DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of the Chakma Refugees in Mizoram Suparna Nandy Kar Ph.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of the Chakma Refugees in Mizoram Suparna Nandy Kar Ph.D THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES ISSN 2321 - 9203 www.theijhss.com THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES Migration and Displacement Refugee Crisis: A Study of the Chakma Refugees in Mizoram Suparna Nandy Kar Ph.D. Scholar, Diphu Campus, Assam University, Assam Dr. K.C. Das Associate Professor, Diphu Campus, Assam University, Assam Abstract: The Chakmas constitute one of the ethnic groups of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (C H T’s), where 98 percent of the inhabitants of the hill region are the indigenous people of Mongoloid stock until the Muslim infiltrators swamped over the area. The Chakma ethnic groups are the most dominant and important tribe. They are Buddhist by faith. According to Encyclopaedia of South Asian Tribes Chakmas have descended from King Avirath of the Sakya dynasty. They belong to a tribal clan of the Tibe to - Burman race and came to the area when Burmans destroyed the Arakan Kingdom. Arakanese dissidents who were against the Burmese administration took shelter as refugees in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. After the partition of the country the C H T was annexed to Pakistan .Some of them stood against the policy of the Government of Pakistan because they were suppressed and many of them had to cross the border and enter into India and Burma for the protection of their lives and family. Later on , Pakistan Government took the policy of setting up of a Hydro Electric Project over the river Karnaphuli in the C H T. The high water level of Kaptai Hydro Electric Project inundated a vast Chakma inhabited area. So thousands of the Chakma families were uprooted and they had to take shelter by crossing the border and entered into India and Burma because many a times the Chakmas had to face the trouble torn situation in the C H T by a section of Muslim people and the Government there failed to protect them. The Chakmas started a movement for autonomy in the C H T areas of present Bangladesh. After a prolong movement of the Chakmas, they got an autonomy in the C H T. During the movement of the Chakmas for autonomy, the then Government of Pakistan (present Bangladesh) adopted suppressive and oppressive measures on the Chakmas. As a result of which many Chakma people left their original homeland and came to India, mainly in the North Eastern States like Assam , Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya etc. A large number of Chakma people took shelter in the Refugee Camps in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram. They started refugee life here and many of them settled here.-They lived a long refugee life which ruined their identity and rich tradition. They are affected by poverty , illiteracy , unemployment and political Identity crisis in North East of India .The Government of India , the Government of Mizoram , The Human rights commission , Various social organisations, Supreme Court ,NGOs and various other organisations and Individuals should come forward to their help .They are still living a refugee life without any rights and facilities. Keywords: C A D C (Chakma Autonomous District Council) C H T (Chittagong Hill Tracts) N E F A (North East Frontier Agency) N G O (Non Governmental Organization) K H E P (Kaptai Hydro Electric Project) 1. Introduction The Chakmas constitute one of the ethnic groups of the Chittagong Hill Tracts(CHT’s), where 98 percent of the inhabitants of the hill region are the indigenous people of Mongoloid stock until the Muslim infiltrators swamped over the area. The Chakma ethnic groups are the most dominant and important tribe. They are Buddhist by faith. The homelands of the Chakmas cover the surface area of 5093 square miles. The hill tracts constitute 10 percent of the total area of Bangladesh. The Chittagong Hill Tracts is divided into three Districts with Headquarters of Rangamati, Bandarban and Kharagchari. They have been granted Autonomous District Councils with limited autonomy. The Chakmas live mainly in the Kassalong and upper and middle Karnaphuli river valley. Origin of the name: -According to Encyclopaedia of South Asian Tribes Chakmas have descended from King Avirath of the Sakya dynasty. But another view is that they have been migrated from east to Tripura, Mizoram, ArunachalPradesh, Meghalaya and Assam. The word ‘Chakma’ or ‘Chukma’ was spelt by the British scholars is a generic term to a predominant hill tribe of the CHT dwelling in the corridor link of Aracans. In British census records these ethnic groups have been grouped together under a common name. It was known as ‘CHAKMATSAK’. The word ‘CHAWNGMA’ or ‘SWANGMA’ or ‘CHAKMA’ means people of Tsak or Thek clan originated from Burmese race. They belong to a tribal clan of the Tibeto - Burman race and came to the area when Burmans destroyed the Arakan Kingdom. Arakanese dissidents who were against the Burmese administration took shelter as refugees in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. After the partition of the country the CHT was annexed to Pakistan.Some of them stood against the policy of the Government of Pakistan because they were suppressed and many of them had to cross the border and enter into India and Burma for the protection of their lives and family. Later on, Pakistan Government took the policy of setting up of a Hydro Electric Project