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The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF A BOUT THE AUTHOR . Gordon Melton is the director of the Institute for the JStudy of American Religion and a research specialist with the Department of Religious Studies at the Universi- ty of California—Santa Barbara. He is a graduate of Gar- rett-Evangelical Theological Seminary and an ordained United Methodist minister. Over a long career, he has spent his waking hours traveling the world observing, ruminating upon, and writing about the broad spectrum of religions and the people who adhere to them. He has discovered that religion is not limited to people’s beliefs, feelings, and solitary experiences, but that it also encom- passes what people do, see, and create. These two aspects of religion mingle intimately in the phenomena described in this text. Melton has authored more than 25 books on religious topics, including several encyclopedic works such as the Encyclopedia of American Religions and, most recently, the Encyclopedia of Protestantism. His scholarly texts include A Will to Choose: The Ori- gins of African American Methodism and American Religion: An Illustrated History. A LSO FROM V ISIBLE I NK P RESS The Handy Religion Answer Book The Astrology Encyclopedia The Dream Encyclopedia The Handy Religion Answer Book Unexplained! Strange Sightings, Incredible Occurrences, and Puzzling Physical Phenomena The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings Please visit us at visibleink.com. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA Detroit THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Copyright © 2008 by Visible Ink Press® This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as RELIGIOUS well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from HENOMENA the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in P connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper, or website. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Visible Ink Press® 43311 Joy Rd., #414 Canton, MI 48187-2075 Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC. Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups. Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be produced to meet your needs. For more information, contact Special Market Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleink.com or (734) 667-3211. Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: The Graphix Group ISBN 1-57859-209-7 Cover image of Stonehenge courtesy of Getty Images; cover image of the Hill of Cross- es courtesy of AFP/Getty Images; cover image of statue of Kuan Yin courtesy of Time Life Pictures/Getty Images. Back cover image reprinted by permission of Getty Images. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data has been applied for. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C ONTENTS Introduction xi Index 367 A .................1 C ................47 Al-Aqsa Mosque • Alchemy • Amrit- Canterbury • Carey, Ken • Cargo sar • Amulets • An Najaf • Angel of Cults • Cartago • Cayce, Edgar • Mons • Anne, Saint • Apparitions of Chakras • Chartres Cathedral • Chi- the Virgin Mary • Apports • Ark of mayo • Chromotherapy • City of the Covenant • Arunachala • Aura • Refuge • Comets • Committee for the Auroville • Automatic Writing • Ave- Scientific Investigation of the Claims of bury • Avignon • Ayyad, Ala the Paranormal • Communes • Cony- ers, Georgia • Cottingley Fairies • Crop Circles • Crystal Balls • Crystal Skulls • Crystals • Cumae • Cumorah • Curé d’Ars B ................25 Babaji • Bahá’í Temples • Beauraing/ Banneux • Benares/Varanasi/Kashi • D ...............75 Betancur, Pedro de San José • Bethle- The Da Vinci Code • Dalai Lama • hem • Bible Code • Bi-location • Bio- Damanhur • Dark Night of the Soul • rhythms • Black Madonnas • Black Darshan • Davenport Brothers • Dee, Mass • Bodhi Tree • Borobudur • Bran- John • Deganawidah • Delos Island • ham, William Marion • Browne, Sylvia • Delphi • Dentistry, Paranormal • Divine Buddha, Relics of the Mercy • Dodona THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA [vii] Contents E .................91 K ...............177 Easter Island • Ecstasy • Ectoplasm • Kabbalah • Kamakura • Karbala • Edward, John • Edwards, Harry • Esta- Khajuraho Temples • Khomeini, Aya- bany, Oskar • Exorcism • Ex-votos tollah • Kirlian Photography • Knock • Kuan Yin • Kuhlman, Kathryn • Kumbh Mela • Kusinagara F ................105 Face Cloth (of Jesus) • Fakirs • Fatima • Feng Shui • Findhorn • Firewalking ...............193 • Flagellation • Ford, Arthur • Fortune L Telling Labyrinth • Lake, John Graham • Lali- bela • La Salette • Latihan • Laying on of Hands • Levitation • Lindsey, Gor- don J. • Locutions • Loreto • Lourdes