© in This Web Service Cambridge University

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85942-4 - An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices: Second Edition Peter Harvey Index More information

Index

Chinese terms are given in Pinyin form, with the older Wade-Giles form in brackets. Where a term in the latter starts with a different letter, it also has its own entry directing the reader to the Pinyin entry. Tibetan terms are given in pronounceable form, with fuller Wylie forms in brackets. Primary entries in bold. Italicised items are non-English words, or names of texts.

Abhidhamma (Pali, Skt Abhidharma), 3, 90–2, ālaya-vijñāna (storehouse-consciousness), 131–3, 103, 459 137 and chanting, 202 ‘ālaya which is beyond’, 132 350 ā 137 and man˙˙dalas, and Nirv ˙na, in China, 210, 214 and Tathāgata-garbha, 141 in Japan, 95 as the Tathāgata-garbha, 143 later Pali works of, 4, 92, 197 alms, 11, 267, 283, 288, 292, 295, 301, 303, 308, 310, Mahāyāna critique of, 108, 116, 122 312 momentariness in, 84, 90, 91, 92, 131 Ambedkar Buddhists, 398–400, 426, 442, 446 on ‘becoming’, 71 Amida Buddha. See Amitābha Sarvāstivāda, 84, 93–5, 96, 97, 108, 116, 119, 129, Amitābha ( Jap. Amida) Buddha, 173–4, 176, 210, 140, 341 216, 227. See also Amitāyus study of in West, 422, 443 absolute faith in, 345 two levels of truth/reality in, 90, 119 and Avalokiteśvara, 176, 177, 251 Vibhajyavāda/Theravāda, 90–2, 95, 97, 119, 198 and Chan/Zen, 222, 235 Yogācāra, 128, 129, 130 and ethics, 234, 264 Abhidhammattha-san˙gaha, 92, 197 and Panchen Lama, 171, 189, 208 Abhidharma-kośa, xxi, 94, 95, 128, 214, 422 and Pure Land schools, 216–17, 229–30 Abhidharma-kośa-bhā.sya, xxi, 94, 96, 128 and the Dharma-body, 234, 345 Abhidharma-samuccaya, 128 and the dying, 282 abortion, 272 as Buddha-refuge, 246 Ādi (Primordial) Buddha, 170, 185, 205, 402 devotion to, 227, 228, 229, 236, 255–6, 297, 313, access concentration. See under concentration, 316, 343, 344, 356, 366 meditative hymns to, 255, 426 Afghanistan, 106, 194, 236 images of, 256, 257 Africa, 405, 427, 429, 443, 457 meditation on, 185, 345–7 Āgamas, 3, 50, 215, 406, 461 Nichiren on, 233 Aggañña Sutta, 37 Amitāyur-buddhānusmr.ti Sūtra, 173, 174, 345 aggregates. See khandhas Amitāyus Buddha, 162, 173, 345–6. See also Agon Shū school, 406 Amitābha 96 185 aim-free (Pali appan˙ ihita, Skt apran˙ ihita), the, , Amoghasiddhi Buddha, 139, 340, 363 Ānanda, 24, 26, 88, 298, 370 Aitken, R., 366, 434, 435 Ānanda Bodhi, 442, 444 Ājīvikas, 13, 102 Ānanda Metteyya, 441 Aks.obhya Buddha, 174–5, 185, 193, 210, 349, Ānāpāna-sati Sutta, 328 352 anattā (Pali, Skt anātman). See non-Self 491

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85942-4 - An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices: Second Edition Peter Harvey Index More information

492 Index 58 ā ā ‘ ’ ū Anatta-lakkhan˙ a Sutta, As..tas hasrik Perfection of Wisdom S tra, xxi, animal(s). See also vegetarianism 114, 167, 168 as Transformation-bodies, 166 astrology, 41, 193, 206, 308, 316 Bodhisattva as an, 15 Atiśa, 155, 206, 207, 208, 417 killing of, 9, 39, 101, 195, 212, 271, 273 Ati-yoga, 183, 204, 205, 356, 357. See also Dzogch’en rebirth as, 33, 38, 39, 42, 421 Ātman. See Self responding to kindness, 25, 249, 254 attachment or greed (Pali and Skt rāga,orlobha), treatment of, 101, 177, 271, 275, 281 2, 20, 33, 54, 61, 62, 68, 73, 80, 112, 120, ‘annihilationism’, 13, 69, 72 129, 144, 191, 192, 279, 282, 288, 291, 324, antarā-bhava (Pali and Skt, Tib. bardo) – 333, 336, 339, 359, 371 intermediary existence, 71, 282 in the Mahāyāna, 191 yoga of, 354, 356 to heavens, 87 Anurādhapura, 196, 238, 258, 260 to moral rules, 71, 85, 264, 393 Anuttara-yoga, 183, 205, 353, 356, 357 to views, 63, 64 Anu-yoga, 183, 204, 356 with hatred and delusion, 31, 57, 71, 73, 77, 81, Arahatness, 77 126, 127, 158, 265, 288, 289, 291, 333, 334 Arahats (Pali, Skt Arhat), 74, 76–8, 84 Aum Shinrikyo, 406, 407 after death, 78–80 Avadānas, 77, 98, 100, 103, 108, 238 and cessation of perception and feeling, 332 Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva, 171, 176–8, 259. See ā 73 74 76 80 and Nirv ˙na, , , , also Guanyin and other Noble persons, 85 and Amitābha, 176, 256, 345 and seventh stage Bodhisattva, 158, 160 and Dalai Lamas, 171, 172, 208 and Ten-factored Path, 85 and Tārā, 187 as ‘Dhamma-become’, 29, 390 appearing to Shinran, 230 as sāvaka-buddhas, 99 as a world-creator, 177 as ‘true Brahmins’, 30 devotion to, 228, 250–4 can be gods, 86 iconography of, 177, 251 chants on, 201, 250, 389 in Chan/Zen, 253 compared to the Buddha, 15, 29 in Lan˙kā, 198 compassion of, 24, 77 in tantric Buddhism, 185, 353 female, 285 in Thailand, 200, 254 fetters destroyed by, 87 mantra of, 181, 254 images of, 238 pilgrimage sites of, 176, 259 laypeople as, 288 power of, 253 Mahāyāna on, 109, 111, 153, 157, 159, 163, 177 skilful means of, 251 power of, 47 vow of, 251 recent, 308 Avalokiteśvara Sūtra, 250 97 ū 145–9 169 171 185 201 215 regression of, Avatam˙ saka S tra, , , , , , relics of, 27, 103 ‘Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna’, Treatise routes to becoming one, 331 on the, 139, 145, 214, 218, 228, 343 Zen on, 232 Arahatship, 81, 305 Baizhang (Pai-chang), 304 a sudden breakthrough, 370 Bali, 201, 402 craving for, 191 Bangladesh, 236, 377, 395, 401, 433 Arnold, Sir Edwin, 420, 441 bardo. See antarā-bhava arts, 223, 226, 227, 256, 306, 314, 388, 392, 463, Bashō, Matsuo, 235, 373–5, 466 465, 466 becoming (bhava), 71 and Zen, 217, 234, 235, 372–5 ‘becoming’ an object or holy being, 349, 353, Aryans, 9, 30 372 Asan˙ga, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, 139, 152, 165, 271 beings works of, xxiv, xxv, 128 all been good to one in a past life, 38 asceticism, 19, 82, 98, 309–10, 406 all been one’s mothers, 154 non-Buddhist, 9, 13 all have Buddhaness, 126, 127, 155 Asoka (Pali, Skt Aśoka), emperor, 8, 95, 100–2, as conventional entities, 59 104, 199, 272, 273, 282, 283 as ﬂuxes of empty dharmas, 151

Index 493

kinds of, 33–6 types of, 160 ‘sameness’ of, 151 vows of, 154, 170, 173, 280 Bhais.ajya-guru Buddha, 175, 227, 257, 259 wrathful forms of, 186 Bhāvanā-kramas, the three, 341 Bodhisattva-yāna, 110 bhavan˙ga (Pali) consciousness, 92, 129, 131 Bodhi-tree(s), 105, 239, 260 bhikkhu (Pali, Skt bhiks.u). See monks and Bōdhi Pūjā, 380 ī ī ā 196 258 bhikkhun (Skt bhiks.un˙ ). See nuns with higher at Anur dhapura, , ordination at Bodh-Gayā, 258 Bhutan, 208, 236, 261, 275, 300, 377, 400, 415, 417 beneﬁcial power of, 248, 258 Blavatsky, H.P., 378, 421 symbolism of, 201, 239, 240 ‘Blue Cliff Records’, 368 body. See also ‘Three-body’ doctrine Bodh-Gayā, 22, 258, 379, 400, 401, 416, 420 and relics, 103 bodhi (enlightenment, awakening, buddhahood), as material form, 56 15. See also enlightenment/awakening as not owned, 65 Bodhicaryāvatāra, xxi, 115, 152, 154, 267 as thought-only, 133 bodhi-citta, 110, 143, 153, 154, 155, 157, 174, 205, illusory body, 354, 355 345, 355 importance of posture of, 232, 320, 361, 363 and Tathāgata-garbha, 143 in Dhammakāya movement, 389 meditations to arouse, 154 in esoteric Southern Buddhism, 201, 389 Bodhidharma, 217, 218 in Mahāmudrā, 358 Bodhisattva path, 108, 110, 111, 112, 116, 344 mindfulness of, 21, 83, 192, 321, 323–4, 326, 328, acceleration of, 171, 282, 355 335, 337, 338 and compassion, 112 mind-made, 98, 137, 165 112 155 160 171 180 ā ‘ ’ 389 huge length of, , , , , Nirv ˙na as within , in Śrāvakayāna schools, 99, 112, 113 plus speech and mind in ritual, 228, 241, 345, 352 stages of, 99, 146, 153–61 sentient body, 66, 67, 70 Bodhisattva-bhūmi, 152, 155, 271 shaking from joy, 385 Bodhisattvas (Skt, Pali Bodhisatta), 15, 151. See also ‘stopping’ of, 76 perfections tantric view of, 190, 191, 354, 355 Ambedkar as a, 399 thirty-two characteristics of a Buddha’s, 105, Anagārika Dharmapāla as a, 379 106, 166 101 153 ā 332 and Cakkavattins, , touching Nirv ˙na with, and Tathāgata-garbha, 140 Bön, 5, 203, 205, 206, 209, 262, 357, 418 as heavenly saviour beings, 110, 172 bowing, 240–1, 299, 320, 343, 345 ā 126 137 158 ā ā 11 22 30 34 can stay in sam˙ s ra, , , Brahm , Great, and other brahm s, , , , , compared to Arhats, 109, 111, 153, 155, 158, 35, 36–7, 173, 279, 346 160, 189 Brahmā Sahampati, 22 female, 186, 286 Brahmajāla Sūtra and code of precepts, 269, 274, from distant worlds, 146 294, 297, 304 identify with others, 152 Brahman, 9, 10, 37, 50, 58, 59, 72, 120, 127, 148, images of, 179, 184, 187, 188, 238, 252, 253 214, 421 in Jātakas, 15, 99 Brahmanism, 8–11, 51, 55, 58, 105 irreversible, 159 and tantric Buddhism, 352 key ones, 176–8, 250–4 in Cambodia, 200 killing by, 152, 271 in comparison to Confucianism, 223 kings as, 197, 198, 200 brahma-vihāras (Pali and Skt, ‘divine abidings’), lay, 112, 404 154, 279, 327 Noble type of, 126, 156, 246 Brahmins, 9, 11, 25, 29, 399 pilgrimage sites of, 259 breathing, meditation on, 157, 320, 324, 326, 328, precepts of, 269, 274, 294, 297 334, 335, 337, 338, 342, 343, 354, 355, 362, reality-status of, 170, 189 367, 372, 443, 446 ā 160–1 165 ‘ ’ relation to Nirv ˙na, , brightly shining mind (Pali pabhassara citta, Skt retain slight attachment, 191 prabhāsvara citta), 68, 169, 173, 266, 355 self-sacriﬁce of, 157, 272 in Mahāyāna, 138, 139, 142, 143 some gods as, 15, 195, 227, 228, 384 in Theravāda, 92, 330

494 Index

British in Asia, 199, 377, 382, 394, 395, 422 Buddha-recitation hall, 313 Budai (Pu-tai), 172, 176 Buddha-recollection, 105, 162, 173, 216, 318, 327, Buddha, nature and role of a, 1, 27–9. See also 344, 345 Buddhas, kinds of; Gotama; Śākyamuni; Buddhas, kinds of, 1. See also Ādi (Primordial) ‘Three-body’ doctrine Buddha; Buddha, nature and role of a; after death, 78–80 ‘Three-body’ doctrine. and Cakkavattins, 16 ﬁve main Vajrayāna Buddhas, 184, 185 and omniscience, 29, 98, 110, 111, 151, 159, 161, heavenly, 172 164, 168, 169 loose sense of term ‘buddha’ in Japan, 172 as ‘the Noble One’, 51 of future, 35 as a ‘refuge’, 245, 246 of past, 15, 100, 164, 257 as a spiritual physician, 52 Pacceka-buddhas (Pali, Skt Pratyeka-buddha), as ‘Lord’ or ‘Blessed One’, 23 99, 110, 111, 204, 250 charisma and powers of, 25–6 Sammā-sambuddhas (Pali, Skt Samyak- gender of, 187, 285, 286 sambuddha), 1, 99 Lokottaravādins on, 98 sāvaka-buddhas (Pali, Skt śrāvaka-buddha), 99 ū 164 15 Lotus S tra on, Buddhavam˙ sa, xxii, Mahāyāna on life-span of, 164–5 Buddha-vehicle, 111 potency of devotion to, 100 ‘Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit’, xviii, 108 protective power of, 250, 257 Buddhists, number of, 5 simply a human?, 28, 378 beyond Asia, 427–9 threefold knowledge of, 32 immigrants beyond Asia, 424–7 Buddha Jayanti, 395, 402 in Bangladesh, 401 Buddhacarita, 14 in Eastern Buddhism, 402, 403 Buddhadāsa, 338, 387–8 in India, 400 Buddha-ﬁelds, 100, 162–3, 166, 171, 175, 178. See in Indonesia, 402 also Pure Lands in Japan, 408, 409 Buddha-force, 248 in Northern Buddhism, 413 Buddhaghosa, xxvii, 4, 66, 100, 167, 197, 198 in Southern Buddhism, 377 on meditation, 318, 326, 334, 341 Burma, 102, 194, 199, 201, 236, 260. See also Buddha-images. See images of holy beings South-east Asia Buddha-nature, 140, 145, 172. See also Tathāgata- and Lan˙ka, 198, 293 garbha Buddhism in modern, 307, 377, 394–6 and Amitābha, 222, 230, 345 ethics in, 268, 273, 274, 281 and Chan/Zen, 218, 219, 220, 225, 231, 232, 246, festivals in, 261 253, 269, 363, 364, 367, 370, 371 meditation in, 319, 334, 337–8, 339, 380 and Critical Buddhism, 145, 407 missionaries from, 401, 402 and equality, 212, 285 monastic organization in, 311 and ethics, 264, 266 nuns in, 300, 301, 302 and Huayan, 149 politics in, 317, 376 and Nichiren school, 233 rite de passage in, 295 and ‘original awakening’, 371 Stūpas in, 239, 240 and Pure Land schools, 230 temporary ordination in, 295 and Self, 233, 364 and self-power, 236 Cakkavattin (Pali, Skt Cakravartin) emperor, 16, and Sōka Gakkai, 405 26, 101, 105, 147, 153, 163, 346 and tantric Buddhism, 347 cakras (Skt), 190, 354, 356, 362 and Tiantai, 215 Cambodia, 190, 200, 201, 224, 236, 260, 311, 377 and Zen arts, 372 and modern politics, 5, 376, 377, 397–8 does a dog have?, 367 Buddhists from in the West, 426, 429, 433, 453, in Mahāmudrā and Dzogch’en, 357, 361 454, 456, 457 ā ā ū 140 300 in Mah parinirv ˙naS tra, nuns in, Treatise on the, 214, 218 Canada, Buddhism in, 236, 424, 426, 440, Buddhaness, all beings have, 126, 127 443 Buddha-potential, 139, 140 Candrakīrti, 115

