea shell, Habitats, Abstract Baluran national park Shellfish are mollusks that live in the substrate of some aquatic ecosystems. Seashells are an important component of the food chain due to their nutrient recycling function through deposit and suspension feeding. Some species are also able to bioaccumulate heavy metals. In Baluran National Park of East Java, Indonesia, seashells are often used by the local community as foodstuffs and their shells are sold as room decorations, jewelry, and household appliances. Due to overexploitation, it has been suspected that the population density and species diversity of seashells has decreased. This study was carried out in October 2019 at Bilik Beach in Baluran National Park in order to determine the species composition and habitat preferences of seashell species. Random sampling was used to measure the seashell species composition in the study area. Results revealed the presence of 6 orders, 8 families, 11 genera, and 14 species. The calculated species diversity value (H ') was found to be 2.109, which indicates medium-level species diversity. The calculated value for species evenness was found to be 0.79, which indicates low species evenness. Habitat consisted mainly of chunks of dead coral overgrown with algae. Mollusks were often found co-occuring with corals of the Faviidae family, particularly those of the genus Porites. Keywords: Kerang Laut, Abstrak Habitat, TN Baluran Kerang merupakan komponen penting yang berperan sebagai pemakan sisa organik yang berada di perairan (deposit feeder) dan pemakan suspensi (suspension feeder) dalam rantai makanan. Beberapa spesies kerang juga dapat berperan dalam mengakumulasi (bioakumulator) logam berat. Di Taman Nasional Baluran, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, kerang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat setempat sebagai bahan dasar makanan dan cangkangnya dijual sebagai dekorasi kamar, perhiasan, dan peralatan rumah tangga. Akibat terjadinya eksploitasi terhadap kerang secara berlebihan, telah diduga bahwa kepadatan populasi dan keanekaragaman spesies kerang telah menurun. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Oktober 2019 di Pantai Bilik di Taman Nasional Baluran untuk menentukan komposisi spesies dan preferensi habitat spesies kerang. Pengambilan sampel acak digunakan untuk mengukur komposisi spesies kerang di daerah penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat adanya 6 ordo, 8 famili, 11 genera, dan 14 spesies. Nilai keanekaragaman spesies yang dihitung menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman jenis (H'). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan telah ditemukan 165 Natural Science: Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 8 No. 3: 165—170 (2019) 2,109, yang menunjukkan keanekaragaman spesies tingkat sedang. Analisis kemerataan spesies menunjukkan nilai sebesar 0,79, yang berarti kemerataan *Coresponding Author : spesies rendah. Habitat kerang di Pantai Bilik lebih terfokus pada bongkahan [email protected] karang mati yang ditumbuhi alga. Moluska sering ditemukan bersama dengan (Phone: 085236636334) karang dari keluarga Faviidae, terutama yang berasal dari genus Porites. Latar Belakang Substrat merupakan permukaan atau media tempat Moluska merupakan hewan bertubuh lunak yang makhluk hidup melekat dan tumbuh. Setiap tipe dilindungi oleh cangkang, namun pada beberapa jenis substrat memiliki kandungan bahan organik yang tidak bercangkang (Brusca & Brusca, 2003). Salah berbeda-beda, sehingga substrat berpengaruh satu kelas yang termasuk ke dalam filum Moluska terhadap preferensi habitat, penyebaran dan komposisi adalah Bivalvia (Radiopoetro, 1996; Gosling, 2003). spesies hewan bentik seperti kerang laut (Akhrianti et. Bivalvia (kerang) memiliki ciri khas berupa dua bagian al., 2014). Beberapa macam substrat yang ada di cangkang yang simetris. Kedua cangkang tersebut Tanjung Bilik yaitu pasir, pasir berlumpur, batu karang, disatukan oleh suatu sendi elastis yang disebut dan karang mati. Diversitas habitat dan substrat yang ligament pada permukaan bagian dorsal (Rusyana, terdapat di Tanjung Bilik diduga menjadi tempat hidup 2011). Kerang dapat ditemukan hidup di perairan laut, bagi beberapa jenis kerang laut. Selama ini informasi payau, dan tawar. tentang preferensi habitat spesies kerang laut di Kerang dalam ekosistem perairan berperan sebagai Tanjung Bilik belum tersedia. Berdasarkan informasi pemakan sisa organik (deposit feeder) dan pemakan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang suspensi (suspension feeder) dalam rantai makanan. preferensi habitat spesies kerang laut di Tanjung