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Language and Literature
1 Indian Languages and Literature Introduction Thousands of years ago, the people of the Harappan civilisation knew how to write. Unfortunately, their script has not yet been deciphered. Despite this setback, it is safe to state that the literary traditions of India go back to over 3,000 years ago. India is a huge land with a continuous history spanning several millennia. There is a staggering degree of variety and diversity in the languages and dialects spoken by Indians. This diversity is a result of the influx of languages and ideas from all over the continent, mostly through migration from Central, Eastern and Western Asia. There are differences and variations in the languages and dialects as a result of several factors – ethnicity, history, geography and others. There is a broad social integration among all the speakers of a certain language. In the beginning languages and dialects developed in the different regions of the country in relative isolation. In India, languages are often a mark of identity of a person and define regional boundaries. Cultural mixing among various races and communities led to the mixing of languages and dialects to a great extent, although they still maintain regional identity. In free India, the broad geographical distribution pattern of major language groups was used as one of the decisive factors for the formation of states. This gave a new political meaning to the geographical pattern of the linguistic distribution in the country. According to the 1961 census figures, the most comprehensive data on languages collected in India, there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of our society. -
Prayer-Guide-South-Asia.Pdf
2021 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & Unreached People Groups = LR-UPGs = of South Asia Joshua Project data, www.joshuaproject.net (India DPG is separate) Western edition To order prayer resources or for inquiries, contact email: [email protected] I give credit & thanks to Create International for permission to use their PG photos. 2021 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & LR-UPGs = Least-Reached-Unreached People Groups of South Asia = this DPG SOUTH ASIA SUMMARY: 873 total People Groups; 733 UPGs The 6 countries of South Asia (India; Bangladesh; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Maldives) has 3,178 UPGs = 42.89% of the world's total UPGs! We must pray and reach them! India: 2,717 total PG; 2,445 UPGs; (India is reported in separate Daily Prayer Guide) Bangladesh: 331 total PG; 299 UPGs; Nepal: 285 total PG; 275 UPG Sri Lanka: 174 total PG; 79 UPGs; Bhutan: 76 total PG; 73 UPGs; Maldives: 7 total PG; 7 UPGs. Downloaded from www.joshuaproject.net in September 2020 LR-UPG definition: 2% or less Evangelical & 5% or less Christian Frontier (FR) definition: 0% to 0.1% Christian Why pray--God loves lost: world UPGs = 7,407; Frontier = 5,042. Color code: green = begin new area; blue = begin new country "Prayer is not the only thing we can can do, but it is the most important thing we can do!" Luke 10:2, Jesus told them, "The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Ask the Lord of the harvest, therefore, to send out workers into his harvest field." Why Should We Pray For Unreached People Groups? * Missions & salvation of all people is God's plan, God's will, God's heart, God's dream, Gen. -
BSW 044 Block 3 English.Pmd
BSW-044 TRIBALS IN NORTH Indira Gandhi EASTERN AND National Open University School of Social Work NORTHERN INDIA Block 3 TRIBALS OF NORTHERN INDIA UNIT 1 Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh 5 UNIT 2 Tribes of Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh 16 UNIT 3 Displacement and Migration of Tribals 31 UNIT 4 Impact of Scientific Culture and Globalization 47 EXPERT COMMITTEE Prof. Virginius Xaxa Dr. Archana Kaushik Dr. Saumya Director – Tata Institute of Associate Professor Faculty Social Sciences Department of Social Work School of Social Work Uzanbazar, Guwahati Delhi University IGNOU, New Delhi Prof. Hilarius Beck Dr. Ranjit Tigga Dr. G. Mahesh Centre for Community Department of Tribal Studies Faculty Organization and Development Indian Social Institute School of Social Work Practice Lodhi Road, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi School of Social Work Prof. Gracious Thomas Dr. Sayantani Guin Deonar, Mumbai Faculty Faculty Prof. Tiplut Nongbri School of Social Work School of Social Work Centre for the Study of Social IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi Systems Dr. Rose Nembiakkim Dr. Ramya Jawaharlal Nehru University Director Faculty New Delhi School of Social Work School of Social Work IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi COURSE PREPARATION TEAM Block Preparation Team Programme Coordinator Unit 1 & 4 Dr. Binu Sundas Dr. Rose Nembiakkim Unit 2 & 3 Mercy Vunghiamuang Director School of Social Work IGNOU PRINT PRODUCTION Mr. Kulwant Singh Assistant Registrar (P) SOSW, IGNOU August, 2018 © Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2018 ISBN-978-93-87237-74-2 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University. -
