The Bulletin of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences

INILW111115611W/40#17-4111-rMirrallEirr_Ori_F k. k iwzpori,- -57;-rw 111 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT

VOLUME VI. NO. 9 MARCH 18 1911

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.444:RWA*4341akikikviKANA: ; ALFRED BRENNAN FT-CIT. MCMV111 ACADEMY OF MUSIC SEASON InITC 21X1I- its X.MW .nom .1111IL __BMW ILAKIMIMIUr ant LAIC -KM. • k , MSr. ,. 41 .1... • 416. 4..1 • The PailIs Hats Are Here THAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT STYLE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE SEASON

We are displaying the most beautiful and elaborate collection of Paris Hats for Spring and Summer ever brought to Brooklyn. Never were hats so richly original, so clever, so bewitching, so stylish and so BECOMING. The leading makers of Paris are represented and there are stunning adaptations by our own artists.

Millinery Salon, Second Floor, East Building

APROAAti.16TRAtta

THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 209

The Brooklyn Institute Membership Invited

to see the exhibition of Fine China, (we use the word fine as defined by Webster) sample pieces, hand painted, artist signature on each piece. This is 0 _ a gathering of exquisite subjects high ideals, execution splendid, but as An- gelo and other artists worked like galley slaves, unappreciated living, the world now pays homage to their art, even so, the artists of this commercial age will have "boxes of alabaster" broken over them dead. It's all too bad, but we will be glad to have you enjoy this exhibition and, if you like, sell you the pieces from 49 cents up, for the artists' sake.

(74 years young and growing)

Cost of House Brooklyn Academy of Music Lighting By Grand Opera Electricity BY THE

HE average resident not familiar with Tthe use of electricity in the home fre- Metropolitan Opera Co. quently imagines that electric house lighting is expensive. OF MANHATTAN 4[[. As a matter of fact, the electric lighting of the Brooklyn home is now an economical LAST SUBSCRIPTION NIGHT OF SEASON proposition—made so by marvelous develop- ments in the modern electric lamp and low rates for current. Tuesday Evening, March 21 41 We're now offering to owners of unwired houses an attractive partial payment wiring PARSIFAL proposition. Are you interested? The Prelude to Act I will commence at 7.00 P. M. DETAILS ON REQUEST 4 • 4 44 " II " " " 9.15 44 " " I I I " " 10.45 " Edison Electric Illumi- Intermission of 4.9 minutes between Acts I and II 30 t " " II " nating Co. III of Brooklyn Prices $5.00, $4.00, $3.00, $2.00, $1.50 Main Office, 360 Pearl Street SEATS NOW ON SALE AT BOX OFFICE 210 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BROOKLYN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

THE PEOPLES TRUST HAMILTON TRUST COMPANY COMPANY 181-183 MONTAGUE STREET Branches at 191 MONTAGUE STREET Bedford Avenue, Cor. Halsey Street CAPITAL . $500,000.00 Clinton Avenue, Cor. Myrtle Avenue Fifth Avenue, Cor. Fifty-fourth Street SURPLUS and UNDIVIDED PROFITS 1,050,000.00 CAPITAL AND SURPLUS $2,600,000 Allows Interest on Daily Balances. Special Rates TRUSTEES J. G. Dettmer Casimir Tag Wm. H. Ziegler on Time Deposits Horace J. Morse Clarence W. Seamans William E. Harmon William B. Hill Herbert L. Pratt Charles A. Boody OFFICERS Solomon W. Johnson William C. Courtney Max Ruckgaber, Jr. WILLARD E. EDMISTER, President GEO. HADDEN, Vice-Pres. and Sec. Howard M. Smith William H. Good Walter V. Cranford WILLIAM BERRI, Vice-Pres. ROBERT S. GIRLING, Asst. Sec. David A. Boody W. Eugene Kimball Charles E. Robertson WALTER C. HUMSTONE, Vice-Pres. JOSEPH C. HECKER, Jr., Asst. Sec. Amory S. Carhart Adrian T. Kiernan James H. Jourdan James McMahon Charles M. Englis John F. Ilildebrand BOARD OF TRUSTEES OFFICERS William Berri Willard E. Edmister Frederick H. Pouch CHARLES A. BOODY, President HENRY M. HEATH, Asst. Sec. Ezra D. Bushnell George Hadden Thomas E. Pearsall J. G. DETTMER, 1St Vice-Pres. WILLIAM A. FISCHER, Asst. Sec. David F. Butcher John R. Hegeman Millard F. Smith HORACE J. MORSE, 2d Vice-Pres. J. FRANK BIRDSELL, Asst. Sec. Eversley Childs Walter C. Humstone Frank Sullivan Smith CHARLES L. SCHENCK, 3d Vice- CLARENCE I. MCGOWAN, Asst. Sec. Charles Cooper Edwin E. Jackson, Jr. William V. R. Smith Pres. and Secretary James C. Cropsey Charles E. Keator W. Edwin Thorp Invites Deposits from Individuals, Firms and Corporations, and Seeks Julius B. Davenport John C. McGuire Timothy L. Woodruff Appointment as Executor and Trustee. Frederick H. Ecker John N. Partridge Henry N. Whitney

Organized 1859 THE SOUTH BROOKLYN The NASSAU NATIONAL SAVINGS INSTITUTION 160 ATLANTIC AVENUE, Cor. of Clinton Street BANK OF BROOKLYN, N. Y. Incorporated April tt, z85o 26 COURT STREET Due Depositors (Jan. 1, 1911) $19,780,401.48 CAPITAL - - - $ 750,000.00 Surplus, market value - 2,418,713.66 SURPLUS, (Earned) - - 1,000,000.00 Designated Depository of the United States Government OFFICERS State and City of New York WILLIAM J. COOMBS, President Every facility furnished depositors which their Balances and Condition HENRY C . HULBERT, !St Vice-Pres. HENRY D. ATWATER, Comptroller justify JOSEPH E. BROWN, 2d Vice-Pres. JACOB STEINER, Secretary ACCOUNTS SOLICITED CLARENCE S. DUNNING, Treasurer J. WARREN GREENE, Counsel OFFICERS TRUSTEES EDGAR MCDONALD, President G. FOSTER SMITH, Cashier ROBT. B. WOODWARD, Vice-Pres. HENRY P. SCHOENBERNER, Asst. Cashier Walter M. Aikman Carll H. De Silver Albro J. Newton DANIEL V. B. HEGEMAN, Vice-Pres. ANDREW J. RYDER, Asst. Cashier James C. Atwater Charles B. Denny William L. Newton Henry D. Atwater Clarence S. Dunning Alex. D. Napier DIR ECTORS Charles A. Boody J. Warren Greene John J. Pierrepont THOMAS T. BARR, Chairman of the Board Joseph E. Brown Arthur M. Hatch Robt. L. Pierrepont Rob't B. Woodward Frank Lyman George S. Ingraham Isaac H. Cary Henry C. Hulbert Jacob Steiner Frank Bailey Alexander M. White Howard W. Maxwell James R. Cowing Charles N. Judson Joseph H. Sutphin Crowell Hadden Edgar McDonald Daniel V. B. Hegeman Thos. 0. Callender Edgar McDonald Henry T. Whitney Carll H. De Silver Charles A. Schieren Edwin P. Maynard William J. Coombs Chas. T. Young Walter V. Cranford

CHARTERED 1872 Brooklyn City Safe Deposit Co. 177-179 MONTAGUE STREET DR. LYMAN ABBOTT'S SAFES $5.00 to $150.00 PER YEAR Trunks and valuable packages stored at reasonable rates THOMAS E. CLARK, President The Spirit of Democracy GEORGE W. CHAUNCEY, Vice-President DAVID H. LANMAN, Secretary

