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Dissertation Die koreanischen protestantischen Kirchenlieder als Indikator für die Transformation der koreanischen Gesellschaft: Prozesse von Amerikanisierung und Hybridisierung Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde durch den Promotionsausschuss Dr. phil. der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Sun Mee Han Bremen, den 28.02.2013 II Inhaltsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ VI Vorwort ......................................................................................................................................... VII 1 Einleitung ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Fragestellung und Forschungsziel ......................................................................................... 1 1.2 Forschungsstand ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Vorgehensweise ...................................................................................................................... 11 2 Begriffliche Definition der Amerikanisierung.................................................. 16 3 Amerikanisierung der koreanischen Gesellschaft ........................................... 29 3.1 Die Zeit von Daehanjeguk (das alte Korea) und der japanischen Kolonialzeit .............. 33 3.2 Seit der Befreiung von der japanischen Besatzung ............................................................ 38 3.2.1 Die Zeit vor der Industrialisierung (1945-60) ................................................................................ 39 3.2.2 Die Zeit des Beginns der industriellen Gesellschaft (1961-1980) ................................................. 42 3.2.3 Die Zeit des Konsums (1981 bis zur Gegenwart) .......................................................................... 44 3.3 De-Amerikanisierung – eine aktive Annahme der amerikanischen Kultur .................... 47 4 Amerikanisierung der koreanischen protestantischen Kirche ....................... 50 4.1 Rezeption des Christentums ................................................................................................. 50 4.2 Wer sind die Missionare ....................................................................................................... 57 4.3 Prozesse und Wege zur Amerikanisierung der koreanischen Kirche .............................. 61 4.3.1 Die Errichtung von Krankenhäusern und Schulen ......................................................................... 61 4.3.2 Theologische Ausrichtung und missionarische Absichten............................................................. 64 4.3.3 Politische Bedingungen .................................................................................................................. 65 4.4 Amerikanisierungsphänomene ............................................................................................ 68 4.4.1 Die Spaltung der koreanischen Kirche ........................................................................................... 68 4.4.2 Das amerikanische Kirchenwachstum ........................................................................................... 71 III 4.4.3 Sonstige Amerikanisierungsphänomene ........................................................................................ 73 4.5 Inkulturationstheologie - eine aktive Annahme des Christentums .................................. 78 5 Wirkungen der amerikanischen Kirchenlieder ............................................... 84 5.1 Wirkungen der amerikanischern Kirchenlieder auf die Musikwelt ................................ 84 5.1.1 Die Kirchenlieder als Beginn der Einführung der westlichen Musik in Korea .............................. 84 5.1.2 Die Verbreitung der westlichen Lieder durch die schulische Ausbildung in Korea ...................... 89 5.1.3 Die erste westliche Liedgattung „Changga“ in Korea ................................................................... 93 5.1.4 Die Spaltung in der Musikwelt Koreas .......................................................................................... 95 5.2 Wirkungen der amerikanischern Kirchenlieder auf die Gesellschaft.............................. 98 5.2.1 Die Bewältigung des Analphabetentums ....................................................................................... 98 5.2.2 Die neue Literaturbewegung ........................................................................................................ 100 5.2.3 Unabhängigkeitslieder und Nationalhymne als soziale Bewegungen .......................................... 105 6 Die Entwicklung des koreanischen protestantischen Kirchengesangbuches ............................................................................................. 110 6.1 Die von Missionaren kompilierten Werke der frühen Periode (1892-1908) .................. 111 6.1.1 Das offizielle Gesangbuch der Methodisten „Chanmiga“ (1892-1907) ...................................... 112 6.1.2 Das erste, mit Noten versehene Gesangbuch „Chanyangga“ (1894-1907) .................................. 117 6.1.3 Das offizielle Presbyterianische Gesangbuch „Chansungsi“ (1895-1907) .................................. 122 6.1.4 Das erste gemeinsame Gesangbuch von Methodisten und Presbyterianern „Chanschongga“ (1908) ........................................................................................................................... 127 6.2 Die von Missionaren und Koreanern gemeinsam kompilierten Werke der mittleren Periode um 1930 ................................................................................................. 131 6.2.1 Die Methodisten Hymne „Shinjeong Chansongga“ (1931) ......................................................... 131 6.2.2 Die Presbyterianer Hymne „Shinpyeon Chansongga“ (1935) ..................................................... 134 6.2.3 Das Gesangbuch der Holiness Kirche „Buheungseongga“ (Revival Hymn, 1930) ..................... 138 IV 6.3 Die von Koreanern kompilierten Werke der jüngsten Periode (1949-1983) ................. 140 6.3.1 Das gemeinsame Gesangbuch von Presbyterianern, Methodisten und der Holliness Kirche „Habdong Chansongga“ (1949) ............................................................................................................... 140 6.3.2„Sae Chansongga“ (1962) als Zeichen der Spaltung innerhalb der presbyterianischen Kirche ..................................................................................................................................................... 142 6.3.3 „Gaepyeon Chansongga“ (1967) als eine Revision des „Habdong Chansongga“ (1949) ........... 143 6.3.4 Das gemeinsame Gesangbuch aller protestantischen Kirchen „Tongil Chansongga“ (1983) ..... 146 6.3.5 Chansongga Teil 2 (1994) ............................................................................................................ 149 6.4 Zusammenfassung der Entwicklung des Gesangbuches von Beginn an bis 1983 ......... 150 6.5 Das aktuelle Gesangbuch des 21. Jahrhunderts „Chansongga 2006“ ............................ 154 6.5.1 Merkmale der 155 Lieder, die von Anfang an konstant im Gesangbuch enthalten sind.............. 157 6.5.2 Vergleich der beiden Gesangbücher, die heute in den USA und in Korea aktuell benutzt werden. ..................................................................................................................................................... 160 6.5.3 Die von Koreanern geschriebenen neuen Lieder ......................................................................... 164 6.6 Sonstige Gesangbücher ....................................................................................................... 167 7 Koreanisierung der Kirchenlieder als eine aktive Annahme der amerikanischen Lieder .......................................................................................... 169 7.1 Diskussionen über die Koreanisierung der Kirchenlieder .............................................. 171 7.1.1 Aus Übersetzungsprobleme ......................................................................................................... 172 7.1.2 Als Kerngedanken des Zeitalters ................................................................................................. 174 7.1.3 Aus theologischen Gründen ......................................................................................................... 176 7.1.4 Aus einem Nationalbewusstsein .................................................................................................. 180 7.2 Versuch der Koreanisierung in der frühen Zeit der Missionierung (1892- 1930) ........ 185 7.3 Stagnation der Koreanisierung der Kirchenlieder (1931- 1967) .................................... 195 7.4 Versuch der Koreanisierung der Kirchenlieder seit den 60er Jahren ........................... 197 7.4.1 Erste Generation ........................................................................................................................... 197 V 7.4.2 Zweite Generation ........................................................................................................................ 216 7.4.3 Die Kirchenlieder außerhalb des Gesangbuches .......................................................................... 221 7.5 Eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse über die Versuche der Koreanisierung von Kirchenliedern .............................................................................................................
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