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Genre Et Réécriture.Pdf UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS 8 – VINCENNES - SAINT-DENIS École Doctorale : Pratiques et théories du sens Thèse de doctorat en Études de genre Ji Sun BAE Genre et récriture de l’Histoire : Du témoignage à l’autobiographie à plusieurs voix Thèse dirigée par Nadia SETTI Soutenue le 4 avril 2014 Jury : Zineb ALI-BENALI Judith REVEL Marta SEGARRA Nadia SETTI (directrice de recherche) Centre d’Études féminines et d’Études de genre Université de Paris 8 – Vincennes-Saint-Denis 2 rue de la Liberté - B 342 93526 Saint-Denis cedex Genre, Travail, Mobilités - CRESPPA UMR 7217 CNRS 59-61 rue Pouchet 75849 PARIS CEDEX 17 Résumé Ce travail montre les conditions d'élaboration et de production de langues et écritures qui relisent une mémoire subjective et collective, en récrivant l'Histoire par-delà les violences, les dénis, les refoulements et les censures. Il analyse le rapport entre l’autos, je, soi-même, inséparable du bios, la vie comme expérience qui traverse le corps, et la graphie, l’écriture, à la fois texte, témoignage et récit, en examinant comment la question de la « langue maternelle » intervient dans ce rapport. Cela concerne d’abord l'analyse du texte du témoignage L’histoire qu’on réécrit avec la mémoire (2001) à travers lequel émergent en sujet de l'histoire et de l'écriture les « femmes de réconfort » survivantes de l'esclavage sexuel en Corée du Sud pendant l'occupation japonaise. Cette analyse montre comment des femmes viennent à l’écriture en troublant la femme dans l’écriture de l’Histoire. Grâce au dispositif du Team de Témoignages, les témoignages se modulent en écriture de vie, en biographies. Ensuite, dans le texte autobiographique Dictée, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha fait apparaître un autre sujet d'énonciation une « voix peuplée » qui vise l'autre histoire de la Corée du Sud à partir de son histoire familiale dans une langue d'exil, une langue de l’autre. L’écriture autobiographique, qui est une écriture de l’histoire individuelle, croise l’écriture de l’Histoire en résistant à la subsumption de la femme ainsi que de la pensée. Dans cette perspective, ce travail interroge la complexité de la « langue maternelle » et de l'autobiographie chez des philosophes tels qu’Arendt, Adorno, Derrida. La « langue maternelle » se révèle tantôt comme langue de la Nation, de la loi, de l’autre tantôt comme langue de l’affection et de l’intime, de la relation généalogique. Mots-clés : femmes, écriture de l’histoire, « femmes de réconfort », témoignage, mémoire, autobiographie, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, langue maternelle, Arendt, Adorno, Derrida Abstract This work shows the conditions of the elaboration, and production, of languages and writings that revisit a subjective and collective memory by rewriting History beyond violence, denial, repression, and censorship. This work analyses the relationship between the autos, the I, the self – inseparable from the bios, life as an experience the body goes through - and the graphein, the act of writing, the written form, at once text, testimony and narrative, by examining the question of how the “mother tongue” is involved in this relationship. Firstly, it concerns the analysis of the testimony The history we rewrite with memory through which “comfort women”, survivors of sexual slavery in South Korea during the Japanese occupation, emerge as a subject of History and writing. This analysis shows how women have begun to write by agitating the idea of the woman in the writing of History. Thanks to the collaboration of a Team of Testimonies, testimonies become life stories, biographies. Then, in the autobiographical text Dictée, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha brings to light another subject of the enunciation, an “embodied voice” addressing the other part of South Korean history, through her own family’s story in a language of exile, a language of the other. Autobiographical writing, an account of an individual’s story, meets the writing of History, yet resists the subsumption of the Woman and thought. In this perspective, this work question the complexity of the “mother tongue” and the shortcomings of autobiography in philosophers’ works such as Arendt, Adorno, Derrida. The “mother language” reveals itself sometimes as the language of the Nation, of the law, of the other and sometimes as the language of affection, and intimacy, of the genealogical relationship. Keywords : women, writing of History, “comfort women”, testimonies, memoir, autobiography, Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, mother tongue, Arendt, Adorno, Derrida Remerciement Cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour sans l’encouragement de ma directrice Nadia SETTI. Je la remercie chaleureusement de ses conseils précieux, de ses lectures minutieuses, et de sa confiance durant toutes ces années. Je ne saurais assez la remercier. Je voudrais aussi remercier les membres du jury, Zineb ALI-BENALI, Judith REVEL, Marta SEGARRA pour leur temps et l’attention portée à mon travail. Je tiens à remercier toutes mes proches qui m’ont aidée pendant l’écriture de cette thèse. À Namhong Min, ma mère TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………….. 