over the river 1 Vol 6 Issue 9 September, 2018 THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES ISSN 2321 - 9203 www.theijhss.com Karnaphuli in the CHT. It was completed in 1960. The high water level of Kaptai Hydro Electric Project inundated a vast Chakma inhabited area. So, thousands of the Chakma families were uprooted and they had to take shelter by crossing the border and entered into India and Burma because many a times the Chakmas had to face the trouble torn situation in the CHT by a section of Muslim people and the Government there failed to protect them. The Chakmas started a movement for autonomy in the CHT areas of present Bangladesh. After a prolong movement of the Chakmas, they got an autonomy in the CHT. During the movement of the Chakmas for autonomy, the then Government of Pakistan (presentBangladesh) adopted suppressive and oppressive measures on the Chakmas. As a result of which many Chakma people left their original homeland and came to India, mainly in the North Eastern States like Assam,ArunachalPradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya etc. A large number of Chakma people took shelter in the Refugee Camps in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram. They started refugee life here and many of them settled here. Settlement in Mizoram: -In Mizoram, a large number of the Chakmas settled there as a permanent resident when the Mizoram Government accorded settlement as permanent residents. They have been given citizenship there in Mizoram. The Government granted them Scheduled Tribe Status. Mass infiltration of the Chakmas into Mizoram resulted to their claim for social status and political autonomy in Mizoram which has created socio-economic and political tension between the two communities (Mizos and Chakmas). In recent years, the issue of Chakma ethnic tribe in the 21st Century has earned name in the national and international arena. This ethnic group is one of the most dominant and important tribes. They are Buddhist by faith. This work is an exploration of the political activities of the Chakma ethnic tribes in Mizoram of India. It is believed the CHT- Chittagong Hill Tracts was the homeland of the Chakmas before living in the state of Mizoram and elsewhere in India. In India, they mostly inhabit in the North Eastern parts including Mizoram, Tripura, ArunachalPradesh, West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya. India being a federal state all these states witness problem of the Chakmas in the way or another. It is believed that the belief of the Chakma Community has become a problem in many regions. After Partition the CHT was annexed to Pakistan. Some of them stood against Government policy but they were suppressed and many of them had to cross the Border and enter into India. Later on, Pakistan Government took the policy of setting up a Hydro-Electric Project on the river Karnaphuli in the CHT. High water level of Kaptai Hydro-Electric Project inundated a vast Chakma inhabited areas. So, thousands of the Chakmas were uprooted and they had to take shelter by crossing the border and entering India. However, the condition of the Chakmas after crossing the border remain the same when theylanded in the Lushai Hills (now Mizoram). The Chakma ethnic tribe are hated much by the Mizos because they are adherent to Buddhism. As the Mizos were converted to Christianity long back, they developed hatred towards other religions. The Mizos always try to convince people to embrace Christianity. It has become difficult for them to digest a non-Christian community in an overwhelming Christian state. The ChristianMizos tried to convert the Chakmas into Christianity. Huge amount of money is spending by Baptist Missionaries to convert the Buddhist Chakmas into Christianity. The Chakmas are hated in Mizoram only because they are Buddhis. 2. Refugee 2.1. Meaning of the Term The term refugee is earmarked for those who have left their country of origin. It is important to mention that between 1922 to 1926 under the auspices of the League of Nations, several treaties created certain obligations on the contracting states, making it necessary to define the term “refugee”. But even before that the League of Nations Treaties initially defined the term refugee as a category or group of persons who were, a) without their country of origin and b) without the protection of the government of their home state. The period of 1920 s and 1930 s was the period of mass movement of refugees across Europe.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • State Denial, Local Controversies and Everyday Resistance Among the Santal in Bangladesh
    The Issue of Identity: State Denial, Local Controversies and Everyday Resistance among the Santal in Bangladesh PhD Dissertation to attain the title of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Submitted to the Faculty of Philosophische Fakultät I: Sozialwissenschaften und historische Kulturwissenschaften Institut für Ethnologie und Philosophie Seminar für Ethnologie Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg This thesis presented and defended in public on 21 January 2020 at 13.00 hours By Farhat Jahan February 2020 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schnepel Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Burkhard Schnepel Prof. Dr. Carmen Brandt Assessment Committee: Prof. Dr. Carmen Brandt Prof. Dr. Kirsten Endres Prof. Dr. Rahul Peter Das To my parents Noor Afshan Khatoon and Ghulam Hossain Siddiqui Who transitioned from this earth but taught me to find treasure in the trivial matters of life. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to trace transformations among the Santal of Bangladesh. To scrutinize these transformations, the hegemonic power exercised over the Santal and their struggle to construct a Santal identity are comprehensively examined in this thesis. The research locations were multi-sited and employed qualitative methodology based on fifteen months of ethnographic research in 2014 and 2015 among the Santal, one of the indigenous groups living in the plains of north-west Bangladesh. To speculate over the transitions among the Santal, this thesis investigates the impact of external forces upon them, which includes the epochal events of colonization and decolonization, and profound correlated effects from evangelization or proselytization. The later emergence of the nationalist state of Bangladesh contained a legacy of hegemony allowing the Santal to continue to be dominated.
    [Show full text]
  • REFUGEECOSATT3.Pdf
    + + + Refugees and IDPs in South Asia Editor Dr. Nishchal N. Pandey + + Published by Consortium of South Asian Think Tanks (COSATT) www.cosatt.org Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) www.kas.de First Published, November 2016 All rights reserved Printed at: Modern Printing Press Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: 4253195, 4246452 Email: [email protected] + + Preface Consortium of South Asian Think-tanks (COSATT) brings to you another publication on a critical theme of the contemporary world with special focus on South Asia. Both the issues of refugees and migration has hit the headlines the world-over this past year and it is likely that nation states in the foreseeable future will keep facing the impact of mass movement of people fleeing persecution or war across international borders. COSATT is a network of some of the prominent think-tanks of South Asia and each year we select topics that are of special significance for the countries of the region. In the previous years, we have delved in detail on themes such as terrorism, connectivity, deeper integration and the environment. In the year 2016, it was agreed by all COSATT member institutions that the issue of refugees and migration highlighting the interlinkages between individual and societal aspirations, reasons and background of the cause of migration and refugee generation and the role of state and non-state agencies involved would be studied and analyzed in depth. It hardly needs any elaboration that South Asia has been both the refugee generating and refugee hosting region for a long time. South Asian migrants have formed some of the most advanced and prosperous diasporas in the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    O’Brien, Margaret (2019) Law, Culture, and Community at the Borders of the state. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32206 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Law, Culture, and Community at the Borders of the state. Margaret O’Brien Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in 2019 Department of Law, SOAS, University of London 1 Abstract This thesis explores the conditions under which the immediate and local narratives of communities might produce a culture of resistance. Focussing primarily on research with the Chakma people of Chittagong Hill Tracts(CHT), it recounts the complex role of legal pluralism in sustaining communities as political units in the postcolonial state, exploring how law’s framing narratives produce different iterations of communitarian legal practice ostensibly within the same postcolonial legal form. This exploration uses a conceptual frame of ‘critical communitarianism’, which draws specific attention to the parallels between political identity and legal culture, and community and legal mobilisation within a legally plural setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Customary Laws and Indigenous Peoples in Asia
    report Traditional Customary Laws and Indigenous Peoples in Asia By Raja Devasish Roy Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non- acknowledges the support of all organizations and governmental organization (NGO) working to secure the individuals who gave financial and other assistance for this rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and report including the Department for International indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation Development (DfID) and the Swiss Development Corporation and understanding between communities. Our activities are (SDC). Report Editor: Katrina Payne. focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our worldwide partner network of organizations which represent minority and indigenous peoples. MRG works with over 150 organizations in nearly 50 countries. Our governing Council, which meets twice a year, has members from 10 different countries. MRG has consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and observer status with the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights. MRG is registered as a charity and a company limited by guarantee under English law. Registered charity no. 282305, limited company no. 1544957. © Minority Rights Group International, March 2005 All rights reserved Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or for other non-commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for commercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. For further information please contact MRG. A CIP catalogue record of this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 1 904584 27 6.