Index 495

Canons of scripture, 3 of precepts, 269 Chinese, 3, 4, 223, 225, 307, 412, 460–1 on lovingkindness, 280, 318 Pali, 3, 4, 32, 196, 197, 199, 253, 307, 378, 391, protective, 249–50, 253 394, 395, 422, 455, 459–60 chaplains, prison and army, 379, 426, 450, 467 Sanskrit, 3, 108 Chen-yen school. See Zhenyan school Tibetan, 3, 4, 182, 207, 414, 461–2 Chih-i. See Zhiyi Cao Dai religion, 411 China, 5 Cao-dong (Ts’ao-tung) Chan school, 222. See also analysis of earlier Buddhism in, 112, 138, 145, 215 Sōtō Zen and Indian civilization, 210 Caoshan (Ts’ao-shan), 222, 368 and Silk Road, 195 caste or class, 9, 25, 30, 51, 195, 196 and Tibet, 203, 204, 206, 414, 415, 416, 437 and Ambedkar Buddhists, 398–400 Buddhism from in West, 424, 425, 427, 429, and tantric Buddhism, 189, 191, 192 434–5, 456, 457, 458 Buddhist antipathy to, 25, 212, 398 festivals in, 262 in Japan, 228 history of Buddhism in, 236 in Nepal, 203, 297 early, 210–13 in Sri Lanka, 293, 379 later, 223–4 celibacy, 9, 191, 206, 278, 290–1, 356, 434, 445 modern, 5, 376, 377, 402, 403, 409–11, 417 abandoning of, 203, 230, 297, 298 image-halls in, 257 among laity, 278, 380, 449 key Buddhist texts in, 115, 139, 145, 162, 173, 175, Central Asia, 93, 95, 173, 175, 195, 236, 423 221, 368 and China, 210, 307 monastic life in, 280, 294, 295, 304, 306, 309, and Tibet, 203 311, 313, 315, 316, 410 cessation (Pali and Skt nirodha) of perception and nuns in, 299, 300 feeling, 27, 331, 332 precept-taking in, 269, 274 Ceylon, 95, 102, 194, 195, 196, 377. See also Lan˙kā; printing in, 307 Sri Lanka rites for the dead in, 212, 282, 410 Ch’ont’ae school, 225. See also Tiantai sacred sites in, 176, 178, 258 Chah, Ajahn, 308, 338, 439, 443 schools of Buddhism in, 116, 128, 132, 148, 160, Chan (Ch’an) school, 147, 217–22, 223, 231, 232, 169, 190, 213–22, 255 235, 236, 246. See also Seon; Thien; Zen Southern Buddhism in, 200, 377, 398 and Huayan, 149, 215 status of women in, 299 and manual work, 304, 314 translations in, 108, 110, 112, 141, 155, 162, 164, and sexual equality, 285 168, 173, 175, 180, 210, 307 and Tibetan Buddhism, 204, 205, 370 Vibhajyavādins in, 95 and ‘ultimatism’, 387 Chinul, 225, 231 antinomianism in, 232 Chittagong, 377, 401 Buddha-nature in, 218 chöd (Tib. gCod) meditation, 352 devotion in, 217 Christianity discipline in, 294 aid to Buddhism by Christians, 420, 431 Guanyin in, 253 Buddhist inﬂuence on, 450 iconoclasm in, 217, 231, 247 comparisons to, 2, 29, 35, 40, 44, 102, 168, 230, in Europe, 442 267, 287, 327, 419, 420, 424 in the USA, 433, 434, 435 criticism of by FWBO, 448 meditation in, 309, 361, 361–72, 411 in Burma, 395 monastic code of, 297, 304 in Ceylon, 199, 377, 378, 384 syncretism with Pure Land, 222 in China, 210, 376, 409, 410 use of language in, 221 in Japan, 235, 403, 404, 406 chanting, 80, 202, 236, 237, 243–4, 248, 310, 312, 320, in Korea, 376, 412, 413 344, 352, 380, 425, 443, 444, 446, 448 in Vietnam, 224, 411 as meditation, 318 its inﬂuence on Buddhism, 284, 376, 378, 379, for the dead, 281, 282 399, 426 in Nichiren schools, 257, 404, 446 rival to Buddhism, 376, 378, 413 in Pure Land schools, 255, 319, 344, 434 texts of in Chinese Buddhist Canon, 461 181 254 419 of Man˙ i mantra, , weakening of in West,

496 Index

Chu-she school. See Zhushe school concentration, meditative (Pali and Skt samādhi), circumambulation, 103, 104, 233, 241, 254, 313, 343 18, 67, 82, 84, 106, 126, 129, 134, 136, 158, citta (Pali and Skt, mind, heart, thought), 57, 61, 159, 162, 278, 321, 323, 325, 338, 366, 367, 68. See also bhavan˙ga consciousness; 368. See also right concentration bodhi-citta; consciousness; ‘brightly access (Pali upacāra-samādhi,Sktanāgamya, ‘not- shining mind’ (yet)-arrived’ or ‘the potential’), 325, 326, as empirical self, 60 327, 329, 331, 334, 338, 342, 364, 367, 390 cultivation of, 318, 324 and chanting, 255, 318, 344 in Abhidhamma, 91 and samatha, 328, 334, 342, 364 in Dzogch’en, 359 momentary, 334 in Perfection of Wisdom texts, 116, 143 signless, 81, 96 in Tantras, 193 wrong, 323, 385 in Yogācāra thought, 130, 133, 135 conception, 71, 272, 294 mindfulness of, 324 of Gotama, 16 one-pointedness of, 329 conceptual proliferation/elaboration (Pali commentaries, 4, 46, 94, 97, 115, 128, 165, 196, 197, papañca, Skt prapañca), 75, 120, 124 214, 225, 306, 422, 460, 461, 462, See also Conditioned Arising (Pali pat.icca-samuppāda, Skt the Abbreviations list pratītya-samutpāda), 65–73, 82 commitment and Critical Buddhism, 145, 407 fear of, 20, 67, 85, 329 and Dhamma, 245 levels of, 265, 269 and ‘middle’ way of understanding, 69, 123 to refuges and precepts, 244 in Abhidhamma, 90 Communism and Buddhism, 288, 304, 314, 376 in meditation, 332 in China, 5, 262, 409 insight into, 83, 85, 158, 339 in North Korea, 412 Mādhyamika on, 119, 120, 121 in South-east Asia, 5, 386, 387, 397, 411 stopping of, 74, 76, 86 in Tibet, 308, 315, 414 Tiantai school on, 215 ā 30 31 38 43 ā ā 135 compassion (Pali and Skt karun˙ ), , , , , Yog c ra on, 237, 266, 277 conditioned things/conditioned phenomena (Pali 253 405 427 ˙ ā ā 27 60 96 396 and Buddha-nature, , , sankh ra, Skt sam˙ sk ra), , , , and celibacy, 291 dukkha of, 54 and chanting, 254 stopping of, 79, 119 and dukkha, 266 ‘three marks’ of, 55, 57, 60, 336, 343 and Dzogch’en, 359 confession, 270 and killing, 192, 271, 409 Confucianism, 5, 210–11, 212, 213, 224, 259, 409 and Sōka Gakkai, 405 and Chan monastic code, 220, 304 and vipassanā, 336 in comparison to Brahmanism, 223 as a brahma-vihāra, 154, 278, 326 in Japan, 226, 235, 275 for animals, 281 in Korea, 412, 413 for evil-doers, 266 in Vietnam, 224, 411 for the dead, 281 Neo-Confucianism, 223, 225, 235 for those sick or suffering, 280, 411, 435 social ethics of, 212, 270, 285, 299 in Mahāyāna, 2, 110, 111, 114 conscience, 270, 274, 282 236 255 ā ā 11 33 57 in Pure Land practice, , consciousness (Pali viññ ˙na,Sktvijñ na), , , , in right resolve, 83, 278 58, 61, 66, 67, 69, 70, 350. See also ālaya- of Arahats, 24, 77, 98, 111 vijñāna; bhavan˙ga consciousness; citta of Avalokiteśvara, 172, 176, 177, 186, 251 and name-and-form vortex, 70, 76 108 112 151–3 154 155 157 158 ā 75–6 80 of Bodhisattvas, , , , , , , , and Nirv ˙na, , 160, 172, 189, 272, 280, 294 and rebirth, 69, 70, 79, 356 of brahmā deities, 22, 37 in Abhidhamma, 91 of Buddhas, 22, 26, 160, 161, 164, 166, 167, 169, inﬁnite, 34, 331 228, 248, 250, 256 of a Buddha, 169 of Cakkavattins, 16, 101 subtle, 354 conceit of ‘Iam’ (Pali and Skt asmi-māna), 62, 64, transference of, 354 65, 78, 87, 111, 131, 186, 191, 230, 336 Yogācāra on, 129, 130–3, 136

Index 497

constructing activities (Pali san˙khāra, Skt defilements (Pali (upak)kilesa, Skt kleśa), 15, 73, ā 56 58 62 66 67 68 69 72 138 158 169 333 334 sam˙ sk ra), , , , , , , , , , , , , 75, 76, 80 adventitious, 68, 178 in Abhidhamma, 91 and Tathāgata-garbha, 140–2, 144, 150, 169, construction of the unreal, 135, 136, 143 266 contraception, 272 Chan/Zen on, 220 126 127 conventional (Skt sam˙ vr.ti, Pali sammuti) and emptiness of, , ultimate (Skt parmārtha, Pali paramattha) end of, 74, 77 truths/realities (Skt satya, Pali sacca), 59, Huayan on, 148 90, 93, 94, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, of insight, 325, 339 135, 158, 170, 344, 367 Perfection of Wisdom texts on, 125 ‘convert’ and ‘ethnic’ Buddhists in West, 429–30, transmutation of, 204 432, 435, 437, 439, 440, 450, 451, 454, Yogācāra on, 131, 136, 138, 168 455. See also immigrant Buddhists beyond delusion (Pali and Skt moha), 2, 31, 39, 43, 73, 77, Asia 86, 119, 133, 191, 265, 336. See also Conze, E., 117, 168, 423 ignorance, and under attachment works of, xxi, xxii, xxv, xxvi type, 326 cosmology, 32–6, 37, 108, 200, 257, 350. See also Dependent Origination. See Conditioned Arising Pure Lands devas. See god(s) councils, religious, 3, 88, 89, 94, 95, 164, 196, 219 devotion, 100, 102, 103–8, 110, 172, 175, 217, 229, ā ā 20 23 32 52 62–3 237–63 298 306 347 384 399 428 craving (Pali tan˙ h , Skt tr..s˙n ), , , , , , , , , , , , . See 66, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 290 also faith cessation of, 73, 333 and meditation, 305, 318, 319, 343, 345–7, 444 ā 73 191 2 10 24 240 for Nirv ˙na, , Dhamma, , , , . See also Dhamma- Critical Buddhism, 145, 407–8 become; Dhamma-wheel; Dharma-body; Dharma-dhātu Daixu (T’ai-hsü), 409, 411, 441, 453 and Asoka, 101, 102 Dalai Lama and Buddhas, 28, 167 14th, 1935–, 169, 171, 193, 210, 300, 317, 400, and Cakkavattins, 101 414, 415, 416–17, 424, 430, 440, 445 and Conditioned Arising, 65 5th, 208, 209 and dhammas, 91 and Potala Palace, 176, 258 and first council, 88 concept of, 171, 177, 208 and God, 388 Daoism, 5, 148, 210, 211, 212, 214, 402, 410 and stream-enterer, 85 ally of Buddhism, 213 as a ‘refuge’, 26, 168, 245, 246 and Chan, 217, 365 as like a raft, 31 hostile to Buddhism, 213, 223 as profound and subtle, 22, 75 in Japan, 226, 228 best gift, 267 in Korea, 412 investigation of, 78 in syncretism with Buddhism, 223, mindfulness of, 324 413, 425 recollection of, 323, 327 in Vietnam, 411 rediscovered by Buddhas, 99 Daśa-bhūmika Sūtra, 146, 155, 156 ‘seeing’ it (see Dhamma-eye), 23 dead, rites for the, 45, 172, 178, 212, 281–2, 283, Dhamma-become, 28, 85, 167 295, 298, 303, 316, 410, 465 Dhamma-cakka-ppavattana Sutta, 24, 50. See also death penalty, abolition of, 101, 225 first sermon of the Buddha ā 17 23 27 72 74 75 23 24 29 80 85 86 Deathless, Nirv ˙na as the, , , , , , , Dhamma-eye, , , , , , 80, 125, 336 Dhamma-follower, 85, 103 debates, 144, 204, 208, 299, 308, 370, 378 Dhammakāya movement, 388–91 decline of Buddhism dhamma-ness (dhammatā), 18 doctrine of, 15, 80, 216, 228, 229, 233 Dhammapada, xxii, 422, 454, 459 in China, 223 dhammas (Pali, Skt dharma), 57, 90, 91, 96, 116– in India, 194, 195–6 19, 151. See also Abhidhamma in Japan, 407 and Dhamma, 91 in Lan˙kā, 198 and dharma-kāya, 167, 168