"Dr. Abbott tempers his practical views with in- Brooklyn's Leading Hair Dressing Establishment spiring optimism and cheering idealism."—Philadelphia MARCEL WAVING MANICURING Record. Mrs. TYLER-MILLER "An eloquent tribute to democracy marked by Dr. Abbott's forceful and inspiring style."—Springfield Fine Hair Goods Republican HAIR TREATMENT $1.25 Net. Postage 11 Cents 8o-82 FLEET ST., 2 doors from Fulton, opp. Loeser's Telephone 1319 Main HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Institute Box Office in the Academy BOSTON NEW YORK of Music is open from 8.30 A. M. until 9 Copies can also be purchased at the Office of the Institute at $1.25 P. M. THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 211 art 3notructton SCIENCE NOTES totted 3notructton The Amherst Biological Expedition of 1909 accomplished most interesting results MME. JULIA PAULINE HULL LIFE CLASS for MEN in its investigation of the shell heap on the east side of Flagg Island in Casco Bay, PIANOFORTE INSTRUCTION Mr. JOSEPH H. BOSTON ACCOMPANIST : SONG, VIOLIN, CHAMBER MUSIC near South Harpswell. The American 1154 S. Portland Ave., Brooklyn INSTRUCTOR. Journal of Science for March describes Studios ' Tel. 3776-W Prospect I 352 West 21st St., Manhattan Monday to Friday evenings, inclusive, each some of the discoveries made, perhaps the lTel. 2243 Chelsea week, omitting legal holidays, 7.30-9.45 most important being the bones of the o'clock each evening. mink, which were found in large numbers. N. VALENTINE PEAVEY Also Evening Portrait Class for men, This species of mink does not now live in same hours. PIANIST. Purtt. OF SERRANO New England, but must have overrun that locality during the period of the formation CONCERTS, MUSICALES, INSTRUCTION ART BUILDING, 174 Montague St. VOICE CULTURE of the shell heap, which gives evidence of Tuition Fee $to oo a Term, payable in advance. Telephone E. N. Y. 599 99 Euclid Avenue having been formed before 1627, as nothing of European origin was found in it. ERNST STOFFREGEN * * * HIGGINS' 'CELLIST DRAWING INKS The following item of interest from Palo INSTRUCTION, RECITALS, CHAMBER MUSIC ETERNAL WRITING INK Telephone 1838-W South 392 Third Street ENGROSSING INK Alto, Cal., has appeared in the New York TAURINE MUCILAGE Evening Post: "Scientists from the faculty PHOTO MOUNTER PASTE DRAWING BOARD PASTE of Stanford University will make up an ex- LAWRENCE J. MUNSON LIQUID PASTE pedition, for which the government of OFFICE PASTE PIANO, ORGAN, THEORY VEGETABLE GLUE, Etc. Brazil has tendered the use of a gunboat, ORGANIST AND CHOIRMASTER, HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, NEW YORK (MADE IN BROOKLYN) to explore the western part of the north Telephone 716 South 446 Eighth Street Are the Finest and Best Inks and Adhesives coast of that country. It will start April

Emancipate yourself from the use of corrosive and ill-smell- 15th, and will be headed by Prof. J. C. ing inks and adhesives and adopt the Higgins' Inks and BRANNER, with six assistants. The special IRWIN E. HASSELL Adhesives. They will be a revelation to you, they are so PIANIST AND TEACHER sweet, clean, and well put up, and withal so efficient. object of the scientists is to determine Brooklyn Studio : Chateau du Parc, At Dealers Generally how far the distribution of Brazilian fauna CHAS. M. HIGGINS ee CO., Vanderbilt Avenue and Park Place Manufacturers is influenced by the obstruction of the Wednesday and Saturday Mornings from 9 to 1, or write 3405 Broadway, New York City, Branches : Chicago, London 271 9th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Amazon River." for appointment.

Three Interpretative Recitals from A SPRING COURSE Modern Poetic Drama IN BOTANY BY erg. TBertija WITH laun Tgatier Professor CLAYTON A. PETERS of the POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AT

HOTEL ASTOR On twelve successive Saturday mornings, beginning on BROADWAY and 43d STREET April 1st and ending on June 17th. The sessions will be from 9.30 until I I o'clock, and will be supplemented by field Mar. 21 Mar. 30 meetings on Saturday afternoons and by herbarium study. April 6 The Course in Botany will consist of lectures, demonstrations, and field work. It will include (I) the develop- TUESDAY, MARCH 21--3:30 P.' M. ment, anatomy and physiology of seeds, stems, roots, leaves, PELLEAS & MELISANDE AT ST. WANDRILLE flowers, and fruits, (2) a comparison of the Phaenerogams AN INTERPRETATION OF THE MEMORABLE PRODUCTION WITNESSED BY MRS. BAKER AT THE MAETERLINCK HOME IN NORMANDY. MANY BEAUTIFUL with the Cryptogams, (3) general ecological study of PICTURES OF THE ABBEY AND SURROUNDINGS WILL BE SHOWNI THURSDAY, MARCH 30--3:30 P. M. plants and their organs. The projection lantern will be " CHANTECLER ": the Poet's Passion for Truth freely used. A HYMN OF FAITH AND ENTHUSIASM This Course together with the Autumn Course on Crypto- THURSDAY, APRIL 6--3:30 P. M. JOY, THE ESSENCE OF TRUE LIVING gams is intended to give a general survey of the plant READINGS FROM NIETSCKE, SHARP, YEATS, HAUPTMANN, MOODY, BROWNING kingdom. Tickets for the Series, $4.00 Tickets for Single Recital, $1.50 The Fee for the Course is $3.00 for Members of the May be obtained at Tyson & Co., Fifth Ave. and 25th St. Institute and $4.00 for persons not Members. Mail and telephone orders attended to FIG I .—T HE SOUTH WALL, PISA CATHEDRAL, NEAR THE FOUNDATION, LOOKING EAST. SHOWING A BEND IN PLAN, CON- CAVE TO THE EXTERIOR, OF 22 INCHES DEFLECTION. THIS BEND IS FOUND AT ALL HEIGHTS UP TO THE ROOF LINE, AND WITH THE SAME DEFLECTION. FROM A BROOKLYN INSTITUTE PHOTOGRAPH OF 1910. COMPARE No. 71 OF THE MUSEUM ARCHI- TECTURAL EXHIBITION.

FIG. 2.—CURVE IN PLAN, CONVEX TO EXTERIOR, OF THE NORTH WALL, PISA CATHEDRAL, AT THE GALLERY LEVEL, LOOKING \VEST. THE DEFLECTION IS I0 INCHES, AS SHOWN BY THE 8 INCH X 10 INCH DISK AT THE CENTER OF TIIE CURVE. THE BLACK TAPE WHICH HAS BEEN STRETCHED ALONG THE FLOOR OF THE GALLERY, IN ORDER TO SHOW THE CURVE, TOUCHES BOTH EN DS OF THE WALL. AN APPARENT BREAK IN THE CONTINUITY OF THIS LINE IS DUE TO THE EFFECT IN THE PHOTOGRAPH OF THE STEPPING UP OF THE PLATFORM NEAR THE CAMERA. THE LINE IS REALLY QUITE STRAIGHT. FROM A BROOKLYN INSTITUTE PHOTOGRAPH OF 1910. COMPARE NOS. 72 AND 99 OF THE MUSEUM ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITION. THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

CONTENTS PAGE FRONTISPIECE : HORIZONTAL CURVES IN THE PISA CATHEDRAL 212 SCIENCE NOTES 211 THE BROOKLYN MUSEUM ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITION (III) 215 FISK UNIVERSITY 222 MARCH MEETING OF THE COUNCIL 224 THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM 224 EVENTS FOR THE WEEK OF MARCH 27TH 226 ASTRONOMICAL DATA (IV) ECLIPSES 226 PHILHARMONIC CONCERT BY THE BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA, MR. MAX FIEDLER, CONDUCTOR 228 READINGS BY MISS BEATRICE IIERFORD 230

LECTURE BY MR. E. M. NEWMAN 230 DEMONSTRATION OF COLORED MOVING PICTURES 231 MUSIC NOTES 232 ART NOTES Inside back cover

VOLUME VI. NUMBER 9. MARCH 18, 1911 THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC BUILDING BROOKLYN, NEW YORK CITY PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE INSTITUTE EXCEPT DURING JUNE, JULY AND AUGUST SINGLE NUMBER, 5 CENTS ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 POSTAGE (IF SENT BY MAIL) THREE CENTS A NUMBER TO MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE FREE

THE CENTRAL MUSEUM EASTERN PARKWAY AND WASHINGTON AVENUE Cbe Cong Island motorist

Open from 9 A. M. to 6 P. M. Monday to Saturday (inclusive) ; is a newsy monthly publication devoted to the automobile and Thursday evening from 7.30 to 9.45; Sunday afternoon from 2 to 6. kindred interests. It is the official organ of the Long Island Free to the Public at all times, except Mondays and Tuesdays, when Automobile Club, and is brimful of interesting subjects, so the admission is 25 cents to adults ; to cents to children. necessary to the automobilist. All the important legislative changes and latest news in the automobile world are found in its columns. Quality considered, its subscription rate is less than any other medium of a like kind. The season and the oppor- THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM tunity are both here. BROOKLYN AVENUE AND PARK PLACE, IS Subscribe now. One dollar per year.

