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Land Words and Resilient Cultures the Ontological Basis of Tribal Identity

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Land Words and Resilient Cultures the Ontological Basis of Tribal Identity 0 Land, Words and Resilient Cultures The Ontological Basis of Tribal Identity Edited by bodhi s.r & raile r.ziipao Dedicated to our Teacher Professor Virginius Xaxa The Tribal Intellectual Collective India (TICI) is an Imprint of the Insight Multipurpose Society, Wardha. The TICI endeavours to promote Tribal literature and writers. It aims to further tribal/Adivasi discourse through publishing academic and scholarly content. It is driven by a sincere desire to deepen a ‗perspective from within‘ in Tribal studies. This book is part of the TICI series on Tribal and Adivasi Discourse which aims to de-assemble methodology, deconstruct theoretical perspectives and produce new emancipatory knowledge. EBook Edition 2019 ISBN 978-81-942059-0-6 Published in India by TICI www.ticijournals.org Copyright © 2019, Tribal Intellectual Collective India About the Authors bodhi s.r is National Convener, TICI, holds a Ph.D from the Tata Institute of Social Sciences and currently teaches in the TISS, Mumbai. Raile.R.Ziipao is a member of TICI, holds a Post Doc from Harvard University, a Ph.D from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and currently teaches in the Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda. Dominic Leo Thaikho is member TICI, holds a Ph.D from the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. Lavinia Mawlong is a member of TICI, holds a Ph.D from Freie University Berlin, was Assistant Professor, TISS Guwahati and currently teaches in Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong. Pooja Kudal is a member TICI and is currently pursuing her Ph.D from TISS Mumbai. Vislavath Rajunayak is member TICI, holds a Post Doc from University of California Berkeley, a Ph.D from English and Foreign Language University, and currently teaches in EFLU, Hyderabad. Redion Narzary is a member of TICI and currently is Assistant Professor, Upendranath Brahma College, Kojalgaon (BTAD). Eugene Soreng is member TICI, worked with North East Research and Social Work Networking, Kokrajhar and Aangan Mumbai. He is currently pursuing his Pre Doctorate from TISS Mumbai. Nironjon Islary is a member of TICI, holds a Ph.D from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai and currently teaches in TISS, Nagaland Campus. Chinmaya Shah is a Post Graduate from TISS, Mumbai and is currently working as a development professional in the Kumaon Himalayas of Uttarakhand. Stanzin Namgyal is a member of TICI, holds a Post Graduate Degree from TISS and is currently a development entrepreneur in Ladakh. Onhring Langhu is a member of TICI and is currently pursuing his Ph.D from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai Vinoto H Shohe is a member of TICI and holds a Post Graduate degree from the TISS, Mumbai. Gaurav Sarma is a Post Graduate from the TISS, Mumbai and is currently working as Project Officer with Ethical Tea Partnership. Utpala Chakma is a member of TICI, holds a Post Graduate Degree from TISS, Mumbai and is currently working with a Human Rights organization. Venkatesh Vaditya is member of the TICI, holds a Ph.D from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi and currently teaches in EFLU, Hyderabad. Bhanumathi Kalluri holds a Ph.D from TISS Hyderabad and is Director of Dhaatri, a resource centre for women and children, Telangana. CONTENTS Foreword by Bhangya Bhukya iii 1 Land, Words and Resilient Cultures: Laying the Context 1 and Frame bodhi s.r & raile.r.ziipao Part One 2 The Idea of Land and Territoriality in Tribal Society(s) 24 Dominic Leo Thaikho 3 Transformation of Autochthonous Land and Property 43 Rights among the Khasis in Meghalaya Lavinia Mawlong 4 The Mahadev Koli: A History of Land Struggle and 55 Resilience Pooja Kudal Part Two 5 Language, Words and Tribes: Critical Reflection on the 72 Problematics of the Empirical Vislavath Rajunayak 6 Bodo Language and Literature of the Colonial Era: A 84 Historical Conspectus Redion Narzary 7 The Khadiyas: Language, Meaning Making and Cultural 97 Expressions Eugene Soreng Part Three 8 Identifying Boro: Repositioning Terminology and Usage 114 Nironjon Islary 9 The Borderlands: Impact of Geo-Political Location on 127 the Livelihoods of the Rungs Chinmaya Shah 10 Leh Ladakh and Tribal Peoples: Reflections on Politico- 166 Historical Realities bodhi s.r & Stanzin Namgyal 11 The Mapithel Dam: Tribal Resistance, Displacement and 189 Livelihoods Onhring Langhu 12 Ground Realities of the Eastern Konyak in the Indo- 208 Myanmar Border Area Vinoto H.Shohe 13 The Adivasi Communities in the Tea Industry of Assam 230 Gaurav Sarma 14 The Long and Treacherous Journey of Chakmas from 255 CHT to NEFA: Of Painful Memories and Endless Hardships Utpala Chakma 15 Cultural Changes and Marginalisation of the Lambada 269 Community in Telangana Venkatesh Vaditya 16 Reflections on Nicobari Resilience Post-Tsunami in 297 Andaman and Nicobar Islands bodhi s.r 17 Dialogues with Adivasi Women : Of Resource Rights 