498 Index

dhammas (cont.) of Gotama’s mother, 16 and svabhāva (inherent nature/existence), 93, yoga of, 354, 355 97, 116–19, 121 drugs, 269, 316 and time, 93, 94, 95, 129 dukkha (Pali, Skt duh.kha, mental and physical as non-Self, 60, 64 pain, painful, the painful), 50, 52–7, 58, common basis of, 131, 141 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 72, 79, 80, 96, 119, 244, Huayan on, 146 264, 335, 336. See also ‘three marks’; True inter-relation of, 91 Realities for the Spiritually Ennobled Mādhyamika on, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 125 and compassion, 266 mindfulness of, 83, 90 and faith, 67 ‘sameness’ of, 120 and the aim-free, 96 thusness of, 124, 125 and world, 70 Yogācāra on, 135 as a ‘ﬁre’, 73 ˙ ī 91 337 Dhamma-sangan˙ , xxiii, mindfulness of, Dhamma-wheel, 11, 24, 105, 106, 107, 254 Dzogch’en (Tib. rDzogs chen; ‘The Great ā ī 180 182 201 250 270 307 343 ’ 144 183 205 dh ran˙ (Skt) chants, , , , , , , Completion/Perfection ), , , , Dharma. See Dhamma 206, 209, 357, 359–61. See also Ati-yoga Dharma-body (Skt Dharmakāya), 165–71, 356 all as, 171, 191, 343, 359, 360, 371 earth goddess, 20 and Buddhas in Tantras, 185 Eastern Buddhism, xviii, 4, 5, 210–35, 402–13, and Tathāgata-garbha, 143 433, 442 as Amitābha, 234, 345 divination slips in, 316 as Dharma ‘refuge’, 246 festivals in, 263 ā 142 309 340–1 343–7 as Nirv ˙na, meditation in, , , as Samantabhadra, 144, 361 monasticism in, 290, 294, 299, 306, 310, 313, as Vairocana, 226 314, 316 as Vajrasattva, 183 related websites, 466 precursor ideas, 28, 95, 167 religious suicides in, 272 Dharma-dhātu (Skt, Dharma-realm/principle), repentance in, 241 132, 136, 137, 138, 141, 146, 147, 148, 149, rites for dead in, 282, 303, 316 150 upāsakas and upāsikās in, 269 Dharmaguptaka school, 95, 215, 290, 301 ‘easy path’, 216, 229, 230 dharma-ness (dharmatā), 168, 169 economy, 11, 209, 211, 275, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386, Dharmapāla, 128 392, 395, 396 Dharmapāla, Anagārika, 378–9, 398, 420, 431, of monasteries, 302–5 440, 441 education, 1, 197, 223, 234, 249, 296, 307, 315, 382, dharmas. See dhammas 395, 400, 401, 406, 409, 411, 414, 425, 438, dhutan˙gas, ‘austere practices’, 308 444, 446. See also universities, Buddhist dhyāna. See jhāna Eight-factored Path, Noble (Pali ariya at..than˙gika Diamond Sangha, xvii, 434, 456, 457 magga, Skt ārya as..tān˙gika mārga), 23, 27, ‘Diamond-cutter’ Perfection of Wisdom’ Sūtra, 66, 72, 81–7, 92, 321, 334 xxvi, 115, 217, 219, 220, 307 and Bodhisattva path, 153 ī ˙ 15 164 ā 75 D pankara Buddha, , and Nirv ˙na, divine pride, 354 and Risshō-kōseikai, 406 Dōgen, 231–3, 297, 310, 363 arising of, 325, 340 on Buddha-nature, 145, 232, 363, 364, 407 as Dhamma ‘refuge’, 245 writings of, 231, 472, 481, 484, 489 momentariness of, 92, 340 Dohā-kośa, 193, 357 Eight-factored Path, ordinary, 82, 83, 156 Dorje Shugden, 416–17, 445 Eisai, 231 dream, 16, 355 elements, four physical, 56, 70, 81, 91, 350 and bhavan˙ga consciousness, 92 meditation on, 324, 326, 332, 337, 338, 350 420 11 350 and man˙˙dalas, elements, six, , and storehouse-consciousness, 129 emptiness (Skt śūnyatā, Pali suññatā), 96, 114. See and visions, 109, 162, 178, 230, 416 also empty and empty, the dharmas as like a, 117, 124 and bliss, 355

Index 499

and compassion, 152 energy (Pali viriya, Skt vīrya). See vigour/energy 169 170 ā ā and Dharma-body, , Enjoyment-body (Skt Nirm ˙na-k ya) Buddhas, and gender equality, 286 165, 166–7, 169, 170. See also ‘Three-body’ and interpenetration, 147 doctrine and ‘Mu’ kōan, 367 and between-lives period, 356 and non-difference of samsāra and and Dzogch’en, 359 ā 125 ˙ 246 Nirv ˙na, Chan/Zen on, and sexual yoga, 356 reality-status of, 170 and Tathāgata-garbha, 169 enlightened person. See Arahats; Buddha, nature and thusness, 124, 132, 136 and role of a and Won school, 413 enlightenment/awakening (Pali and Skt bodhi), as a fluid ultimate reality, 148 15. See also Arahatship; Buddhas, kinds of as a gateway to liberation, 81, 340, 363 in the Mahāyāna, 159 Gelugpas on three aspects of, 118 of the Buddha, 22 Huayan on, 148, 149 original. See original awakening in Chan/Zen meditation, 369 eons (Pali kappa, Skt kalpa), 15, 33, 34, 35, 36, 155, in Dzogch’en, 205 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 173 in Mahāmudrā, 355 equality in Tathāgata-garbha thought, 139, 141, 142, gender, 285, 429 143 in San˙gha, 311 in Zen art, 373 of potential for enlightenment, 212 insight into, 108, 158, 342, 344 social, 399. See also caste and class Mādhyamikas on, 120–1, 123 equanimity (Pali upekkhā, Skt upeks.ā), 22, 78, 86, of Buddhahood, 126 154, 156, 192, 279, 280, 321, 326, 330, 331, of Buddhas, 170 340, 358 of emptiness, 124 ‘eternalism’, 13, 69, 72 of giver, gift and recipient, 158 ethics, 264–86, 389, 392. See also moral virtue; of svabhāva (inherent nature/existence), precepts; social ethics 116–19, See also under empty in Jōdo-shin, 234, 264 range of meanings of, 97 in Mahāyāna, 152, 153 seeing of, 155, 370 Europe, Buddhism in, 236, 405, 417, 426–7, 428, self- and other-emptiness, 126–7, 144, 169, 208, 440–56 209 euthanasia, 281 types of, 150 evil. See also Māra Yogācāras on, 136, 138 and term ‘pāpa’, 44 empty (Skt śunya, Pali suñña) compassion for those who do, 266 of a fixed form, 148, 150 problem of, 37, 141 of defilements, 81, 125, 126, 127, 142, 144, 148, restraining from, 284 219, 282 salvation of one who does, 216 of Self, 58, 81, 93, 96, 125, 126, 336 victory over, 20, 261, 279, 390 of separateness, 370 existence and non-existence, middle way between, of ‘solidity’, 81 72, 118 of subject/object duality, 136, 144, 169, 355, exorcism, 310, 385 359 of svabhāva (inherent nature/existence), 115, factors of awakening (Pali bojjhan˙ga, Skt 116–19, 120, 121, 122, 126, 130, 135, bodhyan˙ga), 78, 83, 90, 321, 324, 328 143, 148, 151, 172, 286, 342, 344, 347, Fa-hsiang. See Faxiang school 353, 354. See also under own-nature. faith (Pali saddhā, Skt śraddhā), 28, 31, 84, 85, 103, of ultimate reality, 119, 124 149, 157, 321, 340, 341, 378, 404. See also range of meanings of, 97, 127, 150 devotion; faith-follower 81 96 97 114 26 175 empty, the (Pali suññata, suññam˙ ), , , , , and healing, , 125, 127, 129, 340 and wisdom, 237 empty throne symbol, 105 from awareness of dukkha, 67 engaged Buddhism, socially, 380, 386–7, 411, in Chan/Zen, 232, 363, 364 412. See also Humanistic Buddhism in Nichiren schools, 233, 257, 404

500 Index

faith (cont.) Gautama Buddha. See Gotama Buddha in one’s Guru, 247 Gelugpa (dGe lugs pa) school, 207–9, 218 in Pure Land schools, 163, 174, 216, 229, 230, and logic, 308 255, 345, 346 and monastic discipline, 293, 296 in Theravāda, 31 and Ri-may, 210 type of person, 326, 327 and study, 306, 312 faith-follower, 85, 103, 255 Dorje Shugden in, 416 false speech, 83, 269, 276 in Mongolia, 417 Falun Gong, 410 in West, 426, 433, 437, 438, 442, 444, 453, 454, families, tantric, 185 455, 456, 457, 458 family relationships, ethics of, 49, 101, 211, 282–5 meditation in, 342, 357, 371 fatalism, 13, 41 on emptiness, 118, 126 Fa-tsang. See Fazang on the Dharma-body, 169 Faxiang (Fa-hsiang) school, 128, 132, 141, 214 related web sites, 465, 466 Fazang (Fa-tsang), 147, 148, 215 generosity/giving (Pali and Skt dāna), 31, 44, 46, feeling (Pali and Skt vedanā), 27, 53, 54, 56, 58, 66, 48, 99, 101, 249, 267–8, 269, 275, 277, 67, 70, 71, 91, 329. See also cessation of 279, 291, 302, 329, 341 perception and feeling and emptiness, 158, 365 causes of unpleasant, 41 and Sarvodaya Śramadāna, 380 mindfulness of, 83, 321, 324, 335, 337 and sharing of karmic fruitfulness, 45 female consorts, 186, 187, 356 Buddhadāsa on, 388 female deities, 181, 185, 186, 189, 251. See also focuses of, 237, 268 Guanyin, Tārā joy at, 45, 246, 268, 391 ‘female’, wisdom as. See under wisdom of own life, 157, 272 festivals, 240, 259–63, 269, 278, 303, 315, 389, 412 perfection of, 156, 157, 280 fetters, spiritual, 85, 86, 87, 264 recollection of, 327 ﬁghting between Buddhist schools, 206, 234 to friends, 283 ‘Fire sermon’, 73 to monastics, 303 ﬁrst sermon of the Buddha, 16, 23–4, 50, 86, 107, to the poor, 153 128, 258, 260 Germany, Buddhism in, 419, 426, 428, 431, 451, Fo Kuang Shan, 434, 456, 458 452, 453 forest meditation tradition, 305, 380, 439, 443, 448 geshé (Tib. dge bshes), 308 forest monks, 222, 305, 308, 312, 314, 319, 338, 380 gestures (Skt mudrā, Pali muddā) and origin of the Mahāyāna, 108 of images, 20, 106, 107 in West, 433, 439, 442, 443, 447, 448, 450, 455, 456 of respect, 241 form (Pali and Skt rūpa), realm of pure or ritual, 228, 243, 313, 348 elemental, 34, 159, 184, 330, 346 ghosts (Pali peta, Skt preta), 33, 36, 38, 39, 134, 460 formless (Pali arūpa, Skt ārūpya) attainments, 20, aid for, 45, 177, 249, 262, 313 21, 27, 74, 326, 330–1, 332 God concept, 38, 40, 287 formless realm, 34, 86 and Dhamma, 29, 388 France and Mahāyāna, 170 and Indochina, 397 and ‘merit’, 44 Buddhism in, 412, 426, 428, 431, 452, 453–5 and ‘sin’, 68 fraternities, monastic. See nikāyas critique of, 36–8, 41 freedom of will, 39, 42, 68, 271 in Cao Dai, 411 Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO), god(s) (Pali and Skt deva), 5, 9, 11, 16, 34–6, 39, 40, 400, 433, 442, 445–6, 447, 448–50, 456, 42, 171, 200, 384. See also Brahmā; Hindu 464, 466 gods; kami;Māra; Sakka funerals, 268, 281, 298, 303, 315, 316, 406 Ābhassara, 36, 37 of the Buddha, 26, 28 aid for, 45 aiding the Buddha, 18, 22 ū ū 146–7 165 346 86 Gan˙˙davy ha S tra, , , Arahats can be, ‘Gateless Barrier’ kōan collection, 222, 368, 466 as devotees of the Buddha, 249 gateways to liberation, three, 96. See also aim-free; at the Buddha’s death, 28 empty, the; signless Bodhisattvas can be, 15, 195, 227, 228

Index 501

Dharmapāla on, 379 Gupta dynasty (320–540), 106, 194 four great kings, 257, 352 Gurus (Skt, Tib., Lama), 189, 190, 193, 204, 206, stream-enterers can be, 35, 258 246, 247, 296, 319 taught by the Buddha, 22, 245 idealization of, 247 the Buddha as not a, 28 obedience to, 347 Goenka, S.N., 337, 398, 444 yoga focused on, 247, 347 goma fire ceremony, 227 Gombrich, R., 8, 10, 55, 198, 378, 381, 423 haiku poems, 235, 373–5, 466 gong-an. See kōans Hakuin, 235, 367, 368 Gotama (Pali, Skt Gautama) Buddha, 1, happiness (Pali and Skt sukha), 56, 329 14–27. See also Buddha, nature and role of from generosity, 267 a; Śākyamuni from good karma, 43 and nature, 24, 25 from hearing Dhamma, 24 as main Buddha-refuge, 245 from living ethically, 264 awakening and after, 22–3 gross national, 275 ‘biographies’ of, 14, 98 of jhāna, 19, 329, 331 birth and early life, 16–17 real but impermanent, 54 charisma and powers of, 25–6 hatred and ill-will, 31, 39, 43, 191, 291. See also dates of, 8 under attachment end of his influence, 80 and craving, 73 first sermon of, 23–5 and tantric Vajra family, 193 passing away of, 26–7 self-, 42 past lives of, 15, 99 Hawaii, Buddhism in, 425, 432, 434 relics of, 103 healing, 26, 175, 234, 257, 308, 316, 387, 411, 440, renunciation and quest for awakening of, 462 17–18 ‘Heart’ Perfection of Wisdom Sūtra, xxvi, 115, reverence for, 2 120, 125, 217, 310 teachings style of, 29–31 heaven(s) (Pali sagga, Skt svarga), 15, 34–6, 37, 38, temptation by Māra, 20–1, 26 39, 48, 158, 460. See also god(s); pure grace, 159, 174, 230, 255 abodes; Pure Lands gradual and sudden on the path, 49, 319, 370 Akanit.t.ha/Akanis.t.ha, 159 in Abhidhamma, 96 and meditative states, 35, 350 in Chan/Zen, 218, 220, 222, 225, 232, 363, 369, and non-returners, 86 370–1 formless, 74 ’ 144 360 361 ā ā ś 35 261 in Dzogch en, , , T vatim˙ sa/Tr yastrim˙ a, , in Gelugpa school, 371 Tusita/Tus.ita, 15, 35, 98, 159, 163, 176, 261 in other-emptiness view, 144 hell(s), 33, 36, 38, 39, 42, 152, 153, 229, 271 in self-emptiness view, 144 aid for beings in, 177, 178, 187, 251, 263 in Tantric Buddhism, 353 ‘hereditary temples’, 311, 313 in the Buddha’s life, 17 hermits, 206, 281, 296, 309, 454 in Theravāda, 336, 370, 371 Hevajra Tantra, 182, 191 in Tibet, 204, 370 higher knowledges, (Pali abhiññā, Skt abhijñā), in Yogācāra, 136, 137 18, 22, 32, 81, 98, 331, 332 grasping (Pali and Skt upādāna), 55, 66, 71. See also ‘Hīnayāna’, 110, 112, 113, 157, 199, 208, 297 ī ā fi 22 attachment hindrances, (Pali n varan˙ a, Skt niv ran˙ a), ve, , four sorts of, 71, 290, 393 48, 67, 68, 270, 290, 328–9, 331, grasping-fuel, bundles of (Pali upādāna-khandha, 333, 390 Skt upādāna-skandha), 52, 55, 56 mindfulness of, 83, 90, 324 Great Being (Skt Mahāsattva), 151 Hindu gods, 105, 177, 181. See also Indra; Śiva; 105 Great Man, thirty-two characteristics of a, , Vis.n˙u 166, 343 Hinduism, 9. See also Brahmanism greed. See attachment Ambedkar on, 399 Guanyin (Kuan-yin) Bodhisattva, 177, 251, 252, and Confucianism, 223 253, 262. See also Avalokiteśvara and decline of Buddhism in India, 194, 195, guilt, 40, 270, 276, 393 196