Bilik Beberapa jenis Bivalvia misalnya kerang hijau (Perna Taman Nasional Baluran, Kabupaten Situbondo. viridis) juga berfungsi sebagai bioakumulator logam berat di perairan (Tjokrokusumo, 2006). Selain sebagai Bahan dan Metode bioakumulator, kerang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2019. bahan pangan karena memiliki kandungan protein Pengambilan sampel dan pengumpulan data dilakukan yang tinggi (Ningsih, 2009). Oleh karena itu, kerang di ekosistem intertidal Tanjung Bilik Taman Nasional memiliki manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekitar Baluran Kabupaten Situbondo dengan koordinat garis maupun manfaat ekologi bagi ekosistem dan pantai antara 7°45'6.96" S dan 114°22'26.36" E sampai organisme di ekosistem intertidal. Menurut Goltenboth 7°45'0.26" S dan 114°22'8.87" E. Identifikasi spesies, et al. (2012), ekosistem intertidal merupakan area deskripsi, dan analisis data kerang dilakukan di pasang surut yang memiliki keanekaragaman Laboratorium Ekologi Jurusan Biologi Fakultas organisme yang tinggi dan diversitas ekosistem yang Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas bervariasi dibandingkan dengan ekosistem laut lainnya. Jember. Untuk sampel yang belum diketahui jenisnya Kerang laut banyak ditemukan di ekosistem intertidal, dilakukan identifikasi lanjutan di laboratorium salah satunya di ekosistem intertidal Tanjung Bilik Malakologi LIPI Cibinong. Taman Nasional Baluran. Metode yang digunakan adalah Purposive Sampling Tanjung Bilik memiliki zona intertidal dengan dengan meletakkan plot berukuran 1x1 m2 secara acak habitat dan substrat yang bervariasi (Siddiq et al. di seluruh ekosistem intertidal bergantung pada 2016). yang berperan penting bagi kelangsungan keberadaan koloni kerang yang ditemukan. Kerang hidup biota perairan (Heide et al. 2014) yaitu yang berada pada permukaan substrat diambil dengan sebagai tempat hidup, habitat berperan sebagai cara langsung, sedangkan kerang yang berada di tempat berkembang biak dan penyedia makanan. dalam substrat diambil dengan menggunakan bantuan Kerang laut cenderung memilih habitat yang berbeda sekop sampai kedalaman maksimal sekitar 25 cm. Hal sesuai dengan karakteristik morfologi, mikrohabitat, ini dilakukan karena beberapa spesies kerang dan perbedaan perilaku tiap spesies. Oleh karena mempunyai kemampuan untuk membenamkan diri ke itu, kerang laut memiliki preferensi habitat yang dalam substrat dasar sekitar 5-25 cm (Riniatsih dan berbeda dalam menempati lokasi di ekosistem Widianingsih, 2007). intertidal. Selain habitat, hal yang juga penting Pengambilan sampel diawali dengan menyusuri pantai bagi kelangsungan hidup biota perairan yaitu dari batas tubir hingga mencapai garis pantai. substrat perairan intertidal. Penyusuran ini dilakukan hingga mencakup seluruh 166 Natural Science: Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 8 No. 3: 165—170 (2019) wilayah Pantai Bilik pada saat air laut surut. Tujuannya berupa pasir, dan R (Roots) untuk substrat agar tidak mengulang penghitungan terhadap individu berupa akar mangrove. yang sama serta mengetahui distribusi setiap spesies kerang yang ditemukan (Setiawan et al., 2018). Hasil dan Pembahasan Menurut Carpenter dan Niem (1998), identifikasi Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi diketahui bahwa kerang kerang dilakukan sampai tingkat spesies dengan Laut yang terdapat di Tanjung Bilik Taman Nasional memperhatikan morfologi cangkang pada masing- Baluran terdiri atas 6 ordo, 8 famili, 11 genus, dan 14 masing spesies. Morfologi tersebut meliputi bentuk spesies (Tabel 1) yang tersebar di sepanjang cangkang, warna, ribs radial, dan umbo. Selain itu ekosistem intertidal dalam 220 plot. Komposisi spesies bagian internal cangkang yang perlu diamati adalah kerang laut di ekosistem intertidal Tanjung Bilik hinge dan palial line. Penentuan jenis Bivalvia Taman Nasional Baluran didominasi oleh jenis menggunakan buku acuan Dharma (1992), Dharma Spondylus squamosus dengan jumlah 361 individu (1988) dan Carpenter dan Niem (1998). Data (Tabel 1). Kondisi lokasi yang didominasi oleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan indeks habitat karang mati sangat cocok untuk mendukung keanekaragaman spesies Shannon Wiener dan kehidupan S. squamosus. Hal ini terkait indeks kemerataan spesies (Odum, 1998). Selain kemampuannya yang melekat sangat kuat pada jumlah jenis kerang, kondisi habitat tempat karang mati dibandingkan dengan spesies kerang ditemukannya juga dicatat. Kondisi habitat lainnya sehingga dapat bertahan terhadap arus digunakan untuk mengetahui preferensi habitat ombak
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