    [Show full text]
  • 1994 Sup (1) Supreme Court Cases 615
    1994 Sup (1) Supreme Court Cases 615 (BEFORE M.N. VENKATACHALIAH, C.J. AND S. MOHAN, J.) Civil Appeal No. 2182 of 1993 STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Appellant Versus KHUDIRAM CHAKMA Respondent With Civil Appeal No. 2181 of 1993 KHUDIRAM CHAKMA Appellant Versus STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Respondents AND OTHERS Civil Appeal Nos. 2182 and 2181 of 1993, decided on April 27, 1993 The judgment of the court was delivered by S.Mohan, J.---Leave granted. 2. Both these civil appeals arise out of the judgment of the Guahati High Court dated April 30, 1992 rendered in C.R.No .166 of 1984. The short facts are as under. 3. The parties will be referred to as the appellant and the State of Arunachal Pradesh. 4. The appellant along with his family members and other 56 families migrated to India on March 30, 1964 from erstwhile East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, due to disturbances prevailing at that time. They took shelter in a government Camp Abhoypur Block in Tirap District. 5. The appellant and other 56 families are known as Chakmas of the erstwhile East Pakistan. They being the refugees are given shelter in Government camp in Ledo in the district of Dibrugarh, Assam. Later on, in 1996, they were shifted to the camp at Miao within the State of Arunachal Pradesh 6. Arunachal Pradesh was called NEFA (North Eastern Frontier Agency) prior to 1972. On January 21, 1972 it was given the status of Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh. It became a full-fledged State on February 20, 1987. Geographically, it is situated in the North –East of India and has a long international border with Bhutan, China and Burma (Burma presently called Myanmar).
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.Introduction ....................................................... 1 2. Historical background ................................................ 2 3. Efforts to settle the conflict ............................................ 4 4. The peace accord ................................................... 5 4.1 Legal issues ................................................ 6 4.2 General amnesty ............................................. 6 4.3 Rehabilitation ............................................... 6 5. The process of implementation ......................................... 7 5.1 General amnesty ............................................. 9 5.2 Repatriation ................................................ 9 5.3 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) .............................. 10 5.4 Commission on Land ........................................ 10 5.5 Army camps ............................................... 10 6. Recent human rights violations ........................................ 10 6.1 Arrest of dissident activists .................................... 11 6.2 Killings at Babu Chara Bazar .................................. 12 6.3 Allegations of human rights abuses by dissident groups ............... 13 7. Amnesty International’s recommendations to the authorities in Bangladesh and Chittagong Hill Tracts ........................................... 13 Appendix A summary of Amnesty International’s concerns in the Chittagong Hill Tracts over the past 15 years ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Use by Indigenous Community in the Coastal Zone
    Resource Use by Indigenous Community in the Coastal Zone, July 2001 1 Study Team Mr. Mesbah Kamal Team Leader Dr. Avizit Reaz Quazi Research Officer Ms. Sanzida Akhter Research Assistant Mr. Abu Sayeed Research Assistant Ms. Maosafa Akhter Research Assistant 2 Acknowledgement The study was initiated by Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and carried out in May-July 2001 by a team of experts on ethnicity and socio-economic studies. The extensive field-work was supported by indigenous organizers of the localities, particularly by Mr. Thoyai Pru, Mr. Mong Khai Ching and Mr. John Chakma in the Chittagong-Cox's Bazaar belt, by Mr. Mong Chu Ming Talukdar in Patuakhali area and by Mr. Krishnapada Mondal in Khulna belt. We were also very cordially supported by Mr. Ashraf-Ul-Alam Tutu (Coastal Development Partnership) in Khulna and by Mr. Deepak Bannerjee (Suchana) and Mr. Debobrata Sarkar (Let Us Progress) in Koyra. Our special gratitude to all of them. Mr. Abu Sayeed and Ms. Maosafa Akhter deserve our special thanks for their hard work during field survey and report writing as members of our research team. Our heartfelt thanks also go to Mr. Anne van Urk, Team Leader, and Mr. Rafiqul Islam, National Expert, PDO-ICZM, for their cordial help and support in carrying out this study. We are especially grateful to Dr. Abdul Ghafur, Chairman of Research and Development Collective (RDC) who provided us with guidance and helped to develop the questionnaires. RDC Staff-members helped us a lot in every step of the study and we are also very thankful to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Conflict, Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Justice: the Case of Phulbari Coal Project in Bangladesh" (2020)