502 Index

Hinduism (cont.) and breathing, 328 as an ally of Buddhism, 193 and Dōgen, 232 as ‘including’ Buddhism, 398 and flowers, 222, 241 Buddhist influence on, 195 and potential for change, 126, 144, 266 in Nepal, 202, 418 and Pratyeka-buddhas, 99 in opposition to Buddhism, 195, 200 and the signless, 96 in syncretism with Buddhism, 200, 224, 384, and the unlovely, 192 401, 402 in Mādhyamika, 125 its influence in West, 420 in Tiantai, 343 its influence on Buddhism, 177, 180, 181, 192, of feelings, 337 383, 384 incarnations. See Transformation-bodies ā 122 236 S m˙ khya school of, India, Hoa Hao movement, 411 Buddhism in modern, 4, 377, 398–401, 415–16, Hōnen, 229, 230 418 Hong Kong, 403, 413, 425, 434 decline of Buddhism in, 194, 195–6 Hsüan-tsang. See Xuanzang Indonesia, 190, 200, 236, 377, 402, Huayan (Hua-yen) school, 145–9, 150, 403, 413 165, 170, 215, 218, 225, 226, 236, 306, Indra, Hindu god, 35, 147, 183, 184 407, 435 initiation, 193, 201, 207, 297, 312, 348 Huineng, 217, 218–20, 361 Innate vehicle (Sahaja-yāna), 193, 357 human rebirth, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 272, 285, 320 insight Humanistic Buddhism, 411, 433, 434, 464 and calm, 84, 325, 332–4 humility, 241, 267, 287 and first sermon, 23 Hwaom school, 225 and moral virtue, 40 and noble ones, 51 icchantika (Skt, one who cannot be liberated), 141 and three gateways to liberation, 96 iconoclasm, 193, 217, 231 as destroying fetters, 85 iconography. See also images of holy beings as non-delusion, 43 175 182 185 190 202 228 344 205 of man˙˙dalas, , , , , , , , as rig pa, 349–52, 353, 354, 355, 420 as sudden, 49 of Amitābha, 256 as transcendent right view, 49, 64, 83 of Avalokiteśvara, 177, 251 by direct transmission, 218 of Bodhisattvas, 177 ends ignorance, 324 of Ks.itigarbha, 178 in vipassanā meditation, 336 of Mañjuśrī, 178 into Buddha-nature, 218, 369 of the Buddha, 20, 21, 105–8 into emptiness, 108, 126, 155 sexual union in, 186 into interpenetration, 147 wrathful forms in, 186 into mortality, 18 ignorance (Pali avijjā, Skt avidyā), spiritual, 66, into True Realities for the Spiritually 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82, 124, 125, 141, Ennobled, 50, 96 324. See also delusion non-conceptual, 126, 208 as a fetter, 32, 87 of the Arahat, 78 ‘ ’ 68 ā 73–81 as a taint , with Nirv ˙na as object, images of holy beings, 20, 105–8, 238. See also insight meditation. See vipassanā iconography inter-being, 149 attitudes to, 217, 226, 240, 241, 247–9 interpenetration, 147, 148, 227 gestures of, 20, 21, 106, 348 interviews in Chan/Zen, 220, 221, 222 of the Buddha, 20, 21, 241 intuition, 137, 193, 218, 365, 372 immigrant Buddhists beyond Asia, 424–7, 428, Islam, 194, 195, 196, 201, 399, 401. See also 429, 435, 437, 439, 451, 457. See also Muslims ‘convert’; ‘ethnic’ Buddhists in West Israel, Buddhism in, 457, 458 impermanent/impermanence (Pali anicca/ aniccatā, Skt anitya/anityatā), 55, 57, 58, Jainism, 11–13, 58, 105, 194, 195 60, 84, 125, 328, 335, 336. See also ‘three Japan, 5, 171, 294, 317, 363, 376 marks’ abortion in, 272

Index 503

attitude to work in, 275 in Northern Buddhism, 342 austerities in, 309–10 routes to, 326 Buddhism from, beyond Asia, 226–35, 424, transcendent and ordinary, 82, 326 425–6, 431–4, 436, 445, 446–7, 454, 457 Jinarakkhita, 402 colonizing Korea, 412 Jizō. See Ks.itigarbha festivals in, 262, 263 Jñāna-prasthāna, 94 history of Buddhism in, 236 Jōdo school (-shū), 229, 236, 433. See also Pure early, 226–9 Land schools later, 234–5 Jōdo-shin school (-shū), 230, 234, 236, 255. See also modern, 403–9 Pure Land schools lay-orientation of Buddhism in, 298 beyond Asia, 425–6, 433, 447, 453 marriage in, 284 ethics in, 234, 264 married clerics in, 298 married clerics in, 230, 297 meat-eating by clerics in, 274, 298 Jonangpa (Jo nang pa) school, 126, 208, 209, 433 monasticism in, 294, 297, 298 joy (Pali pīti, Skt prīti) New Religions in, 404–6, 407 and awareness of dukkha, 67 number of Buddhists in, 403, 408 and chanting, 243, 318 nuns in, 298, 299 and compassion, 152 rites for the dead in, 172, 303 and karmic fruitfulness, 240 schools of Buddhism in, 95, 169, 170, 222, 229– and moral virtue, 264 34, 312, 409 and ‘pessimism’, 54 views of earlier Buddhism in, 113, 145 and shaking, 385 Zen arts in, 372–5 as a defilement of insight, 339 Jātaka stories, xxiii, 15, 98, 99–100, 104, 108, 306, as a factor of awakening, 78, 321 315, 460, 461 of bowing, 247 and ethics, 267, 272, 276, 281 of faith, 31, 45, 241, 244, 247, 256, 344 Java, 200, 402 of first Bodhisattva stage, 156 Jesus, 16, 26, 28, 29, 210, 420, 421 of giving, 45, 268, 391 jewel(s) of jhāna, 19, 21, 329, 331 city of, 147 of non-attachment, 336 -net of Indra, 147 joy, empathetic (Pali and Skt muditā), 154, 279, 326 three, 245, 250, 269 -trees, 146, 173, 345 Kabat-Zinn, Jon, 440, 450 wish-granting, 178 Kadampa (bKa’ gdams pa) school, 206, 207, jhāna (Pali, Skt dhyāna), 325, 329–30, 331 417. See also New Kadampa Tradition Ajahn Chah on, 338 Kagyüdpa (bKa’ brgyud pa) school, 126, 206, 207, and Arahatship, 331 208, 456 and ‘dry’ vipassanā, 334 and meditation, 306, 309, 354–6, 357 and five paths, 341 in Australasia and Africa, 456 and heavenly rebirths, 35, 36, 350 in Europe, 444, 450, 453, 454, 456, 464, 466 and higher knowledges, 98, 332 in North America, 433, 437–8, 442, 466 and moral virtue, 40 Kālacakra Tantra, 182, 193, 208 and points of Mahādeva, 98 Kālāma Sutta, 30–1 and stream-entry, 334 Kālī, Hindu goddess, 385 and wisdom, 334 Kamalaśīla, 116, 155, 204, 341 and Yogācāra, 129 kamis (Japanese deities), 171, 226, 227, 228, as a Bodhisattva perfection, 156 235, 257 as right concentration, 84 Kanis.ka I, emperor, 93, 94, 106 290 ī 249 279 318 claims about, Karan˙ ya-metta Sutta, , , five factors of, 329 karma, 39–46. See also karmic fruitfulness focused on Amitāyus, 345 and abortion, 272 in Chan/Zen, 217, 361, 362, 364, 367, 369 and Arahats, 77 in Dhammakāya movement, 390 and astrology, 316 in Eastern Buddhism, 343 and attention, 142 in life of the Buddha, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 50 and bodhi-citta, 154

504 Index

karma (cont.) from releasing beings, 268 and children, 283 from social development activities, 386 and Confucianism, 212 rejoicing at, 152 and ‘convert’ Buddhists, 429 sharing in generating, 268, 284 and fatalism, 41, 381 sharing/transfer of, 43–6, 112, 157, 159, 212, 227, and morality, 212 240, 262, 268, 281, 282, 295, 312, 346 and paritta chants, 249 store of, 163 and regret and repentance, 270 transferred from a Buddha, 163 and Sōka Gakkai, 404 used to make a Pure Land, 163 and suffering, 40, 41 Kashmir, 173, 194, 400, 418 40 56 271 326 331 344 346 349 350 and will/volition, , , kasin˙ a-man˙˙dalas, , , , , , -becoming, 71, 72 Kataragama, Hindu/Buddhist deity, 384, 385 belief in, 46–9, 64, 83, 152 Kathāvatthu, xxiii, 95, 97, 202 dedication of good, 157 Kegon school, 226, 236, 306, 312. See also Jain idea of, 11, 13 Huayan meditative knowledge of, 22, 29, 32, 331 kenshō (‘seeing one’s nature’), 369–71 meditative reflection on, 320 khandhas (Pali, Skt skandha) or bundles/ mirror of, 282 aggregates, five, 51, 52, 55–7 of Māra, 35 and Abhidhamma, 90 origin of idea of, 10 and chant syllables, 202 taking on bad karma of others, 157 and chariot simile, 59 Yogācāras on, 129, 131 and Conditioned Arising, 67 43–5 ‘ ’ 60 65 karmic fruitfulness (Pali puñña, Skt pun˙ ya), , and sense of Iam, , 68, 237 and the Arahat, 73, 74 and blessed water, 261 and the subtle ‘person’, 93 and bodhi-citta, 154 as consciousness and name-and-form, 70 and Dharma-body, 167 as emptiness, 120 and Enjoyment-body, 166 as hollow, 58 and gender, 285 as non-Self, 58, 62 and joy, 240, 246 as not owned, 64 254 ‘ ’ 64 and Man˙ i mantra, as the existing group , and motive, 268 constant rebirth of, 71 and rebirth in a Pure Land, 174 mindfulness of, 83, 90, 324 and released prisoners, 101 of dukkha, 66 and self-immolation, 273 ‘three marks’ of, 57 as aiding timely rains, 261 Khmer Rouge, 64, 271, 376, 397 as empty, 151, 157, 217 kings as protecting, 226 as a threat, 153 bases for effecting it, 44, 267 as Bodhisattvas, 197, 198 chanting as bringing it to fruition, 249 Buddhist ideal for, 101 criticisms of focusing on, 381, 387, 399 choice of first, 38 dedication of to Buddhahood, 153, 157 kōans (Jap.), 221–2, 232, 235, 347, 361, 362, 366–9, ‘ethnic’ Buddhists as focusing on, 429 466 fields of, 100, 245, 246, 267, 302, 314 Korea, 5, 224–6, 236, 376, 403, 412–13 from chanting, 249 Buddhists from, beyond Asia, 426, 433, 435, from copying texts, 109 440, 457, 458 from digging wells, 386 married clerics in, 298 from festivals, 259 monasticism in, 295, 306, 312 from giving, 267, 268, 275, 303 nuns in, 299, 301 from making offerings, 241 Ks.atriya class, 9, 14, 25, 196 from meditation, 44 Ks.itigarbha (Jap. Jizō) Bodhisattva, 178, 259 from moral virtue, 44 Kuan-yin Bodhisattva. See Guanyin from ordination, 261, 296 Kūkai, 148, 227 from pilgrimage, 258 Kumārajīva, 116, 213, 214 from precept-taking, 269 Kusha school, 95

Index 505

Kyeyul school, 226. See also Lü Lan˙kāvatāra Sūtra, xxiii, 131, 139, 143, 168, 217, 218 Kyoto, 227, 229, 259 and vegetarianism, 274 Laos, 5, 200, 201, 236, 260, 300, 311, 376, 377, 397, Ladakh, 400, 418 398 laity. See also upāsikās; upāsakas Buddhists from in West, 426, 453, 454, 457 activism and leadership by, 280, 378, 379, 380, Laozi (Lao-tzu), 211, 213 381, 404, 429 latent tendencies (Pali anusaya, Skt anuśaya), 68, and ‘New Religions’, 298 69, 71, 334 and possessions, 393 ‘latter-day Dharma’ (Ch. mofa (ma-fa), Jap. Arahatship among, 288 mappō), 216, 228, 229, 233 as Bodhisattvas, 112, 151, 294, 404 letting go, 40, 73, 96, 116, 230, 333, 336, 364, 390 as Noble persons, 85, 112, 246, 288 Light of Asia, The, 420, 441 as patrons, 88 Linji (Lin-chi), 222 as ritual specialists, 296, 316 Linji (Lin-chi) Chan (Ch’an) school, 222, 225. See as yogins, 209 also Rinzai Zen celibacy among, 278, 380, 449 literacy, 306, 315, 316 chanting by, 250, 318 logic, 30, 114, 115, 122, 123, 124, 128, 208, 308, ‘convert’ Buddhist emphasis on, 429 366, 462 how the Buddha taught, 48 Lokottaravāda school, 98 in Mahāyāna, 112 Lotus Sūtra, xxiii, 110, 163, 164, 165, 166, 216, 236, in tantric Buddhism, 189, 190, 296 250, 310 meditation by, 220, 315, 319, 385, 388, 395, 429 and Avalokiteśvara, 177, 251 ordination for, 269 and Nichiren school, 233, 257–8 precepts of, 269 and Risshō-kōseikai, 406 relationship with monastics, 212, 250, 267, and Sōka Gakkai, 404, 446 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 297, 299, 301, 302, and Tiantai/Tendai school, 169, 227, 233, 343 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 311, 314–17, 319, devotion to, 233, 343 380, 387 ﬁrst translation of in West, 422 spiritual limitations of life of, 288 lotus symbolism, 28, 174, 177, 178, 181, 198, 241, temporary ordination of, 260, 296 251, 256, 345, 346, 354, 356. See also Lotus typical Buddhist concerns of, 102 Sūtra ‘Vinaya’ for, 282 lovingkindness (Pali mettā, Skt maitrī), 30, 31, 43, Lalitavistara, 14 192, 266, 278–81, 284, 319, 327, 333, 342, Lama (Tib. bLa ma), 190, 204, 347 439, 443, 446. See also brahma-vihāras as a refuge, 246 and mindfulness, 323 as a trulku, 207 and past lives, 38, 154 female, 285 and Sarvodaya Śramadāna, 381 initiation by a, 348 as a Bodhisattva perfection, 156 lay, 296 in right resolve, 83 obedience to one’s, 347 of Arahats, 77, 111 visualization of, 247 of Bodhisattvas, 154 Lamotte, E., 423 protective power of, 26, 249 Lamrim Ch’enmo (Lam rim che ba), 208, 341 Lü school, 215, 294. See also Kyeyul; Ritsu language and solipsism, 134 Madhyamaka-kārikā, xxiv, 115, 122 and subject/object duality, 133 Mādhyamika school, 72, 114–27, 150 Chan/Zen use of, 221 and Gelugpa school, 169, 208 esoteric, 190 and Huayan school, 148, 149, 150 limitations of, 74, 119–20, 124 and Kadampa school, 206 of the Buddha, 3 and Pure Land school, 216 of ultimate truth, 90 and Tathāgata-garbha thought, 127, 138, 140, sacred, 201, 243 142–4, 150 teaching in local, 25 and Yogācāra, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137 Lan˙kā, 95, 196–9, 200, 201, 202, 300, 304, 305. See and Zen, 220 also Ceylon; Sri Lanka in China, 214

