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Protected Areas and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures from the South Asia Sub-Region

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Protected Areas and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures from the South Asia Sub-Region COMPENDIUM OF CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures from the South Asia sub-region CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON PROTECTED AREAS AND OTHER CONSERVATION MEASURES FROM SOUTH ASIA 1 Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal and Copyright © 2021 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development PO Box 059, New Delhi, India (ICIMOD), Nepal and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ISBN 978 92 9115 722 8 (electronic) New Delhi, India Production team This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Shanuj VC (Consultant editor) Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 International License Samuel Thomas (Senior editor) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Rachana Chettri (Editor) Dharma R Maharjan (Graphic designer) Note This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes Photos without special permission from the copyright holders, Cover page - Deependra Tandukar provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Jitendra Raj Bajracharya - pp iv, x, 1, 22, 29 ICIMOD, Nepal would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use Karen Conniff - pp 4, 14, 57, 73 of this publication may be made for resale or for any other Erfan Kochari/Tasnim News Agency - p 39 commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission Ishan/Unsplash - p 46 in writing from the copyright holders. The contents of this Deependra Tandukar - p 50 publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion Amanda Perex/Smithsoian’s National Zoo - p 64 concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. Citation This publication is available in electronic form at ICIMOD and UNDP (2021). Compendium of case studies and www.icimod.org/himaldoc good practices on protected areas and other effective area- based conservation measures from the South Asia sub-region. ICIMOD and UNDP. For further information, please contact: Sunita Chaudhary [email protected] Ruchi Pant [email protected] 2 COMPENDIUM COMPENDIUM OF CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures from the South Asia sub-region Compiled by Sunita Chaudhary, Kripa Shrestha, and Nakul Chettri (ICIMOD) Ruchi Pant and Heena Ahmed (UNDP India) International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and United Nations Development Programme August 2021 CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON PROTECTED AREAS AND OTHER CONSERVATION MEASURES FROM SOUTH ASIA i Contributors Sonam Lhaden Khandu Pema Wangda Chief Environment Officer and CBD National Executive Director, Bhutan For Life Fund Secretariat Focal Point, National Environment Commission Bhutan Government of Bhutan Kunzang Choden S. Kerketta Programme Manager, Bhutan For Life Fund Advisor, Ministry of Environment, Secretariat Forests and Climate Change Bhutan Government of India Khandu Glow Ilham Atho Mohamed Bugun Welfare Society, Tenga Assistant Director and CBD National Focal Point Arunachal Pradesh Ministry of Environment India Government of the Maldives Mudang Challyang Pathma Abeykoon Chairperson, Biodiversity Management Committee, Director and CBD National Focal Point Niitii (Hong), Ziro Valley Biodiversity Secretariat, Ministry of Environment Arunachal Pradesh Government of Sri Lanka India Pema Bazar Tage Kanno Project Manager, Global Environment Facility-Least District Medical Officer Developed Country Fund Project Arunachal Pradesh Gross National Happiness Commission India Bhutan Sugandhi Samarasinghe Sonam Wangdi Technical Coordinator – Environmentally Sensitive Chief Forest Officer, Nature Conservation Division, Areas Project, Climate and Environment Team, UNDP Department of Forest and Park Services Sri Lanka Ministry of Agriculture and Forests National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA), Bhutan Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Namgay Bidha Protected Area Sections Head, Nature Conservation Division, Department of Forest and Park Services Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Bhutan ii COMPENDIUM Contents PAGE iv 2.5 IRAN Executive summary 2.5.1 Building a multiple-use forest management framework to conserve biodiversity in the PAGE viii Abbreviations and acronyms Caspian Hyrcanian Forest landscape 2.5.2 Conservation of the Asiatic cheetah in Iran CHAPTER 1 | PAGES 1–3 Introduction 2.6 THE MALDIVES 2.6.1 Tides of change: Building resilience CHAPTER 2 | PAGES 4–72 through atoll-based conservation in the Good practices and case studies from the Maldives South Asia sub-region 2.7 NEPAL 2.1 AFGHANISTAN 2.7.1 Buffer