Open free to the public from Monday until Saturday (inclusive) LONG ISLAND MOTORIST from 9 A. M. to 5.30 P. M., and on Sunday from 2 until 5.30 P. M. EAGLE BUILDING, ROOM 503 BROOKLYN, N. Y. THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM LIBRARY is open at the same hours. Easter Millinery Now a full presentation of the Spring Fashions in Millinery From the Paris Milliners From the Loeser Work Rooms

We believe we have demonstrated even more successfully than in previous seasons that Loeser Millinery is always beautiful, wearable and moderately priced

We should be glad to have you inspect this early showing el/a/a_ igaasele 1 In every detail the Leading Retail Establishment of BrookIr.! THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VOL. VI BROOKLYN, NEW YORK CITY, MARCH 13, 1911 No. 9

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE of these ancient curves in plan has, however, not been widely debated. Their existence has also been very MUSEUM ARCHITECTURAL widely overlooked, and is unknown to many scholars, EXHIBITION (III) largely for the reason that they were unknown to Mr. Penrose, whose book has been the one most widely HORIZONTAL CURVES AND BENDS IN PLAN, OF THE PISA consulted on this general subject. Thus, even as regards CATHEDRAL the philosophy of the ancient classic curves, there may BY WILLIAM H. GOODYEAR, M.A. be much to learn from those of the Middle Ages. The effort to connect the mediaeval curves of this Curator of the Department of Fine Arts, Museum of the Brooklyn description with their historical predecessors will not, Institute; Hon. Member, Society of Architects of Rome; Hon. Member, Edinburgh Architectural Association; Hon. Member, however, be made in this paper, although the probability Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Milan ; Hon. Academician, Royal that such a connection may have existed will not be Academy of Venice; Corresponding Member, American Institute overlooked by the believer in the evolutionary sequence of Architects. of history. But, as in the preceding article, it is mainly the constructive facts which it is the mission of this N beginning this second and final article on the article to establish. horizontal curves of the Pisa Cathedral, the reader For this proposed demonstration the Pisa Cathedral I is asked to observe that an entire class of such offers astonishing advantages, and for reasons which curves has not been considered so far, viz., the curves in will appear immediately. plan. The distinction between curves "in elevation" and Let us consider, for instance, the relation of several curves "in plan" is that between deflections in vertical illustrations of this article to others previously pub- planes and deflections in horizontal planes. In other lished for this cathedral. Two illustrations (figs. 1, 2) words, one is a rising curve, and the other is a curve side- are devoted to the same exterior south and north walls, ways. This distinction will be immediately apprehended which are already familiar to us in the views and surveys by the first glance at the eight illustrations of this of the BULLETINS of February 25th and March 4th. Two article, when compared with those of the article preced- other illustrations of the present article (figs. 3, 4) ing (March 4th). are again devoted to the same gallery parapets which are As regards the importance of this subject the reader illustrated by figs. 2 and 3 in the BULLETIN of March 4th. is asked to consider that a rigid formalism of alignment It thus appears that both outer walls of the church and is characteristic of modern architecture and that the both interior gallery parapets exhibit both kinds of curves existence of horizontal curves in mediaeval architecture and this will also presently appear to be the case with the has never been suspected by modern students of the clerestory walls. Moreover these curves in plan extend cathedrals—that such a discovery is at variance with the from the top to the bottom of the given parts of the prevailing views about these buildings, which regard building, with one exception, viz. the north wall (fig. 2). them as destitute of subtlety or refinement. The reluct- This wall is straight at the foundations, but the curve ance with which this discovery has been accepted and which is seen in figure 2, and which has Iso inches deflec- the skepticism which its announcement has aroused may tion at the gallery level, extends through to the roof be considered as the best measure and the best indica- cornice of the outer wall, as shown by two enlargements tion of its epoch-making importance. of the architectural exhibition (Nos. 72 and 99). The purposed construction of curves in plan, as well The bend of the south wall, which is seen in figure 1, as of curves in elevation, is a well attested fact in classic on the line of the foundations, also continues in the and even in Egyptian temples, and an entire series of entire wall up to the cornice. enlargements, representing these ancient curves, is the As to the gallery parapet bends in plan (figs. 3, 4), first topic in the order of the synoptic arrangement in these are also found in the alignment of the columns and the Museum architectural exhibition. These photo- arcade walls which support the parapets. The measure- graphs will be found on the first panel, to the left of ments for these bends of alignment, thus beginning at the entrance of the long eastern gallery, first floor.* the floor of the church, have been carefully taken, so These ancient curves in plan have been recently dis- that this important fact, regarding the alignment of the covered to include those which are concave to the stand- nave columns at their bases, is supported by corrobora- point of the spectator, as well as those which are con- tive measurements for the position of every column. There vex to this standpoint.f The philosophy or explanation are also photographs in the Museum architectural series

* See also the Exhibition Catalogue. which show these same curves in plan, of the parapets t For such concave curves see Giovanonni: La Curvatura delle Linee nel (figs. 3, 4), as continuing in the clerestory walls. Thus Tempio d'Ercole a Cori, in the Mittheilungen des K. D. Archmologischen Insti- tuts, Rome, zgo8. Bd. XXIII, pp. 109-13o. For convex curves see Goodyear, they have also been observed and photographed at the in Smithsonian Reports for 1894. "A discovery of horizontal curves in the Maison Carrel. at Nimes." The same article appeared originally in the Archi- height of the clerestory roof lines and cornices as well tectural Record, Vol. IV, no. 4, and a similar one appeared in the American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. X, no. 1. as on the floor of the church. It will be remembered 21 6 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

FIG. 3.—CURVE IN PLAN, CONCAVE TO THE NAVE, OF THE SOUTH GALLERY PARAPET, PISA CATHEDRAL, LOOKING WEST. A STRAIGHT LINE HAS BEEN DRAWN ON THE PARAPET IN ORDER TO EXHIBIT THE CURVE. ITS DEFLECTION IS ABOUT 5 INCHES. THIS CURVE BEGINS IN THE ALIGNMENT OF THE COLUMNS ON THE FLOOR OF THE CHURCH AND EXTENDS UPWARDS TO THE CLERESTORY ROOF LINE AND CORNICE. FROM ENLARGEMENT No 74 OF THE MUSEUM ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITION.

that the associated curves in elevation of the clerestory vaulting thrust. Every arch tends by the laws of base mouldings were shown by fig. 6 in the BULLETIN gravitation, operating on the keystone and adjacent of March 4th. blocks, to lower at the crown, and consequently to bulge Curves in plan are also found in the alignments of the outwards on the sides. This tendency to bulge out- columns which separate the aisles of the galleries and in wards is called "thrust." If such a movement con- the parapets on which these columns rest (figs. 5, 6). tinues beyond a certain limited point, the arch breaks Finally, figs. 7 and 8 represent in two examples, one down and becomes a ruin. A vaulting may be roughly from each transept, the curves in plan which are found described, for our present purpose, as a continuous in corresponding character and in corresponding ceiling of united arches. It is therefore subject to the measurements, in all four parapets of the transept same conditions of accidental movement as an individual galleries. arch. The tendency of arches and vaults to lower at We shall now rehearse these facts with reference to the crown and to bulge or thrust outwards on the sides the possibility of accident, which must naturally be con- is always recognized by builders and is always held in sidered, and which has been incautiously asserted by check by carefully calculated resistance in the strength certain antiquarians to explain every "supposed discov- and weight of the masonry supports, and in the loading ery" of mediaeval curves. obtained by the parts of the building which rest on these There are two kinds of accidental movement to which supports above the height of the vaulting, and which tend the horizontal masonry lines and surfaces of cathedrals to make the supports rigid and firm. are exposed, viz., thrust and settlement. Curves and Now it generally happens, in the case of continuous bends in plan are naturally not exposed to the suspicion vaults, such as are used to roof over the naves and aisles of settlement, although this is an accident which might of churches, that the resistance is greater at the ends cause bends in elevation by the subsidence of the two of the vaults and less at the center, because the ends opposite ends of a masonry construction, which left the are held in place by other parts of the building, which center at the original level. act as natural buttresses. The center of such a vault, on On the other hand, accidental movement causing the other hand, is only kept in place by the strength and deflections of alignment in plan can only be caused by weight of the supports and by the weight of the upper THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 217 loading. Thus all cathedral vaults, of some considerable us as having a stringcourse which is 2 feet out of level continuous length, are exposed to a slight accidental and a line of pilaster capitals which is bowed upward movement toward their center which may produce a with a deflection of 3 feet, and now we find it to have bulge or bend in plan. All engineering experts are also a bend in plan with a deflection of 22 inches, rising aware of this tendency and it is summed up by the from the foundations to the cornice. That these various single word "thrust." deflections in one wall have a common purpose and a This rather long explanation is needed, in order to common explanation must certainly appear probable. show that "thrust" cannot be invoked in the present Moreover, for this last feature, viz., that of the bend instance. Neither the nave nor the galleries of the Pisa in plan, the theory of accidental movement has not even Cathedral are vaulted. The only vaults are those of the to be debated. It is barred out by the consideration that lower side aisles. With this explanation we return to the vaulting thrust could not affect the lines of the the main argument, keeping in view the fact that the foundations, and by the additional consideration that thrust of the aisle vaults is a matter which has to be the aisle vaulting thrust, if it had operated at all, would considered, and also that the mere statement of the have tended to produce an outward convex bulge of the direction and character of the curves in plan, at Pisa, upper lines, whereas they are found here to be concave will prove that five out of six of these curves, in the to the exterior and therefore opposed to the direction of the main body of the church, are not subject even to the interior thrust. most remote suspicion of accidental movement, as due In the case of the gallery parapets (figs. 3, 4), where to the thrust of these vaults. the bends in elevation are already proven to be con- The possibility of accident due to settlement, as structive, it would again appear probable that both regards the Pisa Cathedral curves in elevation, has been kinds of bends in the same parapets are due to the same thoroughly debated and disposed of in the preceding purpose or to a closely related purpose. This probability article. Therefore, as these curves are purposely con- becomes a certainty, when we consider that the same structive, it is, certainly a remarkable and suggestive bends have been found in the alignment of the columns fact, as bearing- on the purpose of the curves in plan that which support the parapets. Thus, once more, and in both kinds of curve are found in the same walls and in this additional case, thrust could not have affected the the same parapets, and this fact is especially suggestive foundations. Moreover the curve of the south gallery when the obliquities already described in a preceding parapet (fig. 3) is concave to the nave. The aisle thrust, article (BULLETIN of February 25th) are also kept in on the other hand, would tend to bulge the parapet into view. the nave. Thus, the south wall (fig. T) is previously known to We shall next consider the alignment of columns in