506 Index

Madhyānta-vibhāga, xxiv, 128 Mahā-yoga, 182, 183, 185, 193, 204, 356 Madhyānta-vibhāga-kārikā-bhā.sya, xxiv, 128 Mahinda, 102, 196, 197, 260 magic, 11, 159, 180, 181, 182, 189, 198, 202, 204, 208, ‘Mainstream’ Buddhism, 113 213, 236, 350, 384, 385 Maitreya Bodhisattva, 115, 128, 139, 146, 159, 172, like an illusion of, 58, 117, 137 175, 176. See also Metteyya Mahā Bodhi Society, 379, 398, 420, 441 Maitreya Buddha, 163, 169, 421 Mahādeva, ﬁve points of, 89, 97, 98 Maitreya/Maitreyanātha the teacher, 128 Mahākassapa (Pali, Skt Mahākāśyapa), 28, 222 Malaysia, 200, 236, 377, 401–2, 403, 413, 432 Mahāmudrā practice, 355, 357, 358–9, 360, 363, 365 manas. See mind-organ Mahānidāna Sutta, 65 mandalas, 175, 182, 185, 190, 202, 228, 349–52, 353, ā ā ī ā ā ī 17 18 ˙˙ 354 355 420 Mah paj pat (Pali, Skt Mah praj pat ), , , , , . See also kasin˙ a-man˙˙dalas 24, 167, 298, 299 Man˙gala Sutta, 249 Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, 26, 27 Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva, 175, 178, 179, 186, 259, 353 ā ā ū 140 141 145 215 233 234 3 4 180–2 214 Mah parinirv ˙naS tra, , , , , , Mantranaya, , , , . See also Milgyo; Mahāsamaya Sutta, 444 Northern Buddhism; Shingon; Zhenyan ā ā 90 93 97 98 108 ‘ ’ 246 Mah s m˙ ghika fraternity, , , , , extra refuges in, Mahāsī Sayadaw, 337, 338, 439 images in, 247 Mahā-siddhas, 182, 189, 193, 204 in Southern Buddhism, 198, 201 Mahāsthāmaprāpta Bodhisattva, 176, 256, 345 initiations in, 348 Mahāsudassana Sutta, 147 mantras, 3, 180, 182, 193, 254, 310, 348, 349, 352, ā 196 300 383 355 356 358 446 Mah vam˙ sa chronicle, xxiv, , , , , , Mahāvastu, xxiv, 14, 98, 100, 164 and nembutsu chant, 255 Mahāvibhā.sā, 94 in Hinduism, 9, 180 Mahāyāna, 2, 3, 4. See also Eastern Buddhism; in image consecrations, 248 Northern Buddhism in Shingon, 228 and Hinduism, 195 in Southern Buddhism, 244, 389 ā ā 93 98 181 254 and Mah s m˙ ghikas, , Man˙ i mantra, , and Mahā-siddhas, 189 Mantrayāna. See Mantranaya and Mantranaya, 180, 182 mappō. See ‘latter-day Dharma’ and Vajrayāna, 189 Māra, tempter deity, 35, 79, 97, 158, 390 and vegetarianism, 191 cannot be female, 285 Buddhahood as goal of, 38 conquest of, 20–1, 26, 390 Buddhology of, 28, 161–72 marriage, 5, 260, 275, 283, 284, 295, 296, 449 code of discipline, 294, 297 married clergy ethical ﬂexibility of, 271 in Japan, 230, 297, 298 focuses of devotion, 250–8 in Korea, 298, 299, 312, 412 in Central Asia, 195 in Nepal, 203, 297 in South-east Asia, 199, 200, 224, 254, 388, 398, in Tibet, 296 402, 413 ‘marvel of the pairs’, 26, 262 in Sri Lanka, 197, 198 meditation, 82, 318–75. See also concentration, in Tibet, 204 meditative; jhāna level of motivation, 208, 320 as citta-bhāvanā, 318 meditation in, 340–375 and sexual union, 356 nature of, 110–13 and study, 225, 305–6 on True Realities for the Spiritually Ennobled, 50 and Zen arts, 372 pantheon of, 172–78 as a Bodhisattva perfection, 158, 280 philosophies of, 114–50 aspect of the path, 82, 83, 84 ‘refuges’ in, 246 by laity, 315, 319, 380, 385, 387, 388, 395 rise of, 108–10 Chan emphasis on, 217 sexual equality in, 285 chanting as, 243, 280, 318 Sūtras of, 4, 108–10, 214 ‘convert’ Buddhist emphasis on, 429 temple images in, 238 in sādhanas, 352 Mahāyāna-abhidharma Sūtra, 128, 131, 141, 143 life of, 308–10, 311 Mahāyāna-samgraha, xxiv, 128, 137, 152, 165 posture in, 232, 320, 361 ā ā ū˙ ā ā 143 159 165 321–4 Mah y na-s tr lam˙ k ra, , , qualities developed by,

Index 507

meditation camps, 398 in Abhidhamma, 91, 92 meditation centres, 380, 395 in jhāna, 330 in West, 437, 439, 442, 443, 444, 450, 453 levels of, 131, 354, 356 meditation-hall, 239, 313, 361 like a thunderbolt, 78, 183 meditation on meditation as training of, 319 Amitābha, 216, 344, 345 ordinary, 359 brahma-vihāras, 279 original, 343, 366 breathing, 328, 335 puriﬁcation of, 44, 257, 339 cakras and channels, 353 radiant, 127, 144, 353, 359 emptiness, 342, 344 relation to body, 361 kōans, 221, 366 rig pa mode of, 144, 359, 361 349 350 143 365 man˙˙dalas, , state of no-mind, , sitting, 362 stilling of, 320 the nature of mind, 344, 357 straightforward, 371 the ‘three marks’, 335 taints affecting, 68 thirty-two characteristics of a Buddha, 343 true nature of, 142, 144, 357, 359, 360 various objects, 323–4, 326–7, 342, 343 uniﬁcation/one-pointedness of, 322, 323, 329, walking, 309, 335 330, 342 yidams, 349, 353 when calm and open, 333 meditation texts, 4, 197, 210, 326, 343 Yogācāras on, 130–3 meditationless meditation, 359, 360, 363 Mind, One, 145, 150, 170, 214, 215, 218, 225, 235 meditative images, 134, 328, 329, 331, 353, 362 mind-and-body (Pali and Skt nāma-rūpa), 66, 67, memorial rituals, 45, 281, 282, 303, 315, 406 70. See also ‘sentient body’ under body 70 129 131 ā 74 memory, , , Nirv ˙na as beyond, and jhāna, 330 stopping of, 76 and mindfulness, 322, 323 mindfulness (Pali sati, Skt smr.ti), 57, 81, 322–3. See as meditative recollection, 105, 162, 173, 174, also ‘as meditative recollection’ under 216, 253, 280, 318, 322, 323, 326, 327, 344, ‘memory’; right mindfulness 345 and concentration, 342 of past lives, 22, 29, 32, 37, 48, 49, 331, 332 and conscience, 270 of texts, 109, 196, 243, 250, 307, 308, 345 and freedom of action, 69 mental actions, 40, 68, 265 and jhāna, 330 merchants, Buddhist, 25, 195, 210 and non-intoxication, 277 merit. See karmic fruitfulness and samatha meditation, 325 mettā. See lovingkindness and vipassana meditation, 334 Metteyya Bodhisattva, 15, 35, 112, 176, 198, 295. See as a factor of awakening, 78, 321 also Maitreya four applications of (Pali satipat..thāna, Skt middle way smr.tyupasthāna), 321, 323–4, 334, 341, 342, of practice, 23, 81, 82, 88, 270, 320, 448 343, 357 of understanding, 72–3, 115, 118, 120, 130, 136 in Dzogch’en practice, 360 Milarepa (Mi la ras pa), 206, 258, 277 in Mahāmudrā practice, 358 Milgyo school, 226, 347. See also Zhenyan letting go of, 359, 365 Milindapañha, xxiv, 4, 460 needed for right concentration, 323 mind. See ālaya-vijñāna; ‘brightly shining mind’; of actions, 391, 412, 454 citta; consciousness; mind-organ; of breathing, 326, 328, 344, 443, 446 unconscious aspects of the mind of death, 326 as basis of all, 143, 145 of dhammas, 90 as empty, 143 of feeling, 335, 337 as intrinsically pure, 141, 143, 277, 347, 352, 369 of sitting, 362 as like a mirror, 219 of the body, 21, 192, 323, 326, 335, 337, 338 as radiant, 247, 372 of walking, 335 as ‘that which knows’, 338 use of in therapies, 440, 450 become immeasurable, 327 working with concentration, 325 driven-ness of, 333 mind-organ (Pali mano, Skt manas), 57, 70, 91, healthy state of, 265 131, 365

508 Index

mind-reading, 22, 77, 331 respect for, 49, 101, 283 mind-to-mind transmission, 218, 225, 232, 361 the Buddha’s, 16, 17, 261 modernism, Buddhist, 28, 171, 248, 293, 307, 378, mudrās, 228. See also gestures 379, 380, 390, 398, 399, 419, 429, 430, 441, Mu-lian (Mu-lien), 262 452, 458 Muslims (see also Islam), 194, 196, 207, 273, Moggallāna (Pali, Skt Maudgalyāyana), 14, 24, 262 395, 401 Mo-ho Zhi-Guan (Mo-ho Chih-Kuan), 343 momentariness, 84, 90, 91, 92, 94, 129, 131, 340 Nāgārjuna, xxiv, xxvi, 114–27, 168, 214, 280 Mon country, 102, 199, 200 Nara sects, 227, 312 monastic code. See Vinaya Nāropa, 189 monastic day, 312 six yogas of, 353–6 monastic discipline. See Vinaya nature monastic robes, 294 care for, 273 monasticism, role of, 17, 88, 288–9 co-development of humans and, 38 monastic–lay relationship. See under laity conservation of, 386, 387 Mongkut, king, 385 in the Buddha’s life, 16 Mongolia/Mongolians, 5, 206, 210, 223, 236, 272, in Zen art, 373 376, 377, 403, 417 nature spirits, 240 influence of in Tibet, 208, 209 navel, role of in meditation, 354, 355, 362, 389 invasions by, 231 neither-perception-nor-non-perception, sphere monks (Pali bhikkhu, Skt bhiks.u), 287–317. See of, 19, 34, 35, 79, 331 also San˙gha, monastic nembutsu (Jap., Ch. nianfo (nien-fo)), and education, 197, 296, 307, 315, 380 Buddha-recollection, 216, 229, 230, and money, 89, 278, 292 255. See also ‘as meditative recollection’ and politics, 316, 379, 396 under ‘memory’ and welfare/development work, 280, 316, 380, in Chan liturgy, 222 386–7, 395 kōan related to, 366 as chaplains, 379 Nichiren on, 233 as soldiers, 234 Nepal, 14, 202, 203, 236, 377, 401, 415, 418, medical activities of, 280, 316, 386 428, 447 number of, 288, 298, 299, 410, 412, 414, 415, Buddhists from in West, 442 417, 434 non-celibate clerics in, 297 respect for, 240, 288 nuns in, 300, 302 role of in modern society, 387 Sanskrit Buddhist texts from, xviii, 3, 422 wandering, 195, 308, 313, 316 Theravāda in, 377, 401, 418 Western, 379, 434, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 452, Tibetans in, 415, 438, 456 456 New Kadampa Tradition, 417, 433, 439, 442, moral virtue (Pali sīla, Skt śīla), 44, 48, 78, 82, 83, 444–5, 450, 466 264. See also ethics; precepts New Religions and faith, 322 of Japan, 298, 404–6, 407 and joy, 264 of Thailand, 388–94 and meditation, 40, 264, 339 New Zealand, Buddhism in, 427, 428, 434, 443, and the defilements, 334 446, 456, 457 as a Bodhisattva perfection, 156, 157 Nhat Hanh, Thich, 149, 412, 433, 435, 442, 454 in the Mahāyāna, 152 nianfo (nien-fo). See nembutsu ā ā path as this, meditation and wisdom, Nibb na. See Nirv ˙na 82–4, 167 Nichiren, 233–4, 426 recollection of, 327 Nichiren schools, 169, 233–4, 234, 236, 257–8, mother 297, 312, 406, 409, 433, 451, 452. See also aid for, 283 Sōka Gakkai all beings have been one’s mothers, 154 Nichiren Shōshū, 172, 405, 436 as model of lovingkindness, 279 Nichiren Shū, 172, 436 -goddess, 251 Nipponzan Myōhōji Order, 447 of all Buddhas, 189, 286 Risshō-kōseikai, 406 ordination as benefiting one’s, 45 Sōka Gakkai, 404–6

