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In Theravada Buddhism 1 AN ANALYTICAL STYDY OF ACTION (KAMMA) IN THERAVADA BUDDHISM KULA VATI A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for Degree of Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 201 7 2 AN ANALYTICAL STYDY OF ACTION (KAMMA) IN THERAVADA BUDDHISM KULA VATI A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for Degree of Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 201 7 (Copyright of Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University) i ii Thesis Title: : The Way of Application of the Four Sublime States (Brahmavihàra) Doctrine in the Daily life of Nuns Researcher: : Thukhavati Degree: : Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Thesis Supervisory Committee : Dr. Poonsuk Masrungson, B.A. (Communica tion Arts), M.A. (Home Economics), Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies) : Asst.Prof. Dr.Sanu Mahatthanadull. B.A. (Advertising), M.A. (Buddhist Studies), Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies) Date of Graduation : March 10, 2018 Abstract This is a qualitative research it consists of three objectives: (1) to study the problems and causes of nuns in practicing the four sublime states, (2) to study the concept of the four sublime states (Brahmavihara) in the Buddhist texts, and (3) to apply the way of application of the four sublime states doctrine in the daily life of nuns. The results show the problems of nuns to practice the four sublime states and causes that nuns make in practicing the four sublime states. the four Brahmavihàra are the most standard higher virtuous teachings of the Buddha which are conducive to attain Nibbàna and it has shown that a practical method of the four Brahmavihàra with appropriate processes. It has also given of their individual context in order to know their distinction and distinguished characters of the four Brahmavihàra. in order to make an ideal society by the solution of the problems, issues and conflicts, the people should follow the bright instances: the teaching, their ideal characters from the well-known people and from the Buddha's teachings. iii Acknowledgement This Thesis is submitted to the International Buddhist Studies College (IBSC) at Mahachulalongkonravidyalaya University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Buddhist Studies. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Most Venerable Prof. Dr. Phra Brahmapandit, Rector of Mahachulalongkonravidyalaya University, Venerable Assoc. Prof. Dr. Phramaha Hansa Dhammahaso, Director of the International Buddhist Studies College (IBSC) who administers the program. The Asst. Prof. Lt. Dr. Banjob Bannaruji and the Charirman of my Master’s Degree Supervisory Committee, for his kind guidance and most helpful advice. I am highly grateful to the Asst. Prof. Dr. Sanu Mahatthanadull, a member of my Thesis Supervisory Committee, his care, encouragement, cooperation, useful informational advice. I would like to express my thanks to all of International Buddhist Studies College staffs of Mahachulalongkonravidyalaya University and my gratitude to Dr.VeluriyaNyannalankāra, the headmaster and lectures of Sitagu International Buddhist Academy, Mandalay. Most especially, I would like to express my sincerest thanks, and deepest gratitude goes to my dearest parents, brothers, and my Dhamma teacher The Chief Incumbent of Mya Wa Ddy Nunnery Sayāgi Daw Paññãvati and Daw Rupasiñgí, all friends in Dhamma, who made all things possible and my donors, of their vital encouragement and support. Kula Vati iv List of Abbreviations Sources: A Aṅguttaranikāya Ap-a Apadāna-aṭṭhakathā As Atthasālinī (commentary to Dhs.) Dhp Dhammapada Dhp-a Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā Dhs Dhammasaṅganī D Dīghanikāya Khu Khuddakanikāya Mil Milindapañha M Majjhimanikāya S Saṃyuttanikāya Vibh Vibhaṅga Vism Visuddhimagga v Other Abbreviations: BD Buddhist Dictionary BPS Buddhist Publication Society EB Encyclopaedia of Buddhism Ibid ibiden /in the same book PTS Pali Text Society PED Pali-English Diction vi List of Fiure and Table Figure : 1 Kamma the Three Kind of Wisdom and Acinteyya 61 Table: 1 Sampatti and Vipatti 75 vii Table of Contents Pages Approval i Abstract ii Acknowledgement iii List of Abbreviation iv List of Figure and Table vi Table of Contents vii Chapter: I - Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Significance of the Study 1 1.2 Objectives of Research 4 1.3 Statements of the Problems Desired to Know 4 1.4 Scope of the Research 4 1.5 Definition of Terms Used in the Research 5 1.6 Review of Related Literature and Research 5 1.7 Research Methodology 8 1.8 Advantages Expected to Obtain from the Research 8 Chapter: II- The Concept and Origin of Kamma in 9 Theravāda Buddhism 2.1 The Concept of Kamma 9 2.1.1 The Concept of Kamma in Early