317 and Feminism Bhanumathi Kalluri Acknowledgement This book is an effort of the Tribal Intellectual Collective India to articulate concrete tribal conditions in very distinct subject domains – land, language and cultures. This is part of a series titled ‗Tribal and Adivasi Discourse‘, a project of the TICI to de-assemble methodology, perspectives and theories concerning tribes/Adivasis in India. This book attempts to unravel new dimensions in the debates on the subject. Most of the authors (both tribe and non- tribe) have framed their papers around a ‗perspective from within(s)‘, the premise of TICI‘s writings. This book is both an academic engagement within and among Tribal scholars, academics and activist well-wishers who share similar concerns and perspectives. The Tribal Intellectual Collective India was initiated by Professor Virginius Xaxa and supported by many senior academics in the year 2009. Since then, the TICI runs its own journal and a publishing house, engaging with various subjects cutting across philosophy, methodology, politics, history, economics, arts, aesthetics and society from a tribal perspective. As editors of this book – Land, Words and Resilient Cultures, we are grateful to the TICI who holds the copyright of these articles for giving us papers related to this subject domain, plus the opportunity to engage specifically with methodology, which is also the overarching thrust of this volume. We are thankful to each of the authors who have contributed to this book. It is both rich in resource and insights and having been written as a collective, it brings to light different methodologies applied by various thinkers from across the geographies of India. This book is written with the intention to deepen tribal scholarship about social reality and also to articulate an alternative methodology within current academic discourse. It is meant especially for Tribal scholars engaging in knowledge production. It introduces to them the thoughts of the Tribal Intellectual Collective India, both in the domain of epistemology and theory. i Outside of this immediate goal, the book will also be useful to those academics interested in getting a glimpse of the emerging debates concerning the ‗perspectives from within‘ formulated by the TICI in tribal studies. Part of our endeavour is to have a theoretical conversation with non-tribe colleagues and readers in the hope of finding common ground on alternative perspectives, dialogical methodology and emancipatory knowledge. We are extremely grateful to each of the reviewers who have help enriched the text and also provided insights to us on methodological issues. We thank our TICI colleague Professor Bhangya Bhukya for agreeing to write the foreword. Last but not the least, we remain deeply indebted to Professor Virginius Xaxa and all members of the Tribal Collective who believe that it is a socio-psychological necessity to challenge and reject the idea that tribal peoples are mere ‗recipients of knowledge‘ and to reclaim, in its stead, their epistemological agency as ‗producers of knowledge‘. bodhi s.r & raile r.ziipao ii Foreword I am so happy to see the production of this text at this moment, a text that is born out of the Indian experience and has deep organic roots. These are good signs for tribal studies because in many ways, such efforts can also be read as attempts to come out of the shell of dominant societies' theory and its dominance on ideas pertaining to tribes in India. The dominant theories and methodologies of Indian modern social sciences are either Euro-centric or caste centric that failed to comprehend the realities of the diverse non-caste peoples of India. Indeed the problem of our times is not that there is a dearth of scholars from such societies but that contemporary social sciences theories and methodologies itself resist the study of non- caste societies inhabiting very unique habitats; hills, mountains, islands, forest, desert, in more engaging and critical methodologies. It is imperative for scholars of those societies to break the tradition of Indian academia that is inherited from British colonialism. The attempt made here by seventeen scholars, development practitioners and activist from their own location is indeed directed towards that direction. The rich and theoretically engaging introduction of this volume by bodhi s.r and raile r.ziipao unravels how the Indian disciplinary knowledge is hollow when it comes to histories and subjectivities of diverse non-caste societies. The introduction sets the ground for the succeeding chapters. A set of seventeen very distinct scholarships appearing on the Indian academic domain and speaking for themselves is itself a revolutionary attempt in epistemological revival and the making of an alternative tribal/adivasi studies. Till recently, non-caste (tribes/Adivasi) societies formed merely an ‗object‘ of inquiry and the ‗data‘ for caste-Hindu academicians. This problematic persist to this very day. On the ground however, there was no qualitative change in adivasi subjecthood. They remained at the receiving end of this caste theoretical onslaught.
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