Index 509

nidāna (Pali and Skt) as a religious does a Bodhisattva postpone it?, 160–1 connection, 237 during life (Skt sopadhiśes.a Nirvāna, Pali sa- ā 65 ā ā 74–6 ˙ Nid na Sam˙ yutta, up disesa Nibb na), Nidānakathā, xxv, 14 in self-emptiness view, 127 ā ā 96 125–6 137 182 nid nas (Pali and Skt), the twelve conditioning its relation to sam˙ s ra, , , , , links, 65, 72, 74 215, 344 nikāyas (monastic fraternities), 2, 89, 290 Mahāyāna on, 111, 116 and ﬁrst schism, 89 ‘non-abiding’ (Skt (apratis..thita) type of, 137, and Mahāyāna, 109, 113 158, 161, 165 and schools, 89 not conditioned by Path to it, 75 and Vinaya, 290 pseudo-, 339, 369 ā ā 97 326 Mah s m˙ ghika ones, recollection of its peace, mainly Śrāvakayāna ones, 113 shining mind as potential for, 68 of Sri Lanka, 197, 198, 202, 293, 305, 311 stream-enterer’s glimpse of, 23, 80, 84, 85, of Thailand, 202, 293, 386 92, 326 Sthavira ones, 97 Yogācāras on, 136 ‘Theravāda’ as name for one, 198 Noble Eight-factored Path. See Eight-factored Vibhajyavāda ones, 95 Path, Noble Nikāyas (texts), xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxv, 3, 15, 50, Noble persons, 30, 51, 85–7, 246, 390. See also 459–60 Arahats; non-returners; once-returners; ā ā 2 22 73–4 Nirv ˙na (Skt, Pali Nibb na), xviii, , , stream-enterers and consciousness, 75–6, 79–80 Bodhisattvas who are, 126, 156, 160, 171, 246, 341 and higher knowledges, 331, 332 Noble Truths. See True Realities for the and the Arahat, 78 Spiritually Ennobled and the Tathāgata-garbha, 141 no-mind (Jap. mu-shin, Ch. wuxin (wu-hsin)), and transcendental action, 40 143, 365 as a dhamma, 91 non-attachment (Pali and Skt virāga), 59, 67, 72, as an object of insight, 80–1 73, 75, 81, 119, 148, 268, 308, 443 as aspect of Dhamma-body, 167 joy of, 336 as blissful, 56, 191 non-duality, 139, 353 as Buddhahood, 111, 142 of ‘pure’ and ‘impure’, 138 52 ā ā 126 as cessation of craving and dukkha, of sam˙ s ra and Nirv ˙na, as cessation of the nidānas, 66, 86 of subject and object, 135, 136, 144, 150, 169, 221, as conceptually dependent on the 344, 355, 359, 360, 372 conditioned, 118 non-returners (Pali and Skt anāgāmin), 35, 82, 86, as dependent on designation, 119 87, 92, 159, 163, 246, 288, 331, 332, 341 as Dhamma, 29, 65, 245 non-Self (Pali anattā, Skt anātman), 57–62, 64, as ‘further shore’, 31 72, 77, 96, 129, See also empty; Self as ‘God’, 402 and Chan, 221 as long-term goal, 38 and ethics, 267 as non-Self, 59, 60, 390 Critical Buadhists on, 145, 407–8 as opposite of dukkha, 55 Dhammakāya movement on, 390 as seen simultaneously with seeing dukkha, George Grimm on, 452 96, 119 Mahāyāna on, 116, 158 as the Deathless, 17, 23, 27, 72, 336 meditation on, 333, 335–7, 343 as the empty/emptiness, the signless, aim-free, non-sensuality, 83, 89, 280, 293, 328 81, 96, 129, 139, 340, 363 non-violence, 13, 38, 271–5, 383 as ‘touched’ in cessation, 332 Northern Buddhism, 4, 5, 180, 202–10, 223, as unconditioned, 60, 95 413–18, 433, 442, 465. See also as ‘within’ sentient body, 70, 191, 389 Mantranaya; tantric Buddhism; Tibet; at death, 28 Vajrayāna ś ā 304 beyond death (Skt nir-upadhi- es.a Nirv ˙na, commercial activities of monasteries in, Pali an-upādi-sesa Nibbāna), 78–80, divorce in, 284 164, 165 extra ‘refuges’ in, 246 Dhamakāya movement on, 390 festivals in, 261

510 Index

Northern Buddhism (cont.) offerings, 103, 178, 237, 241–3, 245, 263, 353 gender equality in, 285 fire, 227 how term ‘Hīnayāna’ used in, 112 foul, 191, 192 Lamas in, 296 Olcott, H.S., 378, 421 254 ā ā Man˙ i mantra in, once-returners (Pali sakad g min, Skt meat-eating in, 274 sakr.dāgamin), 86, 87, 92, 245, 341 monastic schedule in, 312 ‘one vehicle’ (eka-yāna), 111, 159 mystery plays in, 315 and ‘three vehicles’, 111, 215 nuns in, 300 oral transmission, 3, 9, 14, 196, 205, 206, 207, 218, observance days in, 259 225, 236, 307, 348 offerings in, 243 ‘ordinary person’ (Pali puthujjana, Skt practice of medicine in, 316 pr.thagjana), 81, 85 prostrations in, 241 ordination, 86, 112, 261, 268, 311 rites for the dead in, 281 and cross-tradition co-operation, 301 śamatha and vipaśyanā in, 341 and sharing of karmic fruitfulness, 45, 227 solitary retreats in, 309 first in Europe, 455 study in, 308 for nuns, 300, 301 support for monks in, 303 higher and lower, 294, 296, 445 tantric meditation in, 347–61 in Santi Asoke, 393 types of religious personnel in, 296 lay, 269, 445 Vinaya used in, 290 of first Westerner, 441 nothingness, sphere of, 18, 34, 331 of trees, 387 no-thought (Jap. mu-nen (Ch wu-nian (wu- of women, 298–9 nien))), 364, 365, 366, 369, 370, 372 patterns and types of, 294–8 novices (Pali sāmanera, Skt śrāmaneraka; female, quorum for, 295 ā ā˙ ś ī 18 199 212 294 409 s man˙ erik , raman˙ er ), , , , , resumption of in China, 295, 306, 311, 389, 397, 401, 443 temporary, 260, 289, 388 precepts of, 278, 292, 294, 296, 302 ordination line, 2, 198, 199, 200, 207, 237, 293, 301 nuns, Japanese, 298 for nuns, 278, 300, 439 nuns, number of, 298, 299, 300, 410, 412 original awakening/enlightenment (Jap. hongku nuns with higher ordination (Pali bhikkhunī, Skt shisō ), 145, 218, 228, 371, 407 ī 285 287 292 460 222 367 370 bhiks.un˙ ), , , , original face, , , as Arahats, 285 original mind, 343, 366 as one of the ‘four assemblies’, 287 original sinlessness/purity, 68, 138, 140 in Eastern Buddhism, 299 other religions, Buddhism and, 5, 27, 399. See also in Southern Buddhism, 300 Bön; Brahmanism; Christianity; loss of in Southern Buddhism, 198, 300 Confucianism; Daoism; Hinduism; new ones in Southern Buddhism, 380, 448, 457 Islam; Jainism; Shintō origin of their order, 24, 298–9 other-power, 216, 222, 235–6, 247, 256, 347 revival of their order in Southern and Northern own-nature/own-existence (Skt svabhāva, Pali Buddhism, 301–2 sabhāva), 93. See also under empty rules for, 290 and gender, 286 nuns without higher ordination, 278 and tantric visualizations, 347, 353 300 ū 147 in Northern Buddhism, Avatam˙ saka S tra on, in Southern Buddhism, 305, 393, 401, 443 Huayan school on, 148 Nyingmapa (rNying ma pa) school, 126, 144, 183, Mādhyamikas on, 115, 116–19, 120, 121, 122, 126, 204–5, 207, 209, 296, 309, 357, 418 130 and Bön, 206 meditation on lack of, 342, 344 and Ri-may, 209 Perfection of Wisdom Sutrason,116, 143, 151, 172 in the West, 433, 437, 438, 453, 454, 457 Sarvāstivādins on, 93, 94 Vibhajyavādin/Theravādins on, 97 Ōbaku Zen school, 235 Yogācāras on, 134, 135 objectless consciousness/thought, 74, 76, 80, 136 observance days (Pali uposatha, Skt pos.adha), 240, Padmasambhava, 189, 204, 205 259, 273, 274, 277, 278, 289 Pagodas, 2, 105, 238, 410, 447, 451. See also Stūpas

Index 511

Pai-chang. See Baizhang in Cambodia, 200 Pakistan, 9, 106, 194, 236 in China, 214, 223 Pali, xviii, 3, 62, 306 in India, 195 Pali Canon, 3. See also under Canons of scripture in Korea, 225 Pali literature, non-canonical, 4, 196, 197 in Sri Lanka, 199 Pali Text Society, 307, 391, 422 in Tibet, 205 Panchen Lama, 171, 208, 416 persecution of non-Buddhists by Buddhist- Parakkama Bahu I, king, 198 related governments, 235, 382, 395 Paramārtha, 214 person, concept of a, 56–62, 91, 93, 94, 116, 119, ā ā 28 103 125 339 parinirv ˙na (Skt, Pali parinibb na), , , celebration of, 260, 261, 395 ‘personality view’, 64. See also Self-identity view of the Buddha’s relics, 80 pessimism, 54, 420, 422. See also happiness; joy site of, 258 Petavatthu, xxv, 45 paritta (Pali) chants, 100, 180, 236, 249–50, 253, physics, 121 279, 316 pilgrimage, 101, 102, 227, 236, 258–9, 260, 308 Path, Ten-factored, 85, 87 spiritual, 146, 201 paths, five, 155–6, 341 ‘Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch’, xxv, 219, patience (Pali khanti, Skt ks.ānti), 156, 254, 266, 307, 363, 371 280 politics and Buddhism, 101, 316, 376 pā.timokkha (Pali, Skt prātimoks.a) code, 289–94, in Eastern Buddhism, 213, 227, 228, 234, 406, 310 409, 410, 411 Pat.isambhidāmagga, xxv, 96, 192, 460 in Northern Buddhism, 205, 207, 209, 317 Pat..thāna, 91, 92, 202 in Southern Buddhism, 317, 379, 383, 387, 389, Payutto, Prayudh, 388 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399 peace activities by Buddhists, 381, 397, 405, 435, 447 possession by spirits, demons or deities, 48, 203, Nobel Peace Prizes won, 396, 416 210, 385, 406 ā ā 56 58 67 70 80 103 238 248 perception (Pali saññ , Skt sam˙ jñ ), , , , , power-for-good, , , , 81, 91, 125, 126, 132 Prabhūtaratna Buddha, 257, 258 Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñāpāramitā) Prasannapadā, 115 Bodhisattva, 286 Pratyeka-buddhas. See under Buddhas, kinds of Perfection of Wisdom (Skt Prajñāpāramitā) prayer, 110, 112, 157, 159, 163, 165, 177, 178, 237, 313 Sūtras, xxi, xxvi, 114–27, 128, 143, 151, 155, prayer-flags, 254 156, 461 prayer-wheel, 254 and Chan/Zen, 217, 219, 220 precepts, ethical, 153, 268–71, 291 and Mañjuśrī, 178 breaking from compassion, 192, 271 Bodhisattvas in, 172 chanting of, 259, 269, 378 in China, 210, 213, 307 eight and ten, 278, 288, 289, 294, 300, 319, 379, in Huayan school, 215 393, 445 on giving, 365 of Bodhisattvas, 294, See also Brahmajāla Sūtra study of in West, 423 code of precepts term dharmakāya in, 167, 168 of the FWBO, 449 perfections (Skt pāramitā, Pali pāramī), 15, 116, second to fifth, 275–7 155–60, 280, 341, 460 ten great, 294, 297 and Mahāyāna ethics, 153 the first, 271–5 and the Dharma-body, 95 three pure, 294 181 ‘ ’ 280 and the Man˙ i mantra, Precious Garland of Advice for the King , and the thirty-two characteristics, 106 priest-like roles of monks, 287, 316 from Nichiren chanting, 257 printing, 223, 225, 234, 306, 307, 308 in Amitābha’s Pure Land, 173 protection in Southern Buddhism, 156, 280 by amulets, 316 of Gotama, 20, 28 by chanting, 201, 233, 249, 257, 316. See also path of the, 180 parittas three levels of the, 99 by Dhamma, 101 persecution of Buddhists by gods, 35, 45, 204, 213, 227, 258, 262, 384, 385, by Communists, 5, 376, 412, 414, 427 416

512 Index

protection (cont.) and meditation, 350 by heavenly Bodhisattvas, 178, 251, 384 and moral virtue, 40, 154, 212, 266 by heavenly Buddhas, 164, 175, 257, 313 and non-Self, 62, 67 by karmically fruitful rites, 226 as an animal, 33, 42 by kindness, 26 as dukkha, 53 by mindfulness, 249, 322 belief in, 46–9, 64, 83 by power of relics, 248 changing identity between two, 69 by rituals, 227 chosen type of, 171 magical, 11, 182, 202, 213, 385 Confucian scepticism on, 212 ‘Protestant Buddhism’, 378, 381, 384, 385 contemporary evidence for, 48 psychic powers, 24, 26, 153, 157, 165, 180, 213, ‘convert’ Buddhists’ minimal concern with, 331, 332 429 psychology, Buddhist, 91, 440 good rebirth as a goal, 102, 208, 329, 460 ‘public monasteries’, 311, 313, 409 implications of, 38–9 Pudgalavāda school, 92, 93, 97 in a Pure Land, 163, 174, 216, 346, 356 Puggala-paññatti, 91 moment to moment, 71, 448 pūjā, ‘reverencing’, 240, 380, 446 non-Buddhist beliefs on, 10, 11, 13 pure abodes (Pali suddhāvāsa, Skt śuddhāvāsa), 35, of the ego, 387 36, 86, 159, 163 power to control by meditation, 158 Pure Land (Ch. Jingtu (Ching-t’u)) schools, 173, recollection. See under memory 246, 255. See also Jōdo and Jōdo-shin reformism in modern Buddhism, 293, 380, 385, in China, 216–17, 223, 255 407, 411 in Japan, 229–30, 233, 234, 256, 312, 409 reformists in early Buddhism, 90 224 ś in Korea, refuge(s) (Pali saran˙ a, Skt aran˙ a) in syncretism with Chan/Zen, 222, 235 Ambedkar as a, 399 in Vietnam, 224, 411 and controversy over Dorje Shugden, 416 in West, 425, 433, 434, 435, 442, 447 going for, 86, 244, 378 345–7 ā 75 meditation in, Nirv ˙na as a, Sūtras of, 165, 173, 216 one’s Lama and yidam as, 246 Pure Lands (Ch. jingtu (ching-t’u)), 162–3, 166, oneself as a, 26, 236 170, 174, 175, 210 the three, 85, 240, 241, 244–7, 249, 339 in tantric Buddhism, 185, 350, 351, 354, 356 regret, moral, 40, 42, 246, 270 making one on earth, 411 releasing of living beings, 260, 262, 268, 273, 281 of Amitābha, 172, 173–4, 282, 345–7. See also relics (Pali sarīra, Skt śarīra), 27, 100, 102, 103, Sukhāvatī 167, 172, 196, 236, 238, 248, 258, 447 purgatory, 174 in images, 248 ﬁ 339–40 ā 80 puri cation, seven stages of, parinirv ˙na of, purity and deﬁlement, 68, 137, 140–2 renunciation, 17–18, 31, 43, 83, 97, 106, 268, 277, purposelessness in Zen, 363 287, 294 Pu-tai. See Budai as a perfection, 156 way of, 204 ‘rains’ period. See Vassa repentance ceremonies, 241, 270, 343 Rājagaha (Pali, Skt Rājagr.ha), 24, 88 representation-only (vijñapti-mātra), 130, 136 Ratana Sutta, 249, 250 Rhys Davids, T.W., 422, 441 ‘rationalism’ of Buddhism, 393, 398, 399, 407, rig pa (Tib.), pure awareness, 144, 205, 419, 451 359–60, 361 Ratnagotra-vibhāga, xxv, 140, 141, 142, 143 right action, 81, 82, 83, 276, 277 Ratnasambhava Buddha, 185, 348 right concentration, 81, 84, 323, 334, 391. See also realms, three, 34, 35–6, 330, 331 concentration, meditative rebirth, 22, 32–6, 320. See also antarā-bhava; right effort, 81, 82, 83, 84, 105, 322, 323, 334 ā 81 83 269 274 human rebirth; sam˙ s ra; trulkus right livelihood, , , , and a ‘good death’, 281 right mindfulness, 81, 82, 83, 277, 323. See also and consciousness, 69, 70, 356 mindfulness and gender, 285 right resolve, 81, 82, 83, 278 and karma, 39, 40, 42 right speech, 81, 83, 276, 277