FIG. 4.—BEND IN PLAN, CONVEX TO THE NAVE, OF THE NORTH GALLERY PARAPET, PISA CATHEDRAL, LOOKING WEST. THE DEFLECTION IS 6 INCHES (0.50 FEET; OBSERVE 8 INCH X I0 INCH DISK) . THE DEFLECTION BEGINS IN THE ALIGNMENT OF THE COLUMNS ON THE FLOOR OF THE CHURCH AND EXTENDS UPWARDS TO THE CLERESTORY ROOF LINE AND CORNICE. THE BLACK TAPE WHICH HAS BEEN STRETCHED BESIDE THE PARAPET, IN ORDER TO EXHIBIT THE CURVE, TOUCHES BOTH ENDS OF THE PARA- PET. FROM A BROOKLYN INSTITUTE PHOTOGRAPH OF 1910. 218 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

FIG. 5.—CURVE IN PLAN, CONCAVE TO THE NAVE, IN THE ALIGNMENT OF THE SOUTH GALLERY AISLE COLUMNS, PISA CATHE- DRAL, LOOKING WEST. THE DEFLECTION IS 41/4 INCHES (0.35 FEET). THE STRAIGHT LINE OF BLACK TAPE, WHICH HAS BEEN STRETCHED IN ORDER TO EXHIBIT THE CURVE, TOUCHES BOTH ENDS OF THE LOW PARAPET. (FOR THE CHARACTER OF THIS PARA- PET COMPARE FIG. 6.) FROM A BROOKLYN INSTITUTE PHOTOGRAPH OF 1910.

the aisles of the galleries (figs. 5, 6), with reference to the The columnar aisle divisions of the galleries are, theory of accident. There are two facts, either one however, opposed in direction ; both are concave to the of which is sufficient here. One is that these deflections nave and both are convex to the exterior. of alignment relate to the platforms of the galleries, just When these pairs of deflections are considered as as the deflections of alignment in the nave columns and pairs, it will also appear that the direction of deflection in the south outer wall relate to the foundations at the in the curves of the walls (fig. I, 2) is reversed as com- earth's surface. Accidental movement is again ruled out pared with that of the gallery parapets. Both walls are by the elementary conditions of the problem. The other concave to the south ; both parapets are concave to the fact appears when the varying and conflicting directions north. of these curves in plan are considered. The theory From the preceding analysis it appears that only one of accidental movement then becomes absurd even as a out of six curves in plan in the main body of the tentative suggestion. cathedral is exposed even to the most remote suspicion For example, the south wall bend in plan is concave to of accidental movement. This is the curve of the north exterior (fig. I), but both the south gallery aisle wall (fig. 2), which is straight at the foundations. Those columns (fig. 5) and the south gallery parapet (fig. 3) who are familiar with the narrow width (only 15 feet) are concave to the nave in their alignment. The north and great length of the Pisa Cathedral aisles (173 feet), gallery arcade parapet is convex to the nave (fig. 4), will hardly credit the possibility that the outer north but the north gallery aisle parapet (fig. 6) is convex to aisle has thrust the exterior wall outwards, to the the exterior wall. amount of to inches at the center, before the upper These variations and oppositions of direction in part of the building was constructed. Every engineer deflection lead us to notice that the curves and bends in will realize that the weight of the upper loading would plan may be best described in pairs, as far as the walls have prevented such a movement afterwards. Perhaps and gallery parapets are concerned. Then it will be the most convincing argument, as regards the north wall found that the direction is parallel in the case of each curve in plan, is to glance along the curve in elevation pair. For instance, the outer walls are parallel, because of the window sills which is seen in the same picture one (south) is concave, and the other (north) is convex, (fig. 2). This will suffice to establish the great to the exterior (figs. 1, 2). The gallery parapets are probability that both curves have one explanation. also parallel, because the south parapet is concave to When we reach the transept parapets (figs. 7 and 8), the nave and the north parapet is convex to the nave where the curves are all convex to the interior center of (figs. 3, 4), each transept, the possibility of movement caused by

THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 219 thrust from the aisle vaults below must be considered. cathedral. In ruder examples of the builder's art, much Observation by any expert on the spot will probably might be ascribed to unintentional inaccuracy, by result in a verdict against thrust as the cause of these thoughtless skeptics ; but in Pisa Cathedral, one is brought face to face with a complete mastery of the curves. As my own opinion may be considered as technical side of building, and is obliged to admit that prejudiced, and as it undoubtedly is affected by con- neither settlement nor miscalculation can account for siderations of probability drawn from the proofs in other what is so obviously done for the express purpose of cases, already described, I will quote here the opinion creating an optical vibration, with an enormous as a distinguished New York architect, Mr. WILLIAM increase in beauty." It should also be noticed that the BULLETIN of WELLES BOSWORTH, who examined the Pisa Cathedral in my company last May. Mr. BOSWORTH wrote as follows February Ilth contains a formal certificate from Signor ANNIBALE MESSERINI, the architect in charge of cathedral in the American Architect of September 21, 1910 : repairs, which states that all the curves of the cathedral "Possessed with these ideas it was doubly interesting are constructive. to meet Professor GOODYEAR (through whose interesting The summing up of the consideration of the con- exposition of the matter, both in the columns of the structive facts is, therefore, that, the curve of the north American Architect and in the wonderful collection of photographs and surveys on exhibition at the Brooklyn wall (fig. 2), because it begins above the foundations. Institute Museum, we had become acquainted with the and the curves of the transept parapets, because they are theory) at Pisa. For Pisa—as everyone knows who all convex to the nave, are the only ones in the entire has looked into the subject—is, of all places the best list of these curves in plan and curves in elevation which, (excepting perhaps the Parthenon itself) in which even by the most remote possibility and by the most to demonstrate the intentional practice of asymmetry and curves, for the sake of the effect thereby attained. exacting skepticism, could be attributed to accidental We spent much time with him verifying his numerous movement. The general argument does not need the observations, sighting along the gallery walls and assistance of these additional deflections, but there is various levels of foundations and stringcourses in the no evidence to show that they do not belong to the

FIG. 6.—CURVE6.—CURVE IN PLAN, CONCAVE TO THE NAVE, IN THE ALIGNMENT OF THE NORTH GALLERY AISLE COLUMNS, PISA CATHEDRAL, LOOKING WEST. THE STRAIGHT LINE OF BLACK TAPE WHICH HAS BEEN STRETCHED TO EXHIBIT THE CURVE, ON ITS CONVEX SIDE, IS AT EQUAL DISTANCES FROM THE LOW PARAPET AT ITS TWO EXTREMITIES. MEASUREMENT NOT QUOTED IN NOTES. FROM ENLARGEMENT No. 75 OF THE MUSEUM ARCHITECTURAL EXHIBITION. 220 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

series of phenomena with which they are associated and One of the two Pisan exceptions is San Pierino. Its there is much evidence, and also good authority, to show north wall is built to follow a bend in the street. The that they do. other exception is the north wall of San Paolo Ripa Thus the question is reached : Is there any other d'Arno, which is curved in plan, convex to exterior. possible explanation for all these curves but that of This church is next to the Cathedral in importance, and intentional design, when the natural preliminary sug- is also related to it in the remarkable excellence of its gestions of accidental movement have been put aside ? masonry and in some exhibitions of asymmetry. Could it possibly be, for example, that the Pisan masons Thus it is the minor and the more poorly built 'were constitutionally indifferent to rectilinear alignment, churches of Pisan territory which exhibit rectilinear and that all these various curves are the result of care- alignment as regards plan, with the one exception less construction? Such a doubt might reasonably occur which is due to an obvious local cause. On the other to more than one reader of these papers. hand the richest, the largest, the most imposing, and the To meet this question we must enter the streets of most carefully built church is the only one which has a Pisa and examine its many minor churches of date con- multitude of deflected lines in plan. The next church temporary with the cathedral, or we must visit the early in rank of importance has only one. Romanesque churches of the neighboring towns of Every church mentioned in the following list for Pisa, Lucca, Pistoj a and Prato, which were notoriously Lucca, Pistoja and Prato, which latter towns were under influenced by Pisa ; or, better yet, we may examine Pisan influence, has been examined for curves of align- the oldest, the most primitive and the most roughly built ment in the columns (where columns are found) as well of all churches in the Pisan neighborhood. as for deflections of plan in the walls, and none have This is San Piero in Grado, a pilgrimage church about been discovered. six miles from the town, said to have been erected on Churches in, or near, Pisa : San Piero in Grado, San the site where St. Peter landed in Italy. Its exact Casciano, San Frediano, San Sisto, San Stefano, antiquity is not known, but it is certainly older and is (Romanesque, outside the walls), San Michele in Borgo, certainly much more roughly built than any church in San Paolo all' Orto, San Michele ai Scalzi, Santa Pisa. Its walls will be found, however, to be absolutely Caterina, San Francesco, San Niccola, San Matteo, true in rectilinear alignment. So are those of the church Santa Maria della Spina ; churches in, or near, Lucca : of San Casciano, an ancient church about nine miles from San Martino (cathedral), San Michele, San Frediano, Pisa. So are those of every church in Pisa, with two San Pietro Somaldi, Santa Maria Bianca, Santa Maria exceptions. So are those of every Romanesque church Nera, San Alessandro, San Simone Juda, Santa Giulia, in Lucca, Prato and Pistoja. Sant' Anastasio ; at Santa Maria del Giudice near Lucca, the