zones for effective protected area 2.1.1 Biodiversity conservation and management management programme in Pamir and Wakhan areas, 2.7.2 Community participation in conservation: Afghanistan Programmes and ground actions 2.1.2 Conservation of snow leopards and their 2.8 PAKISTAN critical ecosystem in Afghanistan 2.8.1 The Billion Tree Tsunami and the Green 2.1.3 Conservation of the Marco Polo sheep Pakistan programmes 2.2 BANGLADESH 2.8.2 Pakistan’s Protected Areas Initiative 2.2.1 Village Tiger Response Team in the Chandpai range of the Sundarbans 2.9 SRI LANKA 2.9.1 Strengthening the capacity to manage 2.2.2 Village Common Forests in the Chittagong invasive alien species Hill Tracts 2.9.2 Project Orange Elephant 2.3 BHUTAN 2.3.1 Emplacement of the biological corridor 2.9.3 Working together to bring back life to the governance system in Bhutan Bar Reef Marine Sanctuary 2.3.2 Protected areas of Bhutan: Protecting half of CHAPTER 3 | PAGES 73–75 Bhutan for biodiversity conservation Synthesis 2.4 INDIA PAGE 76 2.4.1 The Singchung Bugun Village Community Annex Reserve, West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh 2.4.2 Sacred groves: A case study of an OECM from Niitii, Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh 2.4.3 Apatani landscape, Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh CASE STUDIES AND GOOD PRACTICES ON PROTECTED AREAS AND OTHER CONSERVATION MEASURES FROM SOUTH ASIA iii Protected areas and other effective conservation measures are vital cost-effective nature-based strategies for conserving biodiversity, securing ecosystem goods and services, and enabling climate change adaptation and mitigation. Executive summary Protected areas (PAs) are an effective global response Aichi Target 11 calls for coverage of at least 17% to conserve places of outstanding values, thereby of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10% of contributing to halt biodiversity loss and promote coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular sustainable development. PAs are considered a global importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services by 2020 tool to fight against climate change and enhance through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically socioecological resilience. However, PAs continue to representative and well-connected systems of protected face threats in terms of impacts on nature and people. areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, Some of the notable threats are: climate change; forest and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape. encroachment; fragmentation; illegal harvesting Protected areas have been designated, mapped, and of resources; and poaching of species. Considering reported by governments through their national these aspects, PAs have been accorded a special focus reports to the CBD and the PA database of the World in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011-2020) and Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC). As of May its 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets, which have been 2021, the global PA coverage is 15.4% for terrestrial recognized as setting the global framework for priority areas and 7.6% for marine areas, against the global actions to halt biodiversity loss and ensure that target of 17% for terrestrial and 10% for marine areas. ecosystems continued to provide essential services. iv COMPENDIUM Other effective conservation measures (OECMs), on South Asia sub-region, a review of literature, and the other hand, are a much newer concept. The term regional policy dialogue. ICIMOD and UNDP India OECM was officially introduced during the CBD COP have organized the information collected into the 10 in 2010. Its definition – a geographically defined 20 good practices and case studies presented in the area other than a Protected Area, which is governed and compendium. The key issues and problems that managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long- have been identified focus on the social, ecological, term outcomes for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, governance, and economic aspects of the PA system. with associated ecosystem functions and services and where For instance, limited awareness and livelihood applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other options, weak governance systems, human–wildlife locally relevant values (CBD 2018) – was adopted at the conflicts, illegal hunting and the wildlife trade, COP 14 in November 2018. population pressure, inadequate scientific research, lack of a common system of biodiversity assessment, The CBD Secretariat launched a Global Partnership and lack of sustained funding were found to be on Aichi Target 11 to accelerate its achievement. interrelated issues impacting the PA system. Similarly, This partnership was established to enhance
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