Index 513 72 81 82 83 334 Ś 11–14 17 18 27 88 101 right view/understanding, , , , , Saman˙ as(Pali,Skt raman˙ a), , , , , , two levels of, 48, 49, 64, 82, 83, 84 Sāmaññaphala Sutta, 11 Ri-may (Ris med) movement, 209–10, 437 Samantabhadra Bodhisattva and Buddha, 144, 165, Rinzai Zen school, 231, 232, 234, 235, 304, 361, 367, 170, 178, 185, 193, 205, 259, 361 371. See also Linji samatha (Pali, Skt śamatha, calm) meditation, in West, 431, 432, 433, 442, 445, 455, 456 325–32 Risshō-kōseikai, 406, 433, 466 and Chan/Zen, 362, 363, 364 Ritsu school, 231. See also Lü and Dhammakāya movement, 389, 390 ritual(s), 45, 238, 303. See also memorial rituals and Dzogch’en, 359 appeal of in early Japan, 226 and Pure Land meditation, 345, 346 Bōdhi Pūjā, 380 and Santi Asoke, 391 bowing, 241 and shaking from joy, 385 Chan/Zen, 220 and vipassanā, 324–5, 332–4, 340–4 ‘convert’ Buddhists as having little interest and vipassanā in tantric meditation, 347, 353 in, 429 and vipassanā yoked, 325, 361, 367 dances, 261 in UK, 442, 443–4, 450 for aborted children, 272 Samatha Trust, 339, 433, 442, 443, 444, 450 goma ritual, 227 samatha-yāna, 325 implements used in tantric, 186 and Chan/Zen, 361, 364, 370 in Dhammakāya movement, 390 and Mahāmudra, 358 201 ū 128 in esoteric Southern Buddhism, Sam˙ dhinirmocana S tra, monastic, 313 sameness mudrās, 348 of beings, 147, 151 of image consecration, 248 of dharmas, 120, 147 ‘ ’ 262 349 ā ‘ ’ of killing evil, , sam˙ s ra (Pali and Skt, wandering on ; of repentance, 241, 270, 343 conditioned world of rebirth), 32, 158. See precept-taking, 269 also Nirvāna, non-abiding kind of 228 ˙ ā ā Shingon, its relation to Nirv ˙na. See under Nirv ˙na tantric, 3, 180, 190, 312, 455 Tathāgata-garbha as its basis, 141 texts for tantric, 190 samurai, 228, 231, 235, 275 water-pouring, 20 Samyé (bSam yas) debate, 204, 370 43 265 ˙ 2 roots of unskilful and skilful actions, , , Sangha (Pali, Skt Sam˙ gha), monastic, , 277, 290 287–317. See also Lamas; monasticism; rosaries, 244, 254, 255, 344 monks; novices; nuns; and under rules and observances, clinging to, 71, 85, 264, 393 refuge(s) Russia, 5, 210, 417, 421, 422, 426 as a ‘field of karmic fruitfulness’, 267 as ‘led’ by Dhamma and Vinaya, 26 sacrifices, Brahmanical, 9, 10, 11, 30, 101, 195 early, 2, 88–90 Saichō, 227, 297 its relation to Chinese emperors, 211 Śaivism, 181, 182, 191, 195, 199, 200, 201, 224, 384 protective chanting by, 250 Sakka (Pali, Skt Śakra: Buddhist deity), 35, 184 purification of, 198, 206 Śākyamuni Buddha, 163, 166, 167, 169, 176, 178, voting within, 88 262 ˙ 85 . See also Gotama Buddha Sangha (Pali, Skt Sam˙ gha), Noble, . See also and Nichiren schools, 233, 257, 406 under refuge(s) and Zen, 232 as best ‘field of karmic fruitfulness’, 44 helpers of, 178 recollection of the qualities of, 318, 327 257 ˙ 287 images of, Sangha (Pali, Skt Sam˙ gha), three meanings of, lifespan of, 164 Sanlun school, 116, 214 Sakyapa (Sa skya pa) school, 206, 207, 208, 357, Sanskrit, xviii, 9, 25, 58, 62, 108, 306 433, 442, 453, 457 mantras in, 250 salvation texts in, 3, 4, 98, 307, 402, 422 by grace, 230 Śāntaraks.ita, 116, 203, 204 of evil-doers, 216, 230 Santi Asoke movement, 388, 391–4 samādhi, 18. See also concentration, meditative Śāntideva, xxi, xxvi, 115, 151, 152, 154, 157, 446 Saman (Sri Lankan deity), 258 Saraha, 193, 357

514 Index

Sarvāstivāda school, xxi, 89, 92, 93–5, 97, 100, 102, Senika heresy, 233 128, 155 sense-bases (Pali and Skt āyatana), the six, 66, 70 Abhidharma of, 84, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 119, 129, sense-desire (Pali and Skt kāma), realm of, 34, 35, 140 36, 40, 86, 330, 331, 341 in Central Asia, 195 sensual desire. See also hindrances, five in China, 214 and Māra, 20, 97 in South-east Asia, 199, 200, 202 as a fetter, 86 in Tibet, 130, 341 as a form of craving, 63 its ‘biography’ of the Buddha, 14 as a form of grasping, 71 Mādhyamika critique of, 116, 117 as a taint, 68 Mahāyāna as ‘Sarvāstivāda-plus’, 108 Seon school, 224, 225, 412. See also Chan monastic code of, 290 serene observation/reflection (Jap moku shō), on Buddhahood, 155, 167 meditation, 362, 445, 450 Sarvōdaya Śramadāna, 280, 380–1, 465 sexes, development of, 38 Śāstras(‘Treatises’), 90, 114, 461 sexual behaviour, precepts on, 276, 278, 290, 291 Satipat..thāna Sutta, 323, 389 sexual symbolism, 186 satipat..thānas (Pali, Skt smr.tyupasthāna), sexual yoga, 191, 193, 205, 208, 296, 356–7 applications of mindfulness. See under SGI. See Sōka Gakkai mindfulness Shaku, Sōen, 431 satori (Jap.), awakening/catching on, 218, 369 Shambhala International, 433, 438 Sautrāntika school, 94, 129, 130 shame, 270, 276 Sāvatthī (Pali, Skt Śrāvastī), 24, 26, 262 Shandao (Shan-tao), 216, 255 schism, 89, 102, 291, 310 Shelun (She-lun) school, 132, 214 and Sōka Gakkai, 405 Shikoku, 227, 253, 259 first, 92, 95, 97, 198, 323–4 Shingon school, 148, 170, 227–8, 231, 233, 234, in Sri Lanka, 197 236, 259, 312, 347, 348, 409. See also scholarship on Buddhism, Western, 323–4 Mantranaya; Zhenyan science and Buddhism, 307, 403, 419 beyond Asia, 426, 433, 447 scriptures. See Canons of scripture shinjin (Jap.), self-abandoning true secularization, 262, 314, 377, 386, 396, 398, 404, entrusting, 230 407, 458 Shinran, 229, 230, 233, 256, 297 Self (Skt ātman, Pali atta), 14, 58, 59, 60. See also Shintō, 226 non-Self, under empty, and self, empirical; in modern Japan, 403, 404, 408 and Buddha-nature, 233, 364 integrated with Buddhism, 5, 171, 172, 228, and ‘eternalism’, 14, 69 257, 284 and ‘One Mind’ idea, 214 separated from Buddhism, 235, 403 and Tathāgata-garbha, 143, 144 Shōtoku, prince, 226, 230 and the ālaya-vijñāna, 133 sick, care for the, 280, 294, 314, 411, 435 and the non-Self method, 61 Sigālovāda Sutta, 282–4 belief in, 59, 62, 64, 71, 72, 337 signless (Pali animitta, Skt ānimitta), the, 81, 96, Dhammakāya movement on, 390 129, 193, 340, 357, 363 George Grimm on, 452 Sikhism, 399 in Upanis.ads, 10, 37, 50, 58 Sikkim, 208, 236, 400, 418 not directly denied, 60 Śiks.ā-samuccaya, xxvi, 152 Pudgalavādins on, 93 similes quest for in the Buddha’s day, 58 banana tree, 58 systematic undermining of idea of, 61 blaze of light, 171 Theosophy on, 421 bubble, 58 self, empirical, 59, 60, 62, 77 cataracts, 135 great self, 61, 78 chariot, 59 Self-identity view (Pali sakkāya-dit..thi, Skt satkāya- clear lake, 330, 364 dr..s.ti), 64, 78 cloudless sky, 138 self-immolation, 411 extinct fire, 79 self-power, 216, 222, 229, 230, 233, 235–6, 247, 256 foam, 58 self-reliance, 26, 30, 230, 236, 287 further shore, 31

Index 515

golden lion, 148 Sōtō Zen school, 145, 222, 231–3, 408. See also holographic image, 147 Cao-dong image wrapped in rags, 140 and Critical Buddhism, 145, 407 lighting one lamp from another, 46 ethics in, 264, 269 magician’s illusion, 58, 117, 137 in West, 432, 433, 442, 445, 450, 454, 455, 456, melting ice, 369 457 milk and cream, 140 meditation in, 361, 363, 371 mirage, 58, 135 monastic discipline in, 297, 310 ocean shelving down, 49 ‘soul’ in Buddhism, 62 poisoned arrow, 78 South Africa, 427, 429, 443, 457 purification of gold ore, 68, 140, 329 South America, 425, 426, 428, 457 raft, 31 South-east Asia, 95, 102, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, seed in a good field, 246 240, 258, 260, 288. See also Burma; seeds and fruits, 40, 129 Cambodia; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; shoots from a fruit, 140 Thailand; Vietnam television screen, 92 alms-round in, 303 trees in a group, 283 meditation in, 305, 315 virtual reality medium, 117 monasteries in, 314 watching television, 133 refugees from in West, 426, 429, 454 water flowing downwards, 281 temporary ordination in, 260, 295 well-tuned string, 320 Southern Buddhism, xviii, 4, 314, 377–403. See sin, 68, 229, 230 also Theravāda Singapore, 403, 413 aid for dying and dead in, 281 Sinhalese, 197, 245, 272, 376, 379, 381, alms-giving in, 303 382, 383 bases for effecting karmic fruitfulness in, 44 monastery of, 439, 441, 454 ‘Buddha-force’ idea in, 248 Śiva (Hindu deity), 177, 181, 195, 200, 258, 384, Canon of, 459 402 esoteric practices in, 201–2 skilful means (Skt upāya-kauśalya, Pali festivals in, 259–61 upāya-kosalla) five precepts in, 269 all teachings as, 121–4, 130 golden age of, 198 and advising rulers, 213 images in, 248 and cultural adaptations, 212 in China, 200 and killing from compassion, 152, 271 in West, 433, 439–40, 441, 442, 451, 452 and levels of teaching, 111, 164, 215 mantras in, 198, 202, 244 and non-Buddhist teachers, 166 meditation in, 325–40 and projection into worlds, 159 meditative chanting in, 280 and tantric methods, 182 meditators in, 319 and teaching samurai, 231 monastic code used in, 290 and transfer of karmic fruitfulness, 346 monastic day in, 312 and visualization practice, 352 monastic medical and welfare activities in, 316 and wisdom in Vajra-symbolism, 183 monastic study and meditation in, 305–6 as ‘male’ to ‘female’ wisdom, 186, 349, 356 monks and politics in, 317 as mediating wisdom and compassion, 151 new religious movements in, 388–94 of Avalokiteśvar, 251 numbers in, 5, 377 skilful/wholesome (Pali kusala, Skt kuśala) nuns in, 198, 300, 448, 457 actions/states of mind, 42, 44, 56, 63, 67, protective chants in, 249–50 73, 82, 83, 84, 92, 142, 153, 225, 265, 270, rains retreat in, 310 276, 321, 333 sharing karmic fruitfulness in, 45–6 roots of, 43 taking extra precepts in, 277 social ethics, 100, 101, 275, 282–6 teaching laity in, 315 society, origin of human, 38 temple-boys in, 303, 313 Sōka Gakkai, 404–6 temporary ordination in, 260, 289, 295 beyond Asia, 428, 433, 436, 442, 446, 450, 451, ten perfections in, 156, 280 455, 456, 457, 458, 466 traditional education in, 315