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons PhD Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 8-11-2020 Mining Conflict, Indigenous eoplesP and Environmental Justice: The Case of Phulbari Coal Project in Bangladesh Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/phd Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Hasan, Mohammad Mahmudul, "Mining Conflict, Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Justice: The Case of Phulbari Coal Project in Bangladesh" (2020). PhD Dissertations. 50. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/phd/50 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in PhD Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. MINING CONFLICT, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: THE CASE OF THE PHULBARI COAL PROJECT IN BANGLADESH MOHAMMAD MAHMUDUL HASAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OSGOODE HALL LAW SCHOOL GRADUATE PROGRAM IN LAW YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARO FEBRUARY 2020 © MOHAMMAD MAHMUDUL HASAN, 2020 ABSTRACT My doctoral dissertation, an in-depth case study of the Phulbari Coal Project in Bangladesh, accentuates the interests and engagements of Indigenous peoples (Adibasi people) in the decision- making process in resource extractive industries through an environmental justice framework. My primary aim is to observe how and to what extent Indigenous peoples’ interests are reflected in official environmental decision-making processes versus how they frame their own claims in a mining conflict situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chap~~R Ll : Detnograpl1ic Profile of the Tribal Popltlation --- 71
    Chap~~r ll : Detnograpl1ic profile of the tribal popltlation --- 71 - CHAPTER II Demographic Profile of the tribal population Aggregate tribal por·ulation and their distribution The Encyclopaedia Britanica quotes ti.H. R. Rivera · definition of a tribe as a social group of a simple kind, the members of which speak a ccrrmon dialect, have a single Govt. and act together for such common purpose as welfare. The tribes rep~sent an initial stage in the evolution of human society. It is a primitive folk society. A tribe has same tyr1ical charac- teristics such as a common name, a contiguous territory, a relatively uniform culture or a way of life and a traditlbn of corrunon descent. 'rhere has been a discernible z.·ecen t trend toward employing the term • tribe 1 for any group that can be isolated as the career of a distinctive culture, at least in absence of territorial status, . 24 linguistic and cultural resemblance • According to 1981 Census, India bas abcut 3.8 crores tribal populaticn that is about 7>,4. cut of total population. Tribal inhabitants are sp~ad all over India with variable ccncentrat·ion in a few zones. _JNorth Eastern Zone is one of such micro tribal zcnes. These pecple still remains fer away from the main stream of the changing Indian societies and culture, due to social .~d economic backNardness and weak political consciousness end preferred isolation. Their development are grinded under the wheels of poverty 24. Geographical outlook, Vol. XIII, Tribal De~ography, J'.iial''lesrrwar.i Prasad, p. 42. -72 - 'l'able No.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangali Anthropologist Among 'Pahari' Communities: Reshaping and Relocating 'Self' in the Field Work
    Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 63(1), 2018, pp. 39-58 BANGALI ANTHROPOLOGIST AMONG 'PAHARI' COMMUNITIES: RESHAPING AND RELOCATING 'SELF' IN THE FIELD WORK Zobaida Nasreen* Abstract Research on indigenous people by a non-indigenous researcher is always a challenging and sensitive task. Especially in the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT), a Bengali researcher is always treated as an ‘outsider’ due to the historical background of CHT. Due to the prolonged conflict over 25 years the CHT became highly politicized and was drawn into the armed conflict between Bangladesh army and Shanti Bahini (SB), the armed wing of Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (PCJSS) in