Jesus Has Been the Greatest Teacher Who Ever Walked on This Earth! and the Greatest Teacher Who Ever Will Be to All Eternity
10 Volume 6 Issue 9 September 2016 The Lord says, “ I will teach you the way you should go; I will instruct you and advise you. Psalm 32:8 Jesus has been the Greatest Teacher who ever walked on this earth! And the Greatest Teacher who ever will be to all eternity. What a privilege to know this Teacher as our personal Saviour. Our social development actions Our social development 1 Friends Focus September 2016 September 5th is celebrated as Teachers’ Day every year from 1962 in India for the appreciation of teachers. The day commemorates the birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakhrishnan, a philosopher and a teacher par excellence, and his contribution towards Indian education system. Dr Radhakhrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country". On this day, we gratefully remember the great educationist, apart from honoring all the teachers who have made our life much more knowledgeable and fulfilled, as serving as our beacons of light. In this tradition, FMPB also serves many young minds who are deprived of their right to get educated, by providing quality education and other needed things for a child. In addition to running children homes, day care centers and primary schools we also run two English Medium Schools in Gujarat and Jharkhand in the neediest districts. Thus far, 192 children have completed their 10th std and 83 have completed their 12th std. from the Jhavda school in Gujarat. Mr. Fulesh Bhai and Mr. Phoolchand Bhai, the alumni of the school, have completed their M.Sc. Biology and secured the University first and third rank respectively. -
Forest for All Forever
Centralized National Risk Assessment for India FSC-CNRA-IND V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-IND V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INDIA 2015 – 1 of 64 – Title: Centralized National Risk Assessment for India Document reference FSC-CNRA-IND V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Policy and Standards Unit Date of approval: 17 December 2015 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Policy and Standards Unit - Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2015 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non- government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-IND V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INDIA 2015 – 2 of 64 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for India ................................................. 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for India .......................................... -
Adivasis of India ASIS of INDIA the ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR an MRG INTERNA
Minority Rights Group International R E P O R T The Adivasis of India ASIS OF INDIA THE ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR AN MRG INTERNA BY RATNAKER BHENGRA, C.R. BIJOY and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI THE ADIVASIS OF INDIA © Minority Rights Group 1998. Acknowledgements All rights reserved. Minority Rights Group International gratefully acknowl- Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- edges the support of the Danish Ministry of Foreign commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- Affairs (Danida), Hivos, the Irish Foreign Ministry (Irish mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. Aid) and of all the organizations and individuals who gave For further information please contact MRG. financial and other assistance for this Report. A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 897693 32 X This Report has been commissioned and is published by ISSN 0305 6252 MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the Published January 1999 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the Typeset by Texture. authors do not necessarily represent, in every detail and Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. in all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. THE AUTHORS RATNAKER BHENGRA M. Phil. is an advocate and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI has been an active member consultant engaged in indigenous struggles, particularly of the Naga Peoples’ Movement for Human Rights in Jharkhand. He is convenor of the Jharkhandis Organi- (NPMHR). She has worked on indigenous peoples’ issues sation for Human Rights (JOHAR), Ranchi unit and co- within The Other Media (an organization of grassroots- founder member of the Delhi Domestic Working based mass movements, academics and media of India), Women Forum. -
Tribes of India: the Struggle for Survival
