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Maintaining the Heritage Language and Identity: the Case of the New Diaspora Telugus in London

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Maintaining the Heritage Language and Identity: the Case of the New Diaspora Telugus in London ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY MAINTAINING THE HERITAGE LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: THE CASE OF THE NEW DIASPORA TELUGUS IN LONDON ARUN YADLA A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Anglia Ruskin University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submitted: October 2016 Acknowledgements This study and thesis have become reality with the kind support and help of many individuals, directly or indirectly. First and foremost, I express my gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Sebastian Rasinger and Dr. Bettina Beinhoff. Your guidance, patience, invaluable input, timely feedback and constructive criticism helped me in my journey. Thank you for the kind words and encouragement when my chips were down. I would like to thank Mr. Rama Naidu Gāru for connecting me to the Telugu network and also for introducing me to key participants. Without your support, building a sample base would have been impossible. Many thanks for the invaluable support I received from Christine, Richard and Vernon from Cambridge, and Moushmi, Deepak, Dhruv, Dia, Aryaman, Anamika, Nana and Nani from London. I am very grateful for the love and kindness you have shown towards me. A special acknowledgement for the respondents and participants from the Telugu community for giving your time generously to accommodate me in your busy schedules. Thanks also for enduring my interview questions and discussions. I must also acknowledge the contribution of my students and module leaders for their positive and constructive feedback, which motivated me to give my best. I cannot forget to acknowledge my research room friends, who made my journey a memorable one with friendly banter, endless snacks, exchange of stories and ideas. The beautiful city of Cambridge, the libraries, the ALSS faculty and the university helped to provide an inspiring atmosphere, so thank you! Last but not the least, my family – Amma, Kamala, Bujjamma and Satīsh and my all- weather friend, guide, and patient listener, my life-partner Rādhika, without whose support this would have been a non-starter. To Bhagawān – the embodiment of simplicity, love and grace. And to Arunāchalā. i ABSTRACT FACULTY OF ARTS, LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES PhD Maintaining the heritage language and identity: The Case of New Diaspora Telugus in London This study explores the attitudes towards language and its maintenance by the first- and second-generation new diaspora (post-1947 immigration) Telugus living in London, UK. With a population of less than 10,000, Telugus are a sub-minority group living predominantly in the Hounslow and Newham areas, and the majority of them working in IT-related jobs. Based on their time of arrival (pre- and post-2000), two waves of participants, 109 in total, participated in this first sociological study of language in the UK. Using surveys, interviews and field observations, language use in domains and social networks, ethnolinguistic vitality, and perceptions about language and identity were studied. Restricted use of the heritage language and a low vitality towards the own language group suggest that there is a rapid language shift within the second generation. The early first- generation migrants (wave 1) showed more integration into the dominant society and language shift is complete among their children. This was due to the dispersed settlement patterns, a small heritage language network, length of residence and favourable attitudes towards the dominant language and culture. The first generation of wave 2 was observed to be more active as a group and have favourable attitudes towards the maintenance of their heritage language. Reasons for this include increased networking opportunities with the Telugus in London/UK, opportunities to live as cohesive communities, increased contact with India and advances in communication technology. Children of wave 2 were observed to have oracy skills; however, the high vitality assigned to the dominant group and the use of English among same-language friends suggests subtractive rather than additive bilingualism. The new communication technologies, travels, kinship ties, media and cultural associations are allowing people to get together and celebrate their identity through festivals, films and cultural events. The study finds that there has been an increase in Telugu cultural activities around London in recent years. However, they do not seem to influence the language maintenance of the second generation of each wave. Findings suggest that language shift rather than maintenance is dominant. However, the identity of being a Telugu is maintained, regardless of linguistic ability. Keywords: Telugu diaspora, language identity, linguistic vitality, language maintenance, language shift ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... viii Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... ix A Note on Transliteration ................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Scope of Research ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Gap in Knowledge ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Research Questions .................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Theoretical Framework and Methodology ................................................................................. 3 1.5 Chapterisation ........................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2: Introduction to Telugu Language, Culture and People ..................................................... 6 2.1 Telugu Region ........................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Current-day Andhra Pradesh State ................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Current-day Telangana State ............................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 Population .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 English Education in the Telugu Region ............................................................................ 8 2.2 Telugu Language ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Linguistic Composition of the Telugu-speaking Region ..................................................... 9 2.2.2 History of the Telugu Language ....................................................................................... 11 2.3 Language and Politics ............................................................................................................. 16 2.3.1 The Emergence of Telugu Nationalism ............................................................................ 17 2.4 Symbols of Telugu Culture ...................................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Festivals ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.4.2 Dance and Music ............................................................................................................. 20 2.4.3 The Telugu Media ............................................................................................................ 20 2.4.4 Food/Cuisine .................................................................................................................... 22 2.4.5 Other Important Symbols of Telugu Culture .................................................................... 23 2.4.6 The Telugu Dream ........................................................................................................... 24 2.5 The Diaspora ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.5.1 A Brief Note on the Indian Diaspora in General ............................................................... 25 2.5.2 Telugu Diaspora ............................................................................................................... 26 iii 2.6 A Brief Explanation of the Conceptual Framework ................................................................. 30 2.6.1 Wave 1Telugus ...............................................................................................................
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