varied and complex ways. The relationship between ‘Pahari (Bengalis in the CHT call all Indigenous people collectively as Pahari)-Bengali’, ‘Bengali- Bengali’ is always contested in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). The contested relationship contributes to the dynamics of politics of the CHT that the CHT researchers mostly overlooked in their discourse of ‘Bengali –Pahari’. However, this paper explains how I myself grew up within some constructions, and how this has affected my position on research about the CHT. However, while discussing the points in locating the fields, I want to make the point that doing field work in one’s home country is never an easy endeavour, where there are challenges of the ‘insider- outsider’ dilemma, trust-distrust and negotiations between the researcher and participants belonging to different cultural backgrounds, all of which shape the outcome of everyday fieldwork. It also highlights how one can do fieldwork in the midst of the potentiality of ever present terror, fear and violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Attitudinal Preferences for Socio-Cultural Practices in Chakma Tribe
    J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 6: 109-112, 2011 ISSN 1990-4827 http://banglajol.info.index.php/JLES © 2011, JLES, RU Short Communication ATTITUDINAL PREFERENCES FOR SOCIO-CULTURAL PRACTICES IN CHAKMA TRIBE Md. Kamal Hossain* Department of Psychology Cantonment Public College, Saidpur, Nilphamari, Bangladesh *Correspondence (email: [email protected]) mvivsk: M‡elYvwU cwiwPwZ wbY©qK wn‡m‡e PvKgv Rb‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK K…wóMZ ixwZbxwZ AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| M‡elYvq 2×2×2 Dcv`vbwfwËK bKkvq wk¶vi `ywU ¯—i (øvZK/øvZKc~e©), evm¯’v‡bi `ywU ¯—i (kni/ MÖvg) Ges wj‡½i `ywU ¯—i (cyi“l/gwnjv) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| bgybvq 240 Rb DËi`vZv‡K Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq Ges mvgvwRK K…wóMZ ixwZbxwZi wfwˇZ DËi`vZvMY‡K wbR, wbR`j I ewn`©j m¤ú‡K© g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z ejv nq| DcvË msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mvgvwRK K…wóMZ ixwZbxwZ gvb`Ê e¨envi Kiv nq| c„_Kfv‡e wbR, wbR`j I ewn`©‡ji DcvË we‡k−l‡Yi Rb¨ wZbwU c„_K †f`v¼ we‡k−lY e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| djvd‡j wbR, wbR`j I ewn`©j g~j¨vq‡b wfbœ wfbœ djvd‡ji Rb¨ wk¶v, evm¯’vb I wj½ P‚ovš— ¯^vaxb PjK wnmv‡e cÖwZfvZ n‡q‡Q| Key words: Socio-cultural practices, Intergroup relations, cultural identity, Chakma tribe. Ethno-linguistic theory takes into account individual's study focuses on attitudinal preferences of this tribe as cognitive representations of the socio-cultural practices related to education, residence and gender in Chittagong (SCPs) operating in interethnic context.
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Areas and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures from the South Asia Sub-Region
    COMPENDIUM OF CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures from the South Asia sub-region CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON PROTECTED AREAS AND OTHER CONSERVATION MEASURES FROM SOUTH ASIA 1 Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal and Copyright © 2021 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development PO Box 059, New Delhi, India (ICIMOD), Nepal and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ISBN 978 92 9115 722 8 (electronic) New Delhi, India Production team This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Shanuj VC (Consultant editor) Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 International License Samuel Thomas (Senior editor) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Rachana Chettri (Editor) Dharma R Maharjan (Graphic designer) Note This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes Photos without special permission from the copyright holders, Cover page - Deependra Tandukar provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Jitendra Raj Bajracharya - pp iv, x, 1, 22, 29 ICIMOD, Nepal would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use Karen Conniff - pp 4, 14, 57, 73 of this publication may be made for resale or for any other Erfan Kochari/Tasnim News Agency - p 39 commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission Ishan/Unsplash - p 46 in writing from the copyright holders. The contents of this Deependra Tandukar - p 50 publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion Amanda Perex/Smithsoian’s National Zoo - p 64 concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]