FIG. 7.—CURVE IN PLAN, CONVEX TO THE INTERIOR CENTER, IN THE SOUTH TRAIN 1 WEST GALLERY l'A I: A 1'LT, PISA CA t H E- DRAL LOOKING SOUTH. A CORD WAS STRETCHED BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS OF THE PARAPET, TO EXHIBIT THE CURVE, AND THE LINE OF THIS CORD HAS BEEN STRENGTHENED IN THE PHOTOGRAPH. THE DEFLECTION IS 51/4 INCHES (0.43 FEET) IN A LENGTH OF 70 FEET. A CURVE OF THE SA ME CHARACTER AND AMOUNT IS FOUND IN THE OPPOSITE NORTH GALLERY PARAPET OF THE SA ME TRANSEPT.

THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 221

FIG. 8.—CURVE IN PLAN, CONVEX TO THE INTERIOR CENTER, IN THE NORTH TRANSEPT EAST GALLERY, PISA CATHEDRAL; LOOKING NORTH. A CORD WAS STRETCHED BETWEEN THE TWO ENDS OF THE PARAPET, TO EXHIBIT THE CURVE, AND THE LINE OF THIS CORD HAS BEEN STRENGTHENED IN THE PHOTOGRAPH. THE DEFECTION IS 4 INCHES, IN A LENGTH OF 70 FEET. A CURVE OF THE SAME CHARACTER AND AMOUNT IS FOUND IN THE OPPOSITE SOUTH GALLERY PARAPET OF THE SAME TRANSEPT. FROM A BROOKLYN INSTITUTE PHOTOGRAPH OF 1910.

Pieve Nuova, the Pieve Vecchia ; at Pistoja : San Jacopo mentioned. It should also be remembered that the fol- (the cathedral), San Giovanni, Sant' Andrea, San Pietro, lowing lines of the Pisa Cathedral are straight in plan : San Francesco ; at Prato, the cathedral. the façade, the north wall (at the base), both sides of ith rare exceptions these churches are of the early bath transepts, and both sides of the choir. The ability Romanesque period and contemporary with the Pisa to build straight lines in plan is thus demonstrated, even Cathedral. In the exceptional instances of the Gothic when the cathedral is alone considered. period the churches are early Gothic and also show Pisan This statement may fairly be called conclusive in any influence. debate as to intentional construction of these deflections. To extend this list to other localities would involve a It is true that certain critics of northern Europe have report for the greater part of Italy, including the advanced a theory, which may possibly be worth mention churches and cloisters which exhibit the curves, as well in order to show that it does not apply here. This as those in which they have not been found. Such a theory is based on the long periods of time during report has been prepared, but it involves the publication which the mediaeval cathedrals of northern Europe were of a book, instead of the publication of an article. in process of construction, and on the consequent We, therefore, conclude that neither inability to build occasional practice of screening off the completed part in straight lines, nor carelessness in this particular, was of a church by a partition wall, so that the completed a weakness of the Pisan masons. Deflections of align- part might be used for purposes of worship. Then, it ment in plan, are practically confined to the most care- is said, as the builders did not possess scientific instru- fully built church of the territory. Although I shall be ments, and could not see through the screening wall, able to cite, in a later paper, several additional and they were unable to prolong their lines with rectilinear interesting instances of curves in elevation, I am not accuracy. I have never considered this theory of great familiar in Pisan territory with any deflections in plan importance and am able to confute it in the most outside the Pisa Cathedral, excepting the two already decisive manner for one of the most important Gothic 222 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

churches •of northern Europe. Since it is positive that and thereby have reflected honor upon the institution and the . it does not apply at Pisa, it is only worth mentioning to race, but better still they have gone out to lift their show that no argument seriously affecting, or relating to, people to a higher level and to do all they can to control the interesting and astonishing facts which are found and restrain the ignorant and vicious masses. in this cathedral has ever been advanced by a skeptic. The vocation of teaching, which is most potent in As to an explanation or philosophy of these curves, the shaping communities, is most often entered upon. It one which is offered by Mr. BOSWORTH in the passage is estimated that from 15,000 to 20,000 colored youth quoted appears to be the only one which will cover all the are yearly taught by those who have received their facts. equipment to teach at Fisk University. The ministers educated at Fisk University are found in all evangelical denominations. They hold no second FISK UNIVERSITY places in their churches : A writer in The Outlook, the Fisk University, located in Nashville, Tenn., was son of its editor-in-chief, after a careful study of church founded in 1866. It began in an abandoned army conditions in the South, wrote that he found no better barracks and took its name from Gen. CLINTON B. FISK organized church than one presided over by a graduate who was at that time stationed at Nashville in command of Fisk, who was also an honor man at Yale Divinity of the Federal troops. Its first permanent buildings School. were erected on the site of Fort Gillem as the result of But perhaps the most persuasive and beneficent sending out a company of "Jubilee Singers." They sang influence exerted by Fisk University has come through in all the Northern states, in the British Isles, and on the the refined Christian homes presided over by liberally continent of Europe. They were gone seven years and educated men and women. In no other way than brought back to Fisk $15o,000 with which Jubilee Hall through such homes is the welfare of the negro of was built. The date on its corner stone is 1873. The America to be secured. Many such there are which will balance due on the campus was paid and the institute bear comparison with the homes of any other people. gained an international reputation. To solve the great problem which seems to over- There are now 450 students, who last year paid shadow every other one in America—the race problem— $14,403 for tuition and room rent out of a total cost for and to solve it in the only right way : by teaching the maintenance of $56,265. There are 42 teachers, mostly negro race to save itself and how to do it, to work out graduates of the leading Northern colleges, actuated by its own future with its own teachers and educators ; a missionary and philanthropic spirit ; but there are this is the serious work to which Fisk University is also a number of Fisk graduates on the faculty, persons giVing itself. of such ability, scholastic acquirements and pedagogic Those who have given most consideration to the qualification, together with strong character, that they problem, and are looked upon as experts in their line, hold high place in the body of teachers. There are 35 are agreed that an essential step in the effort to elevate acres of campus, and 14 buildings, which, with equip- the negro race is to provide the ten million negroes with ment, are valued at $367,662. There is an endowment of thorough trained leaders, as is being done at Fisk $65,000. University. The most ardent supporters of industrial The student body of Fisk comes from a score and a education are heartily in favor of Fisk, as is shown by half of states. Their receptiveness and responsiveness the fact that BOOKER T. WASHINGTON (whose wife is a is a constant inspiration to the teacher. As in every Fisk graduate) is a member of the Fisk Board of Trustees school, there are those who are slow to learn and not a and one of its most enthusiastic advocates. few have to give up in despair before the course is It is also the opinion of those best informed as to con- finished. Many of these, however, remain long enough ditions that some one college for the education of leaders to catch the spirit of the institution and go out to do good must be singled out for development, and that Fisk should work among their people. The University is dissatisfied be the one thus singled out. Not only has it a long record with its work unless each graduate has a distinct and of efficiency, but its position is such that it has unequalled avowed purpose to help his fellowmen. In fact, the opportunities for increasing usefulness. efforts of the whole faculty are focused on the develop- Fisk University is now at the place where it must either ment of strong Christian character and leadership. be developed or go backward, and the Trustees facing that Since its establishment it has graduated 775 students alternative have undertaken to secure a fund of $5oo,oDo, from the college and normal departments, and the results to be used to modernize and repair the buildings, to re- show that these graduates have everywhere been a place the worn-out expensive heating and laundry equip- saving grace and a transforming power, a grand and ment, to pay off a small deficiency, and to provide an "en- fruitful investment with wonderful returns in character dowment to crown its history of patient work and sacri- and life. They have made thousands of good homes out fice." of poor cabins, and hundreds of good churches out of The General Education Board has recently appropriated superstitious congregations ; they have passed on their $6o,000 for these purposes on condition that at least knowledge and ideals to thousands of the colored youth $300,000 is secured. This gift is significant in that it is in the schools, and as physicians they have taught an expression of belief in real college education for multitudes how to live clean, healthful lives. Many gradu- negroes by a body of men most carefully studious of the ates have achieved distinction in the higher callings of life whole realm of higher education ; also it is an emphatic 4" a — tkit--11rivi.\\ • 111!.