Preferred Citation: von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph. Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1982 1982. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8r29p2r8/ Tribes of India The Struggle for Survival Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1982 The Regents of the University of California To N. V. Raja Reddi and Urmila Pingle in memory of our journeys in tribal country Preferred Citation: von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph. Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1982 1982. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8r29p2r8/ To N. V. Raja Reddi and Urmila Pingle in memory of our journeys in tribal country Preface ― xi ― This book tells of observations among Indian tribal populations spanning the period from 1940 to 1980. Ever since 1936, when a study of the Konyak Nagas marked the beginning of my career as an anthropological field-worker, I have maintained contacts with Indian tribesmen. True, there were years when I concentrated on the study of the mountain peoples of Nepal, but even then I paid periodic visits to some of the tribal areas of India, and this enabled me to keep abreast of current developments. When in 1976 I retired from the Chair of Asian Anthropology at the University of London and could devote more time to fieldwork, I decided to undertake a systematic investigation of social and economic changes affecting the tribal societies which I had studied in the 1940s. A grant from the Social Science Research Council of Great Britain, as well as subsidiary awards from the Leverhulme Trust Fund and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, provided the material basis for this project, which included also the funding of parallel research by my young colleague Dr. -
EFICOR-Annual-Report-2017-2018
VISION Working towards a just, ORIGIN AND HIstoRY responsible and compassionate society EFICOR is a National Christian organization engaged in Development, Disaster Response and Training. It serves the poor, the socially excluded and the marginalized in situations of poverty, injustice and MISSION disaster irrespective of gender, caste, creed, religion Influence and educate for justice and or ethnicity. EFICOR also works towards enabling the good governance churches in India in addressing issues of injustice and poverty. Facilitate communities towards transformation CONTENTS Converge and collaborate for responsible social action From the Executive Director ............................................. 3 Our Impact ................................................................... 4 Snapshots of 2017-2018 ................................................. 8 GOALS Educating, Influencing & Shaping Policy- Goal 1 .................12 Goal 1 To establish a centre of excellence for social Enhancing Resilience- Goal 2 ..........................................15 transformation Engaging People for Justice- Goal 3 .................................24 Goal 2 To enhance the resilience and Money Matters! ............................................................26 quality of life of the vulnerable Greetings from Supporting Partners .................................31 and needy Our Powerhouse ...........................................................32 Goal 3 To engage people in issues of justice and responsible living Our Donors ..................................................................33 -
Caste, Kinship and Sex Ratios in India
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CASTE, KINSHIP AND SEX RATIOS IN INDIA Tanika Chakraborty Sukkoo Kim Working Paper 13828 http://www.nber.org/papers/w13828 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 March 2008 We thank Bob Pollak, Karen Norberg, David Rudner and seminar participants at the Work, Family and Public Policy workshop at Washington University for helpful comments and discussions. We also thank Lauren Matsunaga and Michael Scarpati for research assistance and Cassie Adcock and the staff of the South Asia Library at the University of Chicago for their generous assistance in data collection. We are also grateful to the Weidenbaum Center and Washington University (Faculty Research Grant) for research support. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2008 by Tanika Chakraborty and Sukkoo Kim. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Caste, Kinship and Sex Ratios in India Tanika Chakraborty and Sukkoo Kim NBER Working Paper No. 13828 March 2008 JEL No. J12,N35,O17 ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between kinship institutions and sex ratios in India at the turn of the twentieth century. Since kinship rules varied by caste, language, religion and region, we construct sex-ratios by these categories at the district-level using data from the 1901 Census of India for Punjab (North), Bengal (East) and Madras (South). -
3.2 Tripuri, Reang and Jamatia Tribes 3.3 Chakma, Halam and Noatia Tribes 3.4 Other Tribes 3.5 Let Us Sum up 3.6 Further Readings and References
