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Envisioning Catholicism: Popular Practice of a Traditional Faith in the Post-Wwii Us

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Envisioning Catholicism: Popular Practice of a Traditional Faith in the Post-Wwii Us University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2020 ENVISIONING CATHOLICISM: POPULAR PRACTICE OF A TRADITIONAL FAITH IN THE POST-WWII US Christy A. Bohl University of Kentucky, [email protected] Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-2280 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.497 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bohl, Christy A., "ENVISIONING CATHOLICISM: POPULAR PRACTICE OF A TRADITIONAL FAITH IN THE POST-WWII US" (2020). Theses and Dissertations--History. 64. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/64 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Christy A. Bohl, Student Dr. Kathi L. Kern, Major Professor Dr. Amy Murrell Taylor, Director of Graduate Studies ENVISIONING CATHOLICISM: POPULAR PRACTICE OF A TRADITIONAL FAITH IN THE POST-WWII US ________________________________________ DISSERTATION ________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Christy Ann Bohl Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Kathi L. Kern, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2020 Copyright © Christy Ann Bohl, 2020 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0884-2280 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ENVISIONING CATHOLICISM: POPULAR PRACTICE OF A TRADITIONAL FAITH IN THE POST-WWII US Marian apparitions in the United States have occurred in ever-increasing numbers since World War Two, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. These apparitions occupy a unique space in religious life, as they provide opportunities for Catholics to practice their faith outside of the Church hierarchy while still maintaining their status as faithful Catholics, often placing women in prominent positions. Although apparitions are an important part of faith for thousands of American Catholics, most Americans and Catholics are unaware of how widespread this movement is. This dissertation takes a comparative approach to examine a selection of apparition events, illuminating the pilgrimage experience in connection to historic events, such as the Cold War and Vatican II, as well as issues of race, gender, class, and consumerism. Chapter One focuses on the apparition events at Necedah, Wisconsin which began in 1949 and continued until the visionary’s death in 1984. Chapter Two offers an explanation of Vatican II, the Roman Catholic Church council in the 1960s that changed the way Catholics worshiped, but also the relationship between members and Church authorities, and the way many Catholics perceived their identity. Chapter Three addresses apparition events at a variety of sites in Ohio and Kentucky through most of the pertinent time period, with a particular emphasis on the pilgrimage experience and parachurch organizations. Chapter Four discusses apparition events at Conyers, Georgia in the 1980s and 1990s, especially the economic effects that resulted. Chapter Five examines apparition events in Phoenix and Scottsdale, Arizona, and Emmitsburg, Maryland, which demonstrate the appeal of these events across race and class. In addition to secondary sources by historians, religious scholars, anthropologists, and sociologists, the dissertation uses newspaper accounts, publications by visionaries and their associated organizations, diocesan archival material, and interviews conducted by the author with religious leaders, believers, journalists, city officials, and neighbors to explore how apparition events have attracted thousands of believers despite the lack of official approval by the Roman Catholic Church and how the areas where these events take place have been affected. KEYWORDS: Marian Apparitions, Virgin Mary, Roman Catholicism, US Religious History, Pilgrimage, Lived Religion Christy Ann Bohl (Name of Student) 11/19/2020 Date ENVISIONING CATHOLICISM: POPULAR PRACTICE OF A TRADITIONAL FAITH IN THE POST-WWII US By Christy Ann Bohl Kathi L. Kern Director of Dissertation Amy Murrell Taylor Director of Graduate Studies 11/19/2020 Date DEDICATION To my mother. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS While the following dissertation is my individual work, several people contributed beneficial insights while it was in process. First, my Dissertation Chair, Kathi Kern, offered instructive comments, guidance, and encouragement throughout the project. Next, I wish to thank the complete Dissertation Committee, and outside reader, respectively: James Albisetti, Tracy Campbell, Richard Schein, and Mark Kightlinger. Each of them provided questions and insights that substantially improved the finished product. Any errors that may remain are mine alone. This project started in a graduate seminar led by Tracy Campbell. My classmates encouraged me to research this project in its earliest stage. I am grateful for their enthusiasm, interest, and perceptive comments, which continued even after the conclusion of the seminar. One of the benefits of researching religious history is the number of people who prayed for my project and for me. I thank all of the people who were willing to grant me interviews. Several of them insisted on buying me a meal, which was much appreciated at the time, and I hope to have the opportunity to pay it forward. Financially, several organizations provided grants that enabled me to travel as part of my research. In addition to three fellowships for dissertation research from the University of Kentucky History Department, I received a project grant from the Kentucky Oral History Commission, as well as a Constant H. Jacquet Research Award from the Religious Research Association. I thank each of these groups for helping to subsidize my research trips. iii Parts of this project were presented at academic conferences. I would like to thank the audiences who asked questions at the 2006 Ohio Valley History Conference at East Tennessee State University and the 2013 American Catholic Historical Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans. Additionally, I would like to thank Karen Park, who organized the panel for the ACHA meeting, and Kathleen Sprows Cummings, who shared insights in her role as moderator. Doug Herman was the moderator for the OVHC panel, and I thank him for his comments. In addition to the assistance described above, I received equally important assistance from family and friends. My friend Anne Becker used her skills as a librarian to help me early in the project. She and Carissa Sloan have been sources of emotional support for decades. Rachelle Green hosted me for a research trip when she lived in Pennsylvania and has offered consistent encouragement. Dan and Tricia Gregory set a high standard for hospitality when I stayed at their home in Maryland. I hope to be able to return the favor one day. Joanna Lile invited me to present portions of my research as a guest lecturer in her classes on American Religious History at the University of Kentucky and Transylvania University. Jim Kulwicki asked thought- provoking questions and provided on-going support throughout the dissertation process. My grandmother, Evelyn Hasselbusch, and her eldest sister, Esther Ferris, were tremendously proud about the prospect of my earning a doctorate, and I am sorry that they passed away before they could see me achieve it. Finally, my mother, Jill Pepple, was remarkably patient and supportive. This dissertation is dedicated to her. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. MISSILES TO HEAVEN: NECEDAH, WISCONSIN AND THE COLD WAR……………………………………………………………………………………..13 CHAPTER
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