Buddhism and 12 Brahmanism 2.1.2 The Concept of Kamma in Jainism 15 viii 2.1.3 The Concept of Kamma According to Six Teachers 17 2.2 The Origin of the Teaching Kamma 20 2.2.1 The Original Story of Kamma Related Suttas 21 2.2.2 The Original story of Mahākammavibhanga Sutta 24 2.2.3 The Original story of Cūlakammavibhanga Sutta 27 2.2.4 The Original story of Kammanidāna Sutta 28 2.3 Concluding Remarks 30 Chapter: III- The Practical of Kamma in Theravāda 31 Buddhism 3.1 The Concept of Kamma in Theravāda Buddhism 31 3.1.1 Significance of Kamma 32 3.1.2 The meaning of Kamma 37 3.1.3 Types of Kamma 43 3.2 Practice of Kamma 51 3.2.1 Ten Wholesome Caurses of Action 51 3.2.2 Meritorious Deeds 52 3.2.3 Threefold Trainig 54 3.3 Concluding Remarks 55 Chapter IV An analysis on Kamma in Theravāda Buddhism 57 and Application on Kamma Result in Daily Life 57 4.1 Kamma as Niyāma 59 4.2 Kamma the Three Kind of Wisdom and Acinteyya 4.3 Case Studies about the Kamma 63 ix 4.3.1 The Story Queen Mallikā 65 4.3.2 The Story of Tayojana Vatthu 68 4.4 An Application on Kamma Result to Daily life 69 4.4.1 Kamma Result for the Monks 71 4.4.2 Kamma Result for the Nuns 72 4.4.3 Kamma Result for the Laity 73 4.5 The four Sampatti and Vipatti 73 4.6 Concluding Remarks 77 Chapter V Conclusion and Suggestion 78 5.1 Conclusions 78 5.2 Suggestion and Further Research 70 Bibliography 81 Bibliography of Research 84 1 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background and Significance of the Problems Kamma is a Pali word meaning action. In its general sense Kamma means all good and bad actions. It covers all kinds of intentional actions whether mental, verbal or physical- thought, words and deeds. Whatever you do with your limbs is physical action. Verbal action means the words that you utter. Mental action means the thoughts that occur in your mind. In its ultimate sense Kamma means all moral and immoral volition.1 The one that prompts these three actions is nothing but the mental concomitant, cetanā-cetasika that occurs in the mind of beings. Cetanā impels you to perform a certain deed because Cetanā is responsible for the completion of every Kamma action. Cetanā is commonly called Kamma. The Buddha says: Mental volition, O bhikkhus, is what I call Kamma. Having volition one acts by body, speech and thought.2 Only when one understands correctly the principle of Kamma and its effect, one shall possess the right understanding and right view. The right view is Sammādiṭṭhi. The right view leads to right thought, right speech, the right action, right livelihood and good morality. Paying no attention to Kamma and its effect; not understanding its and ignoring its leads to the wrong understanding the wrong view. Thus, a person who understands Kamma and its effect and the one who does not 1 Mehm Tin Mon, Kamma, The Real Creator, (Yangon, Myanmar, 2007), pp.115-117. 2 Ashin Janakabhivamsa, Abhidhamma in Daily life, Mahagandayone Monastery, Amarapura Writing and reparing the scriptures. Traslate by U Ko Lay (Faculty of Patipatti International Theravāda Buddhist Monastery, Myanmar ,1999), pp.108-109. 2 understand Kamma will be so different that they are wide apart like the earth and the sky. 3 So, there are inequalities and manifold destinies of human beings in the world. One is, for example, inferior and another superior. One perishes in infancy and another at the age of eighty or a hundred. One is sick and infirm, and another strong and healthy. One is beautiful another ugly. One brought up in luxury and another in misery. One is born a millionaire another misery. One is genius and another folly. 4 In the Cūlakammavibhaga Sutta, a young Brahmin named Subha approached the Buddha and asked fourteen questions in all, regarding the difference that exist among people thus; “ What is the reason, what is the cause, O Lord, that we find amongst mankind the short-lived (appāyukā) and the long-lived (dighāyukā), the diseased (bavhābādha) and the healthy (appābādhā), the ugly (duvaņņa) and the beautiful (vanņavanta), the powerless (appēsakkā) and the powerful (mahēsakkā), the poor (appabhogā) and the rich (mahabhogā), the low- born (nicakulinā) and the high-born (ucckulinā), the ignorant (duppannkā) and the wise (pannavantkā)? 5 Every action produces an effect and a cause comes first and effect afterwards, therefore, we speak of Kamma as 'the law of cause and effect'. For example, throwing a stone is an action. The stone strikes a glass window and breaks it. The break is the effect of the action of throwing, but it is not the end. The broken window is now the cause of further trouble. Some of one's money will have to go to replace it, and thus one is unable to save the money or to buy with it what one wants for some other purpose and the effect upon one is a feeling of disappointment.
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