G ..............117 • Lumbini Garabandal • Geller, Uri • Giant of Cerne Abbas • Glastonbury • Glaston- bury Tor • Golden Palace • Grand Tetons • Great Pyramid of Giza • M .............207 Green Man • Grilled Cheese Sandwich Machu Picchu • MacLaine, Shirley • (Virgin Mary) • Grimoires • Guadalupe Magic Mirrors • Mahatma Letters • • Guardian Angels Malachy, Saint • Mandalas • Mary’s House • Masada • Materialization • McPherson, Aimee Semple • Mecca • H ..............137 Mediums and Mediumship • Medjugor- Hagia Sophia • Hajj • Hardwar • Harer je • Meiji Jingu • Menas, Saint • Mes- • Healing, Miraculous • Heiligenkreuz mer, Franz Anton • Milk-drinking Stat- • Helena, Saint • Hill of Crosses • ues • Miraculous Medal • Moodabidri Hillula • Hinn, Benny • Holy Blood • • Mother of the World • Mount Athos Holy Coat of Trier • Holy Grail • Holy • Mount Fuji • Mount Horeb • Mount Infant Child of Prague • Holywell • Kailas/Lake Manasarovar • Mount Shas- Home, Daniel Dunglas ta • Moving Statues • Mudras • Mys- tery Hill I .................157 Icons • Ife • Image of Edessa • Indigo N, O ......239 Children • Iona • Istanbul Noah’s Ark • Nuestra Señora de la Pre- sentación • Oak Island • Omens • Ouija Board • Our Lady Mediatrix of J .................165 All Grace • Our Lady of Kevelaer • Jagannath • Jama Masjid • James Ossu- Our Lady of Peace Cathedral • Our ary • Januarius, Saint • Jerusalem • Lady of the Roses, Mary Help of Moth- Johrei • Joseph of Cupertino ers • Oyotunji [viii] THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA Contents Smith, Hélène • Speaking in Tongues P ...............251 (Glossolalia) • Spear of Longinus • Padre Pio • Pendulums • Penitentes • Spirit Photography • Spiritualist Camps Philip • Pilgrimage • Potala • Pram- • Stigmata • Stonehenge • Stupa banan • Prasadam • Psychic Surgery T ...............323 ......261 Q, R Tai Shan • Talismans • Tarot • Tem- Qigong • Rajgir • Rappings • Reiki • plars • Temples of the Latter-day Saints Relics • Rennes le Château • Rich- • Tenri City • Teotihuacan • Thai- mond, Cora Scott • Rila • Rishikesh • pusam • Therapeutic Touch • Three Roberts, Oral • Rome/Vatican City • Magi (relics) • Tirumala/Tirupati • Rosary • Rosslyn Chapel • Rydén, Tomb of Christ • Topkapi Palace • Vasula Touro Synagogue • Tower of Babel • Trier • Trondheim Cathedral • True Cross • Tulku • Tummo • Tzaddik S ................281 Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary • Sad- hus • Sai Baba • Saint Catherine’s V,W ....349 Monastery • Saint Joseph’s Oratory • Veronica’s Veil • Virgin of Las Lajas • Saint Nectan’s Glen • Saint Nicholas’ Vishnu’s Footprints • Wailing Wall • Tomb • Salem Village • Samadhi • Weeping Statues and Icons • Whirling Santiago de Compostela • Santo, Dervishes Audrey • Sarnath • Scapulars • Sedona • Serpent Handling • Shah Faisal Mosque • Shaktipat • Shipton, Mother • Shroud of Turin • Shwe- X,Y,Z359 dagon Pagoda • Silbury Hill • Sirius Xenoglossy • Yantra • Yazd • Yoga- Mystery • Skeptics Society • Slate nanda, Paramahamsa • Zimbabwe • Writing • Slaying in the Spirit • Zion THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA [ix] M AKING THE I NVISIBLE V ISIBLE: A N I NTRODUCTION J. Gordon Melton mong the many topics religious scholars ask themselves is “What is religion?” The Aanswers are numerous, but among the most popular in recent years has been one offered by philosopher Alfred North Whitehead: “Religion is what an individual does with his solitariness.” This definition points toward the important personal, invisible, and mystical aspects of religiosity, as well as to contemporary interest in spirituality. The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena focuses on the other half of the religious life—the communal, visible, and material part. It is not concerned so much with the broad aspects of religion—church, worship, organization, political activism—but rather with the phenomena out of which organized religious life is constructed and that inspire peo- ple to explore their spirituality. Spirituality often comes to the fore in times of solitariness, during which the believer reflects and meditates. Experiencing religious phenomena can provide an impe- tus to such reflection. It is the extraordinary event, encounter, or experience that excites the religious imagination and motivates the spirit. But few people are so lucky as to have encountered a remarkable religious phenomenon in their lives. Many, therefore, seek ways to participate in the experiences of others. For example, they will make a pilgrim- age to a holy site or try to visit someone who has had a profound religious experience. The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena is about the intense
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