UNIT 3 TRIBES OF TRIPURA Structure 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Tripuri, Reang and Jamatia Tribes 3.3 Chakma, Halam and Noatia Tribes 3.4 Other Tribes 3.5 Let Us Sum Up 3.6 Further Readings and References 3.0 OBJECTIVES In this unit, we shall learn about the tribal communities of Tripura. After introducing the tribal scenario in the State, we shall discuss the geographical location, socio-economic life, beliefs and customs of the major tribes of the State. The unit will also discuss in brief other minor tribes found in the State. By the end of this unit, you should be able to know: Briefly the tribal scenario in the State; The geographical distribution of the tribes in the State; The socio-economic life of the tribes in the State; and The beliefs and customs among the tribes in the State. 3.1 INTRODUCTION Tripura is a small hilly State situated in the north-eastern part of India. During the British rule, the whole geographical area of Tripura was known as Hill Tipperah. It covers an area of 10, 491 sq. km. and is situated between 22º 5’ and 24º 32’ north latitudes and 91º 10’ and 920 21’east longitudes. A land-locked State, Tripura shares international border of 832 kms long with Bangladesh’s district of Comilla on the west, Sylhet district on the north, Noakhalli and Chittagong Hill Tracts on the south and Chittagong Hill Tracts on the east. With mainland India, Tripura is bounded by the Cachar district of Assam on the north-east and the Mizo hills of Mizoram on the east. -
Ethnicity and Tribal Struggles for Self-Determination in Tripura
Ethnicity and Tribal Struggles for Self-Determination in Tripura Dr. Lincoln Reang Assistant Professor, Department of History,Tripura University (India) ABSTRACT Tripura is a small State located in the Northeastern parts of India, bounded by Bangladesh on its north, south and west, while it share its border on the eastern side with the state of Assam and Mizoram. Autonomy struggles increasingly generate a fair amount of violence. In Tripura, self-determination movements have turned into armed struggles, triggering spirals of increased violence. Recently, the indigenous tribes for an aspiration to self- determination demanded for the right to establish a separate territorial state, or rather to obtain some form of autonomy within an existing state-structure. Although, the formation of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) under the Sixth Schedule of the constitution of India is believed to have fulfilled the long cherished dream of the tribal’s of Tripura who have for long clamored for self-determination (autonomy) for their socio-economic upliftment. But, TTAADC hardly has been successful to make any headway in finding solutions to any basic problems of the tribal’s. Key Words: Reang, Ethnicity, Autonomy, Self-Determination, TTAADC. INTRODUCTION Regionalism along social and ethnic lines has been a dominant development in the years since Independence. Ethnic self-consciousness and its consolidation and asserting along the lines of tribe, community or language groups have become increasingly manifest in the recent years in the entire Northeastern region. Ethnic clash, natural calamities, religious confrontation, armed conflict, poverty etc. form the core issue. This problem prevails in almost all the societies and states. -
Elucidating the Portrait of Darlong Women: Analysis of Rights and Privileges of Women Class in the Darlong Society
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 8 Issue 11, November 2018, ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage as well as in Cabell‟s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A Elucidating the Portrait of Darlong Women: Analysis of rights and privileges of women class in the Darlong society H.Theresa Darlong* Benjamina Darlong** Abstract: The Darlong in the present state of Tripura (India) precisely belonged to the Kuki- Chin group of the coming of Christianity among the tribesmen and women in the early twentieth century did mark the era of change but the core internal ruling of the society - gender bias. On the other hand, denial cannot be made on the prevalence of the faculty of acceptance (either consciously or unconsciously) among the Darlong women in conceptualising the gender role in and out of the society leaving a huge dilemma on the science of their psychology- creating an atmosphere of Coleridge‟s „willing suspension of disbelief‟. Stepping further, the ethnic tribe had never encounter any social unrest up till today from the part of the suppressed class so as to surface a concrete truth of the their submissiveness and unwillingness to be so calling for an absolute social study. Under the circumstances, the paper attempts to delineate the probabilities and possibilities of triumph over feminist while analysing the refute rights and privileges of the Darlong women in the contemporary Darlong society.