4PE,=_111 stieV:w

224 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

endorsement of Fisk both as to standard and efficiency. tion to Rear Admiral ROBERT E. PEARY, C.E., U. S. N Two subscriptions of $1o,000 each have also been received. reported that it is expected that Rear Admiral PEARY The students of the University are usually poor, often will be the guest of the Institute on Thursday evening, very poor, and are doing all they can to help themselves. April 6th, the second anniversary of his discovery of We have not forgotten our American and Christian duty the North Pole ; that Commander PEARY will speak to complete the task of training the Freedman's children on the subject of his last expedition, and that following for the "liberty and responsibility to which Mr. LINCOLN the meeting in the Opera House of the Academy there opened the door." From these people still comes the will be a reception. It is expected that the Academy plaintive cry for help, and it is an appeal of the weak to meeting will be a notable one. the strong, to which self-interest and justice and the call of Thirty-three residents of Brooklyn were recommended a universal brotherhood prompt a quick and hearty re- for election by the Trustees as Associate Members, and sponse. H. L. SIMMONS, 95 William Street, New York Rear Admiral PEARY was recommended for Honorary City, is the Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. Membership. The total number of new members en- rolled this season is 679 as against 562 in the preceding season. MARCH MEETING OF THE The Council approved of the recommendation made COUNCIL by the Advisory Board of the Department of Music that At the meeting of the Council held on March 6th an INSTITUTE CHORAL SOCIETY be established and main- there were present : Mr. HERBERT L. BRIDGMAN, pre- tained under conditions that shall be satisfactory to siding in the absence of the Rev. JAMES M. FARRAR, D.D., the Board of Trustees. Prof. JULIAN W. ABERNETHY, Ph.D., JAMES CRUIKSHANK, The President of the Council was authorized to ap- LL.D., Prof. IRVING W. FAY, Ph.D., WILLIAM L. FELTER, point a Committee to co-operate with the Director of LL.D., Prof. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, M.A., NELSON P. the Institute in increasing its Endowment Funds. The LEWIS, C.E., J. HERBERT Low, M.A., Prof. JOHN S. general status of the educational work of the Institute MCKAY, Ph.D., Prof. JOHN MICKLEBOROUGH, Ph.D., and was reported by members of the Council, as Presidents LA SALLE H. WHITE, Ph.D. of the several Departments of the Institute, as being in The attendance for the month of February, on gen- a very encouraging condition. eral lectures that are free to Members on the presentation of the Weekly Ticket, was 18,413 ; on the Special Courses of Instruction, 2,409, and on the Special Events, THE CHILDREN'S MUSEUM where a charge is made for reserved seats, 15,055 ; mak- In answer to many inquiries concerning the observa- ing the total attendance for the month 35,877. The tion bee-hive, we wish to explain that the hive has been total attendance during the current educational year, temporarily removed to the roof of the Museum build- exclusive of the Museums, was reported to be 135,640. ing, where, we believe, conditions will be more favorable Dr LA SALLE H. WHITE, for the Committee on the for the bees to live through the winter Establishment of a Department of Sociology, reported that Under natural conditions out-of-doors bees can with- the Department was organized on March 1st with the stand extreme cold, and provided they have a sufficient following officers. Prof. FRANKLIN H. GIDDINGS, Ph.D., food supply and are not disturbed while dormant during LL.D., President ; Very Rev. WILLIAM J. WHITE, D.D., cold weather, they usually require little attention on First Vice-President ; Mr. FREDERIC B. PRATT, Second the part of the bee-keeper. Indoors, on the other hand, Vice-President ; Miss MARY M. ORR, Third Vice-Presi- these conditions are not easily controlled, especially when dent, and Miss SUSAN W. HOAGLAND, Secretary. The the bees are kept in an observation hive where they are form of organization adopted by the new Department constantly disturbed and subjected to rapid changes in provides for an Executive Committee and Standing Com- temperature. While, heretofore, we have kept the bee- mittees on the following subjects: (I) Lectures and hive on exhibition throughout the year, we have not Instruction; (2) Housing; (3) Eugenics; (4) Education; been able to do so without the loss of several colonies. (5) Social Conditions; (6) Charity. The bees will be returned for observation during the Prof. MICKLEBOROUGII, for the Committee on a Recep- spring.

FORM OF BEQUEST TO THE INSTITUTE

PLACE DATE

I HEREBY GIVE AND BEQUEATH TO THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, INCOR- PORATED BY THE LAWS OF 1890, THE SUM OF DOLLARS ($ ), THE SAME TO BE HELD IN TRUST BY SAID INSTITUTE AND THE ANNUAL INTEREST OR INCOME THEREOF ONLY TO BE EXPENDED IN PROVIDING

WITNESSES SIGNED

226 THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

WALKER. Subject: Objects of Rare Beauty as The INSTITUTE BULLETIN Shown by Polarized and Reflected Light. Science PUBLISHED BY Hall, Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave.. THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 8.15 P. M. AT THURS., MAR. 3o. Department of Botany. First in a THE BROOKLYN ACADEMY OF MUSIC BUILDING Course of six Lectures on "The Cultivation and Annual Subscription, $2.00 Single Numbers, 5 cents Preservation of Trees," by Mr. J. J. LEVISON, To Members Free Postage, extra, 3 cents B.A., M.F., Arborculturist of the Brooklyn and Life Membership in the Institute $100.00 Queens Park Department. Subject: The Perma- Associate Membership, Initiation Fee . 5.00 nent Characters of Our Common Trees (part I), ti 44 Annual Dues 6.00 illustrated by lantern photographs. Lecture Hall, Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave., 8.15 P. M. Officers of the Board of Trustees THURS., MAR. 30. Department of Philology. Section on A. AUGUSTUS HEALY President French Language and Literature. Lecture by Hon. CHARLES A. SCHIEREN... First Vice-President Monsieur GUSTAVE MICHANT, Maitre de con- Hon. CARLL H. DE SILVER Second Vice-President C01. ROBERT B. WOODWARD Third Vice-President ferences a l'Universite de Paris. Conferencier CLINTON W. LUDLUM Treasurer official de la Federation de l'Alliance francaise. GEORGE C. BRACKETT.. Secretary Subject : Anatole France. Polytechnic Institute Officers of the Council Chapel, 99 Livingston St., 8.15 P. M. REV. JAMES M. FARRAR, D.D President FRI., MAR. 31. Department of Geography. Lecture by J. HERBERT Low, M.A Secretary Mr. CLAUDE N. BENNETT, of Washington, D. C. Director Subject : Dixie of To-day and To-morrow, illus- Prof. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER, M.A. trated by lantern photographs. Lecture Hall, Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave., 8.15 P. M. EVENTS FOR THE WEEK BEGIN- SAT., APR. I. Department of Botany. Field Meeting NING MARCH 27th and Test to be conducted by Mr. J. J. LEVISON, MON., MAR. 27. Department of Pedagogy. First in a B.A., M.F., to Bedford Park, Brooklyn Ave., and Course of four Lectures on "Rhetoric or English Park P1., 4 P. M. The Graham Foundation Lectures. Composition," by Prof. CHARLES GALWEY, B.A., of SUN., APR. 2. Teachers College, Columbia University. Subject : Seventh in a Course of eight Addresses on The Problem of Reaching the Imagination. Lecture "Ethical Factors in Social Progress," by Prof. Hall, Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave., 4 P. M. EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS, M.A., L.H.D., President MON., MAR. 27. The Second District Dental Society and of the Department of Philosophy. Subject: the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. The New Social Ideal. Music Hall, Academy of Addresses on The Dental School Clinic. Speakers to Music, Lafayette Ave., 4.15 P. M. be announced in the Weekly Ticket. Music Hall, Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave., 8.15 P. M. ASTRONOMICAL DATA (IV) MON., MAR 27. Departments of Fine Arts and Painting. ECLIPSES First in a Course of six Lectures on "The Relations By FREDERIC CAMPBELL of Idealism to Realism in Art and Life," by Mr. President Department of Astronomy CHARLES H. CAFFIN, of New York. Subject : The The greatest possible duration of a solar eclipse is Seventeenth Century Reaction from Renaissance 7 minutes, 58 seconds. Idealism to Dutch and Spanish Realism. (Raphael, The greatest possible diameter of the moon's shadow Paul Veronese, Hals, Vermeer and Velasquez), spot in a solar eclipse is 167 miles. illustrated by lantern photographs. Lecture Hall, The following years of the 19th century saw total Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave., 8.15 P. M. solar eclipses visible in the United States : 1806, 1834, MON., MAR. 27. Department of Philology. Section on 186o, 1869, 1878, 1880, 1889, 1900. French Language and Literature. Lecture by The following years of the 20th century will see total Prof. F. WEILL, M.A., of the College of the City solar eclipses visible in the United States : 1918, 1923, of New York. Subject : Fontainebleau. (Avec 1925, 1945, 1954, 1979, 1984, 1994. projections). Polytechnic Institute, 85 Liv- A total solar eclipse will be visible in Paris in 1999. ingston St., 8.15 P. M, The last total solar eclipse visible in the United TUES., MAR. 28. Department of Music. First in a States occurred May 28, 1900. Series of five Lecture Recitals on "National and The next total solar eclipse visible in the United States Folk-Song Music," by Miss MINA D. Ktmx, of will occur June 8, 1918. New York. Subject : Ireland; the Harpers and The diameter of the earth's shadow, where the moon Bards, assisted by Mr. C. JOSEPH MELFI, harpist ; is eclipsed, is 5,700 miles, or 2 2/3 times the diameter Miss FRANCES GOULD, accompanist. Lecture Hall, of the moon. Academy of Music, Lafayette Ave., 4 P. M. The length of the earth's shadow, passing through any TUES., MAR. 28. Department of Microscopy. Lecture part of which the moon would suffer partial or total and Conference 10 be conducted by Mr. JAMES eclipse, is 857,000 miles.

THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES 227

A GROUP OF COLLEGE STUDENTS, FISK UNIVERSITY

Tie BULLETIN of - the MASS MEETING BROOKLYN INSTITUTE of ARTS & SCIENCES PUBLISHED WEEKLY IN BEHALF OF is read by more than 60,000 of the Higher Education best of Brooklyn's residents

in Brooklyn Advertising rates upon application

Brooklyn Academy of Music BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ACADEMY OF MUSIC, BROOKLYN Saturday Evening, March 25

Speakers The Arlington Art Galleries Hon. WILLIAM PRENDERGAST 12471/2 and 1249 Fulton Street, Brooklyn Rev. S. PARKES CADMAN, D.D. Invite attention to their carefully selected collection of Rev. NEHEMIAH BOYNTON, D.D. MODERN PAINTINGS WILLIAM L. FELTER, LL.D. AND WATER COLORS Miss EMMA L. JOHNSTON, M.A. of the various schools Careful attention given to the cleaning and restoration of Admission 7.30 Exercises at 8.15 valuable paintings. Open evenings CHARLES E. HENEY J. 0. McDERMOTT THE REMAINING PHILHARMONIC CONCERT UNDER THE JOINT AUSPICES OF The Brooklyn Philharmonic Society AND THE DEPARTMENT OF MUSIC OF The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences WITH THE CO-OPERATION OF The Women's Auxiliary Board OF THE MUSIC DEPARTMENT, BY THE Boston SRNnu Or6hostra Mr. MAX FIEDLER, Conductor Mr. ANTON WITEK, Soloist

Programme

BRAHMS Academic Festival Overture, op. 80

DvokAK Symphony No. 5, in E minor, " From the New World," op. 95 1. Adagio : Allegro molto II. Largo III. Scherzo IV. Allegro con fuoco

BEETHOVEN Concerto in D major for Violin and Orchestra, op. 61 I. Allegro ma non troppo II. Larghetto III. Rondo

WEBER Overture to the Opera " Der Freischiitz" FRIDAY EVENING, MARCH 24th

OPERA HOUSE OF THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC At Eight-fifteen o'clock

Reserved Seat Tickets to all (Members and non-Members) according to location, are 75c., $1.00, $1.25, $1.50 SOLOIST AT THE BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA CONCERT ON MARCH 24th, 1911 FOUR MONOLOGUES WILL BE PRESENTED BY MISS BERTIME fIERFORD In the Music Hall of the Academy ON SATURDAY EVENING, MARCH 25th THE CALLER THE MATINEE GIRLS THE CUSTOM HOUSE THE LADY FROM ENGLAND MISS HERFORD'S STORIES ARE COPYRIGHTED

Reserved Seat Tickets are now on Sale Tickets for Members with Coupons - - - 25c., 35c., 50c., 75c., $1.00 Tickets for Persons not Members - - - 50c., 75c., $1.00, $1.25, $1.50 INSTITUTE TICKET OFFICES ACADEMY OF MUSIC, BOX OFFICE . . 8.30 A. M. until 9.00 P. M. ABRAHAM & STRAUS (Near Hoyt Street Entrance) . . 8.30 A. M. until 6.00 P. M. FREDERICK LOESER & CO. (Piano Rooms, Fourth Floor) 8.30 A. M. until 6.00 P. M.

A SPLENDIDLY ILLUSTRATED LECTURE BY Emanuel 1111. Newman Saturday Evening, March 18th SUBJECT: INDIA: Her Temples and Peoples With Colored Views and Moving Pictures as taken by Mr. Newman and His Assistants In the MUSIC HALL, ACADEMY of MUSIC

RESERVED SEAT TICKETS For Members, with Coupons 25c., 35c., 50c., 75c. For Persons not Members - 35c., 50c., 75c., $1.00 THE [RST TWO Lecture Demonstrations OF Colored Moving Pictures

in Brooklyn, will be given on SATURDAY, APRIL FIRST MATINEE AT 3 P. M. EVENING AT 8.15 IN THE LECTURE HALL of the ACADEMY OF MUSIC

OR the first time in the History of the Art of Photography will it be possible to see by the aid of the newly invented Cinematacolor moving pictures on the screen in their natural colors just as seen by the naked eye. The Italian Lakes ; Our Animal Friends; Our Floral Friends; The Scenes of the Harvest; The Isle of Wight; From Bud to Blossom; The North Wales Country and a Hunting Scene in Scotland will be seen exactly as if they were before the eye in all their manifold and beautiful colors. By the photography of plants at regular intervals and the use of the Cinematacolor, plants may be seen to grow and buds to blossom into flowers in all their natural beauty.

The Opening Sale of Reserved Seat Tickets

WILL BE ON TUESDAY MORNING, MARCH 21st, at 8.30 Member's Coupons will be mailed on March 17th

Matinee Reserved Seats for Members with Coupons 25c., 35c., 50c. Evening - 35c., 50c., 75c. Reserved Seats for Persons not Members Matinee - 35c., 50c., 75c. Evening - - 50c., 75c., $1.00

23° THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

The Famous MUSIC NOTES f uottat ynztructton Mr. GRAHAM REED gave the first of his KRAKAUER series of morning musicales on Friday, LIVINGSTON CHAPMAN March loth, at his studio in Carnegie Hall, VOICE : BARYTONE Manhattan. The second of the series will LAFAYETTE AVE. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH Tel. 4668 Bedford PIANO be given March 24th, at 577 Carlton 51 Herkimer St., Brooklyn Avenue, Brooklyn. A leader of the piano world for over forty * * * ARTHUR CLAASSEN years, the embodiment of the highest ideals in PERLEE V. JERVIS gives his 51st pupils' MUSICAL DIRECTOR: GERMAN LIEDERKRANZ, piano construction. Convenient terms may NEW YORK : ARION SINGING SOCIETY, be arranged, if desired. recital at the Pouch Gallery on Saturday BROOKLYN ; NEW YORK MOZART SOCIETY. afternoon, March 18th. He will have the TEACHING SPECIALTY SINGING 350 Livingston St., Brooklyn assistance of Mr. GRAHAM REED, barytone, 341 Jefferson Avenue Tel. 3370 Bedford Near Flatbush Avenue Factory with Mrs. ELIS HA T. EVERETT at the 17 East 14th Street Cypress Avenue piano. CARL FIQUE New York 186th and 187th Sts., Bronx * * * PIANO, THEORY ; DIRECTOR, Ten eminent pianists will meet in Buda- FIQUE MUSICAL INSTITUTE pest on October 21, 1911, to celebrate the 128 DeKalb Ave. Tel. 6332 Prospect CHANDLER PIANO Co. one hundredth anniversary of the birth of FRANZ LIszT. The celebration will last for FREDERICK R. PRESTON 222 LIVINGSTON STREET VOICE, PIANO, ORGAN two days, during which the works of the The very ORGANIST CENTRAL CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH best Pianos, for SALE or for master will be rendered, and it will close RENT 631 Throop Ave. Tel. 2832-J Bedford with the Christus oratorio under the direc- Tuning and Repairing a Specialty tion of HANS RICHTER. TelephoneT 6143 Main * * * ALVAH GLOVER SALMON PIANOFORTE INSTRUCTION Musical America states that Mannheim CONCERTS, RECITALS, LECTURE RECITALS is the first city of Germany "to announce (RUSSIAN MUSIC) Wholesale Grower of Cat Flowers Studio, 834 CarnegieHall, that in 1913 it will celebrate the centenary Telephone 1350 Columbus iCora[ Alecarationa far au fecragiams of RICHARD WAGNER'S birth with a special music festival. At th.. Municipal Opera all G. WARING STEBBINS of the master's works will be given, involv- THE ART OF SINGING. CERTIFICATED TEACHER ing an outlay of $5oopoo. The city's Studios : OF SBRIGLIA, PARIS 450 Carn eg ie H all, N. Y . Tel. 1350 Col. wealthiest art patron has already promised 1171 Dean St., B'klyn. Tel. 665-J Bed. i a donation of $1o.000 to help provide the 'Ring' with a new scenic outfit." WILLIAM ARMOUR THAYER * * * 6 DIRECTOR OF MUSIC, ADELPHI COLLEGE 1 EMILY GRESSER, the young Brooklyn ORGANIST, ST. JAMES' EPISCOPAL CHURCH violinist, whose work in Berlin this winter Studio, 317 Carlton Ave. Tel. 2921 Prospect 5 Residence, 80 St. James Pl. Tel. 825 Prospect ' has been most favorably received, is re- ferred to, in an account of one of the FRANK WRIGHT, Mus. Bac. series of concerts conducted by SAM PIANO, ORGAN, VOICE, COMPOSITION Tel. 6800-1-2 Prospect 3 and 5 Greene Ave. FRANK() in the German capital, as Mr. ORGANIST, CHOIRMASTER, GRACE CHURCH 339 to 347 Greene Ave. " 3908 Prospect FRANKO'S "talented young pupil, EMILY 564 Carlton Avenue Tel. 979 Prospect BROOKLYN, N. Y. GRESSER, violinist, whose bowing and left- GREENHOUSES - - SHORT HILLS, N. J. hand technic, as well as her treatment of Course in Sight Singing a musical work, justify us in cherishing the best hopes for her future career." Mr. CARL G. SCHMIDT CELEBRATED * * * INSTRUCTOR AND CONDUCTOR A new organization, the Irish Folk Song THIRTY MONDAY EVENINGS 0 Society of New York, has recently been Academy of Music Building formed. DAVID BISPHAM has been chosen A Choral Concert will be given in May 0 11 president and KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN its Fee for the Remainder of the Season, $1.50 for Members, and $2.00 for persons not Mem- j I vice-president. The object of the move - bers. ment is to stimulate interest in old Irish / UNDERWEAR ballads and folk songs, and it has been suggested that if two or three members of Course in Sight Singing i Also Traveling Rugs, the society were to visit incoming steamers Mr. WILBUR A. LUYSTER Steamer Coats, Coif and conduct researches among the steerage INSTRUCTOR AND CONDUCTOR Jackets, etc., etc. passengers coming from Ireland, much THIRTY FRIDAY EVENINGS valuable material might be brought to Please call to see those famous goods light. Art Building, 174 Montague Street * * * A Choral Concert will be given in May. Tuition $2.00 per . term for Members, and Brooklyn Branch : 504, ,Fulton Street A Piano and Vocal Recital by advanced $2.50 for persons not Members. pupils of the CARL FIQUE Musical Institute, at 128 DeKalb Avenue, will take place on An Orchestra the evening of March 23d. The pianists THE BEST are Miss JENNIE GOULD, Miss KATHARINE FOR MEN AND WOMEN J/ N ) L '' ' MAGUIRE, Miss Em MA MUEGGE and Mrs. Mr. ARNOLD VOLPE (,--v - ve - as* '•.. k -s; C5 1.\SEL COREY-WATT.. The vocalists are DIRECTOR AND INSTRUCTOR , 0 Miss MAE MCCANN, Miss CHRISTIN I. ,..__- araltqt% Av- L .--. AMX11,--ILIkir, tm MILLER CATHARINE HULLEN. , U3 and Miss FIFTEEN MONDAY EVENINGS P ii,! TEL 426 BEDFORD. j1 c - .--= 0 Among the piano numbers are the two new at 8 o'clock i ic, arrt1,1 ,hT. An Orchestral Concert will be given in May C5 4' t I .ei compositions by CARL FIQUE, Album Leaf The Fee for the Remainder of the Season, C. P. BRUSH. JR. & BRO. and Dance Caprice. 15 Evenings, is $5.00. THE BULLETIN OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

ART NOTES Exhibition of Paintings The Montross Art Gallery, 55o Fifth William Wise and Son BY Avenue, Manhattan, is holding its 14th PAUL DOUGHERTY annual exhibition of Ten American 3ttintrrs anD itbereniftbo CHARLES H. DAVIS Painters. The exhibition will remain open F. BALLARD WILLIAMS until April 8th. DANIEL GARBER * * * Q The finest grade of WILLIAM SARTAIN HERMAN RIDDER has presented to Colum- Opera Glasses at low- UNTIL MARCH 25 bia University a portrait of Emperor WILL- IAM of Germany, painted by MULLER-URY. est rates. Compare It will be hung in the new Deutsches Haus Prices. :: • •. •• The Macbeth Gallery on West One Hundred and Seventeenth Street. 450 FIFTH AVE. N. Y. CITY * * * Flatbush Avenue, Fulton and An exhibition of water-colors by CEZAN- Nevins Streets NE is in progress at the gallery of the 1834 1911 Photo-Secession, 291 Fifth Avenue, Man- hattan. This is the first opportunity given to the American public to see some of CEZANNE'S work in this country. The gal- Applied Design, Weaving lery is open from ten A. M. until six P. M. daily, excepting Sundays, and the ex- and Handicraft Work hibition will remain open until March 25th. Miss EVALYN GRISWOLD ESTABLISHED OVER FIFTY YEARS * * * INSTRUCTOR acs The University of Pennsylvania is about Applied Design Wednesday, 3 P.M. to make a departure this summer from the Weaving Thursday, 3 P. M. DURRING SHOP usual form of University courses in the Handicraft Work History of Art by establishing in Venice Monday, 7.30 P. M. a summer school for the study of Venetian SHOWING INTERESTING EXAMPLES The sessions of each class fall once a week OF DECORATIVE ART Painting through the XVI Century. The and are for two hours. • Opportunity is given class is limited to twenty. The lecturer for practice work outside of the regular ses- INTERIOR DECORATIONS. sions. will be HERBERT E. EVERETT, Professor of Art Building, 174 Montague Street PORTIERES, WINDOW the History of Art in the University of HANGINGS, FURNITURE, Pennsylvania. As most of 'he works of UPHOLSTERY, FINE the great Venetian artists are still in Ven- BEDDING. :-: ice, this course will give the student the DO YOU INTEND opportunity of a close study of originals, one result of which will be greater ability STORING? to distinguish the genuine works of a See our Warehouses and get DURRING BROTHERS great master from those of his followers our Rates :,946 FULTON STREET and imitators. The course will begin July BROOKLYN, :-: NEW YORK loth, but students are expected to register 2,000 FIREPROOF ROOMS before April 15th. Inquiries respecting instruction should be addressed to Prof. HER- Most Modern Fireproof Warehouses MME. BERT E. EVERETT, University of Pennsylva- in Brooklyn nia, Philadelphia, Pa. Inquiries respecting Long Island Storage DE SEVERINUS ART SCHOOL transportation and all business details Day and evening classes and private instruc- Warehouses tion for men. women and children in DRAwINI should be addressed to The Bureau of and PAINTING and all branches of Art. University Travel, Trinity Place, Boston, Telephone, 3100 Bedford Studios: 654 Lafayette Ave. Chateau du Parc, Mass. Nostrand and Cates Avenues near Marcy Ave. Vanderbilt Ave. & Park PI. Converts Made Daily A Course Wouldn't it convert you also if, after contending with your neighbor that it is absolutely necessary to visit the New York Offices of the va-ious Steamship I N lines in order to secure best berths and choicest staterooms, he, instead of taking your advice, had us secure the very stateroom or berth you had set your heart upon, long before you emerged from the Subway, and were half-way home with a clean title thereto before you had reached "headquarters." ISN'T THAT ENOUGH TO CONVERT ANYBODY? The Teaching of Botany Original steamship tickets on all coastwise lines; choicest staterooms and berths while you wait; no extras; regular rates. B J. Lehrenkrauss & Sons Prof. C. Stuart Gager, Ph.D. Resident Ticket Agents for Coastwise and European Lines DIRECTOR of the BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN In the Steamship Department of their new fire-proof bank building 359 FULTON STREET BROOKLYN, N. Y. will be given in the Science Room of the Academy OPPOSITE BOROUGH HALL of Music on ten successive Saturday morn- Passports, Letters of Credit, Travelers' Checks, For- eign Moneys, Package Express, Money Remittances and cable payments. Direct correspondence every- ings, at ten o'clock, beginning March where, etc.. etc. but omitting April 15th Safe deposit boxes in fire and burglar prose?' 4th, vaults. $3.00 and upward WE ARE IN HEARTY SYMPATHY WITH THE BROOKLYN EAGLE'S ENDEAVOR TO THIS COURSE IS FREE TO TEACHERS "BOOST BROOKLYN" AND ARE MOST STRENUOUSLY BOOSTING. ARE YOU? The Human Mind when considering any specific subject, is apt to connect some famous name with it. This habit is especially marked when applied to musical matters. Thus a Symphony immediately suggests the name of Beethoven, an Opera the name of Wagner, a Rhapsody the name of Liszt; and a piano unconsciously suggests the name of Steinway.