1 PREMIERE PARTIE Déconstruire l’Histoire Chapitre I. Construction et reconstruction du « nous » .…………………………………14 I.1. Reconstruction d’une nation : l’idéologie de l’Un ..…………………………………. 16 I.1.1 Après l’occupation, la fondation de la Corée du Sud sous le régime dictatorial ……...16 I.1.2. Mythe de la fondation nationale …………………………………………………….. 20 I.1.3. Éducation nationale : Gukminhwa ……………..……………………………………. 27 I.1.4. Mogukeo : la langue de la matrie .…………………………………………………... 31 • Création de Hangeul …………………………………………………………………… 33 • Violence faite à la langue coréenne ……………………………………………………. 36 I.2. Femmes en tant que sujet, « nous »….……………………………………………….. 43 I.2.1. Émergence des mouvements et des pensées féministes …………………………….. 43 I.2.2. Ambiguïté entre femmes, féminisme et nationalisme……………………………….. 47 I.2.3. Expérience des femmes entre victimisation et subjectivation ………………………. 50 I.2.4. Femmes : forces d’étonnement ……………………………………………………….55 Chapitre II. L’histoire entre déni et transmission ………...…………………………….. 59 II.1. Construction du « passé » …………………………………………………………… 59 II.1.1. Une longue histoire du silence ……………………………………………………... 59 II.1.2. Politique de la « rupture avec le passé » : une logique de réconciliation ……………66 II.1.3. Victimisation de la Corée du Sud ……………………………………………………72 • Sentiment national, entre honte et colère ………………………………………………..73 • Neutralisation des survivantes et sentiment de « Han » ………………………………...76 II.1.4. La femme : métaphore de la Corée violée …………………………………………..78 II.2 Construction d’un lieu d’écriture des femmes ……………………………………… 81 II.2.1. Un lieu textuel comme lieu du témoignage …………………..……………………. 82 II.2.2. Récits de chercheuses : mise en relation ……………..…………………………….. 88 II.2.3. Donner la prééminence aux témoins …………….…………………………………..93 II.2.4. Mémoire ……………………………………………………………………………..97 II 2.5. Scène de l’autoreprésentation ……………………………………………………....101 II.2.6. Écriture d’un texte oral : apprendre des survivantes ……………………………….104 DEUXIEME PARTIE Récrire l’histoire Chapitre III. Témoignages ………………………………………………………………..111 III.1. Langage des survivantes …………………………………………………………... 112 III.1.1 Langage « poétique » ..……………………………………………………………..112 III.1.2. Sonorité et résonance des témoignages ……………………………………………114 III.2. Le langage qui griffe ………………………………………………………………..122 III.2.1. Petits mots doux ...…………………………………………………………………123 III.2.2. Mots qui fouettent……………………………………………………………….... 125 III.2.3. Naufrage, la peur de la mort………………………………………………………. 127 III.2.4. Hwangguk Sinmin Seosa, une scène originaire de la souffrance…………………. 130 III.2.5. « Hayakku », sans fin………………………………………………………………132 III.3 Réinterprétation des survivantes……………………………………………………135 III.3.1 Seumire : un nouveau nom pour la vie……………………………………………...135 III.3.2. Réparer le manque du lien familial………………………………………………...137 III.3.3. « Le corps de vierge »……………………………………………………………...141 III.3.4. La première histoire d’amour………………………………………………………143 III.3.5. Entre deux mondes …………………………………………………….…………..147 Chapitre IV. Écriture d’une voix peuplée ……………………………………………….153 IV.1. L’auteur comme lieu de l’énonciation ……………………………………………..154 IV.2. Pour venir à l’écriture……………………………………………………………….161 IV.2.1. Une femme venue de loin………………………………………………………….162 IV.2.2. Faire venir les autres en soi …………………………………………………..........165 IV.2.3. Entre les deux dictées……………………………………………………………...172 IV.3. Écriture de l’histoire des femmes : transmission de la mémoire et de l’écriture..178 IV.4 Langue maternelle : une langue de l’écriture ……………………………………...186 IV.4.1. Lettre à sa mère : portrait d’une jeune femme souffrante de la langue interdite..…187 IV.4.2. Mères : un foyer de la mémoire et des langues ……………………………………192 IV.4.3. Ombre de « Mogukeo » : l’identité nationale et la langue maternelle..……………198 TROISIEME PARTIE Entre désappropriation et réappropriation Chapitre V. Exil de la « langue maternelle »…………..…………………………………209 V.1. La langue maternelle à l’origine de la pensée et de l’amour……………………….210 V.1.1. L’amour pour la langue maternelle ………………………………………………...210 V.1.2. Ambiguïté de la maison de la langue maternelle…………………………………...219 V.2 Exilé dans la langue maternelle……………………………………………………...225 V.3. Entre les langues………………………………………………………………………236 V.3.1. Ceux que l’accent révèle……………………………………………………………237 V.3.2. Habiter dans une « langue venue d’ailleurs »………………………………………243 V.3.3. Bilinguisme hiérarchisé, pour garder son âme ……………………………………..250 Chapitre VI. Autobiographie :
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