516 Index

Southern Buddhism (cont.) Pagodas as, 238 vegetarianism in, 274 temporary, 240, 260 Vinaya adherence in, 293 sudden awakenings/realizations. See gradual and welfare activities in, 280 sudden on the path spirit religion in Sri Lanka, 383–5 suffering. See dukkha spontaneity suicide, 63, 272 in Chan/Zen, 217, 220, 221, 365, 369, 372, religious, 272, 309, 416 375, 432 Sukhāvatī (‘Happy Land’), 173, 216, 230, 256, 346 in Daoism, 211 Sukhāvatī-vyūha Sūtras, 165, 173, 216 in Huayan, 149 Sukhāvatī-vyūhopadeśa, 216, 345, 346 in Northern Buddhism, 144, 193, 357–61 Śūnyatā-vāda, 114 in Pure Land practice, 255 Śūran˙gama Sūtra, 221, 253 of Arahats, 77 Sūtras (Skt). See also Suttas, and under Mahāyāna Śrāvakayāna (Skt, Vehicle of the Disciples), 110, recitation of, 233, 312, 313 112, 113, 129, 168, 190, 210, 215, 224 spurious, 307 as a level of practice, 320 Suttas (Pali, Skt Sūtra), 3, 88, 110, 459–60. See also Sri Lanka, 3, 5, 8, 105, 199, 236, 238, 248, 258, 260, Abbreviations list 280 284 315 ˙ ā ā ū 166 , , . See also Ceylon; Lank Suvarn˙ a-bh sottama S tra, xxvi, alms-round in, 303 Suzuki, D.T., 166, 168, 423, 431, 441 Buddhism from in West, 427, 429, 433, 439, Suzuki, Shunryu, 432 453, 455 Svābhāvika-kāya, Intrinsic-body, 168 Buddhism in modern, 377–85, 422 symbolism, 103–5. See also Stūpas caste in, 293 of beryl, 257, 345, 346 ethnic conﬂict in, 272, 381–3 of Bodhi-tree, 103, 105, 201, 239, 240 meditation in, 315, 395 of crystal sphere, 201, 389 missions from, 401, 402 of embryo, 139 monasticism in, 303, 304, 311, 317 of light, 173. See also ‘brightly shining mind’ nuns in, 278, 300, 301, 302 of lotus, 28, 174, 177, 178, 181, 198, 241, 251, 256, Westerners ordaining in, 452 345, 346, 354, 356 Ś ī ā ā ī ā ū 138 139 349–52 r m l -dev -sim˙ han da S tra, xxvi, , , of man˙˙dalas, 141, 169 of original face, 222, 370 state/established religion, Buddhism as, 204, of sword, 178, 367 226, 386 of tower, 146 Sthavira (Skt, Pali Thera) fraternities, 90, 92, 95, of Vajra, 183 97, 290. See also Theriya of wish-granting jewel, 178, 256 Sthiramati/Sāramati, xxv, 139 of womb, 139, 201 storehouse-consciousness. See ālaya-vijñāna sexual, 186, 356 straightforward mind in Zen, 371–2 tantric, 180 stream-enterers (Pali sotāpanna, Skt srotāpanna), syncretism 23, 35, 82, 84, 85–6, 87, 92, 245, 288, 299, Chan/Pure Land, 222 340, 341 Chan/Pure Land/Shingon, 235 among gods, 184, 258 with Bön and Hinduism, 418 stream-entry (Pali sotāpatti, Skt srotāpatti), 29, 80, with Daoism, 413, 425 84, 85, 96, 237, 325, 326 with Daoism and Confucianism, 223 and entering Noble Bodhisattva Path, 156 with Hinduism, 200, 201, 224, 384, and jhāna, 334 401, 402 and Pure Land true faith, 230, 255 with Shintō, 228 as a sudden transition, 370 Stūpas (Skt, Pali Thūpa), xviii, 27, 102, 103–5, T’ai-hsü. See Daixu 238–9 t’angka (Tib. thang-ka), hanging scroll, 179, 350, and mandalas, 350 351 ˙˙ 200 ’ ’ at Borobud˙ur, T ien-t ai school. See Tiantai devotion at, 240, 241 taints or cankers (Pali āsava, Skt āśrava), 22, 68, in West, 2, 447, 451 73, 290 joy of building new ones, 240 Taishō Daizōkyō, 307, 460, 461

Index 517

Taiwan, 5, 224, 236, 262, 281, 299, 301, 313, 376, monastic discipline in, 297 377, 403, 411, 434, 435 on Dharma-body, 169 Tamils, 194, 198, 272, 381, 382, 383, 384 on ‘original awakening’, 228 ā ī 95 198 228 T mraparn˙ ya school, , on status of kamis, Tang monasteries, 223, 280, 304, 316 schools spawned from, 229, 231, 233 Tanluan (T’an-luan), 216 termas (Tib. gTer ma) ‘treasure text’ and tertöns Tantras, 180, 182–5, 204, 206, 209, 352, (gTer ston) ‘treasure-ﬁnders’, 205, 206, 461, 462 207, 209 ‘outer’ and ‘inner’, 204 Thailand, 199, 200, 201, 236, 307, 376, 395, Anuttara-yoga, 205, 356 421. See also South-east Asia Caryā, 185 and Mon country, 102, 199 ā 208 199 200 293 Guyha-sam ja and Cakra-sam˙ vara, and Sri Lanka, , , Hevajra, 191 attitude to army in, 272 Kālacakra, 193, 208 Avalokiteśvara in, 254 Kriyā, 185, 353 Buddhism from in West, 433, 436, 439, 441, Mahā-yoga, 185 442–4, 448, 456 Yoga, 185 Buddhism in modern, 377, 385–94, 403, 413 Yoginī, 181 festivals in, 260 tantric Buddhism, 3, 148, 170, 171, 182–5. See also forest monks in, 308 Mantranaya, Northern Buddhism, marriage in, 284 Vajrayāna meditation teachers of, 339 and Chan, 217, 218, 363, 372 missions from, 402 in Japan, 227–8 monasticism in, 202, 293, 296, 307, 311, 312 in South-east Asia, 199, 200 nuns in, 300, 301, 302 in Southern tradition, 198, 201–2, 390, 397 women in, 285 in Tibet and Mongolia, 202–10 yantras in, 202 meditation in, 347–361 Theosophists, 378, 402, 420–1, 441 Taoism. See Daoism Thera-gāthā and Therī-gāthā, xxvi, 24, 285, 460 Tārā Bodhisattva, 186–9, 251 Theravāda school, xviii, 2, 4, 32, 95, 197, 199, 200, as a Buddha, 286 236. See also Burma; Cambodia; Laos; mantra of, 348 Southern Buddhism; Sri Lanka; Tathāgata (Pali and Skt, ‘One-attuned-to-reality’), Thailand; Vibhajyavāda 23. See also Tathāgata-garbha Abhidhamma of, 84, 90, 91–2, 95, 97 and Dhamma, 28, 125 and Asoka, 95, 102 beyond death, 78–80 and ‘Hīnayāna’, 112 thusness of, 125 and spirit religion in Sri Lanka, 383 Tathāgata-garbha, 127, 138–45, 150, 155, 218, 266, and ‘Śrāvakayāna’, 113 390. See also Buddha-nature; Tathāgata- attitude to monks in, 288, 303 garbha thought beyond Asia, 427, 438, 439–40, 442–4, 448, 451, and Amitābha, 173 452, 454, 455, 456, 458 and Dharma-body, 169 ‘biography’ of the Buddha in, 14 and Perfection of Wisdom, 193 Bodhisattva path in, 112, 114, 156, 286 as experienced at death, 282 Canon of, 3 as One Mind, 214 devotion in, 31, 241, 243, 245 Gelugpas on, 169 esoteric Buddhism in, 201–2, 397 in Dzogch’en, 357, 359 images in, 238, 247 in Huayan, 148, 150 in Indonesia, 402 Tathāgata-garbha Sūtra, 138, 139, 140, 141 in Malaysia, 401 Tathāgata-garbha thought, 138–45, 150, 170, in Nepal, 297, 302, 377, 401, 418 205, 407 in Singapore, 413 Tendai school, 227, 228, 234, 236, 312, 409. See in south India, 194 also Tiantai in Vietnam, 224 ascetic practice in, 309 meditation in, 325–40, 357, 361, 362, 364, 370 beyond Asia, 426, 433 monastic code of, 290, 292 ﬁre ceremony in, 227 nuns in, 300, 301, 302, 305, 448, 457

518 Index ā 244 254 Therav da school (cont.) Man˙ i mantra in, , on Conditioned Arising, 66 model of Bodhisattva path in, 155 on date of the Buddha, 8 monasticism in, 295, 304, 312 on Dhamma-body, 167 need for tantric means in, 189 on ﬁrst schism, 89 nuns in, 300 on ‘intermediary existence’ (antarā-bhava), 71 Potala Palace in, 258 on nature of the Buddha, 28 refugees from, 400, 418, 427 ā 73–81 119 296 on Nirv ˙na, , religious personnel in, on the Arahat, 111 Tārā in, 186, 286 on the Buddha as beyond contact, 80 trulkus in, 171 recollection of the Buddha in, 162 women in, 285 refuges in, 245 ‘Tibetan Book of the Dead’, 282 self-image of, 199 time, 32, 33, 36, 38, 163, 171, 332. See also eons; sharing karmic fruitfulness in, 45–6 momentariness sudden awakenings in, 370 and future of heavenly Buddhas, 161, 164, temples in, 238, 240 165 temporary ordination in, 289, 295 and Tathāgata-garbha, 140 Theriya (Pali, Skt Sthāvira) fraternity, 90, 198, as relative, 36 199, 200 Huayan school on, 147, 149 Thien school, 149, 224, 411. See also Chan Mādhyamika on, 122 thought of awakening. See bodhi-citta realm without beginning in, 131, 141 thought-only (Skt citta-mātra), 130, 133–4, 137, Sarvāstivādins on, 93, 94, 119 163, 166, 343, 344 Vibhajyavādins on, 95 and meditation posture, 362 wheel of, 193 and tantric meditation, 182, 347, 348, 351, 352, Yogācāras on, 129, 131 355, 357 timeless ‘three marks’ (Pali ti-lakkhana, Skt tri-laks.ana)of dharma-ness, 168 ˙57 84 335–7 338˙ ā 2 72 74 75 79 80 95 conditioned things, , , , , Nirv ˙na as, , , , , , , 339, 342 original face, 222 three natures (Skt tri-svabhāva), 134–6, 138, 143 thusness, 169 ‘Three-body’ (Skt Trikāya) doctrine, 165–71, 246 truths/realities, 15, 29 ‘threefold knowledge’ (Pali tevijjā, Skt traividyā), wisdom of Vairocana, 228 22, 332 Tipit.aka (Pali, Skt Tripit.aka), 459. See also Pali thusness (tathatā), 124, 125, 132, 136, 144, 147, 169, under Canons of scripture 171, 215, 343 Tissa Moggaliputta, 95, 102 and Chan/Zen, 220, 221, 370, 372, 373, 375 transcendent (Pali lokuttara Skt lokottara) and tantric meditation, 355, 359 action, 40 Tiantai (T’ien t’ai) school, 145, 160, 169, 215, 223, Bodhisattvas, 159, 160, 175 236, 306. See also Ch’ont’ae; Tendai citta, 138 in West, 434 Dharma-realm, 147 meditation in, 343–4 faith, 255 on female Buddhas, 286 jhāna, 326 repentance in, 270 knowledge in Yogācāra, 136 4 5 5 203–10 236 274 ā 74 Tibet, , , , , , . See also Bön; Nirv ˙na, Gelugpa; Kagyüpa; Mantranaya; Path, 82, 92, 340 Northern Buddhism; Nyingmapa; Sakya; perfections, 158 tantric Buddhism; Vajrayāna right view, 49, 64, 83 and Theosophists, 421 samatha, 344 Avalokiteśvara in, 251 the Buddha as, 98 429 432 436–9 440 ā ā Buddhism from in West, , , , , Transformation-bodies (Skt Nirm ˙na-k ya), 444–5, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457 165–6, 169, 171, 176, 177, 189, 207, 246, Buddhism in modern, 403, 414–17 356. See also trulkus classiﬁcation of schools in, 130, 138, 169 Dalai Lamas as, 171, 208 festivals in, 261 in Chan/Zen, 246 images from, 184, 187 in Dzogch’en, 359

Index 519

translations, 4, 203, 204, 206, 207, 210, 213, 307, upāsakas and upāsikās (Pali and Skt, devout lay 378, 421, 422 disciples), 269, 278, 287, 296 ś ā ā ā 128 Trim˙ atik -k rik , xxvi, uposatha. See observance days Tri-svabhāva-nirdeśa, xxvi, 128 USA, 236, 302, 405, 419, 420, 424–6, 427–8, 431–40 True Realities for the Spiritually Ennobled (Pali ariya-sacca, Skt ārya-satya), 23, 32, 48, vādas (schools of thought), 2, 89, 92–3, 95 50–87 Vaibhās.ikas, 94, 130 chant on, 244 Vairocana Buddha insight into as sudden, 96 as Ādi Buddha, 170 insight into, 158, 329, 341 as Amaterasu, 228 Mahāyāna on, 50, 111, 121, 128, 215 as the Dharma-body, 169, 170 mindfulness of, 90, 324 in Huayan/Kegon school, 146, 148, 170, 226 trulkus (Tib, sprul-sku), 171, 207, 208, 296, 312 in Shingon school, 148, 228, 233, 348 Trungpa, Chögyam, 437, 444 in Tantras, 185, 193, 352 truth/reality (Pali sacca, Skt satya), 50, 51, 52, Vajra, 183, 184, 185, 193, 228, 349, 416 90. See also conventional and ultimate vajrācārya, 297 truths/realities Vajradhara, 170, 180, 185 238 250 ā 181 184 185 417 asseveration of, , Vajrap n˙i, , , , experience as a key criterion of, 31 Vajrasattva, 185, 353 love of, 277 Vajrayāna, 3, 4, 182–5, 186, 189, 191, 198, 204, 208, truthfulness as a perfection, 156, 280 236, 351, 402, 406, 418, 438, 440, 451, 452, Ts’ao-shan. See Caoshan 457. See also Mantranaya; Tantric Ts’ao-tung Chan school. See Cao-dong Buddhism Tsongkh’apa (Tsong kha pa), 156, 207, 208, 261, Vassa (Pali, Skt Vars.a), the ‘rains’ period, 88, 260, 342, 417 261, 296, 310 Tzu Chi Foundation, 281, 411, 435, 467 Vasubandhu author of Abhidharma-kośa, xxi, 94, 341 ultimate truth/reality. See conventional and the Yogācāra author, xxiv, 128, 134, 138, 167, 216 ultimate truths/realities two or one?, 128 ultimatism, 387 Veda, 9, 11, 25, 30, 35, 183, 352 unborn vegetarianism, 101, 191, 192, 195, 273, 274, 467 dharmas as, 125 and Northern Buddhism, 274 Nirvāna as, 17, 72, 75, 80, 125, 336, 402 in Eastern Buddhism, 255, 274, 294, 298, 409 ˙ ˙ 22 448 unconditioned (Pali asankhata Skt asam˙ skr.ta), , in FWBO, 55, 60, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 95, 96, 118, 125, in Jainism, 13 140, 141, 143, 336, 340, 390 in Southern Buddhism, 274, 391 unconscious aspects of mind, 28, 36, 60, 61, 131, Vesālī (Pali, Skt Vāiśalī), 24, 89 132, 182, 205, 218, 332, 334. See also ālaya- veterinary care, 197, 281 vijñāna, bhavan˙ga; latent tendencies; Vibhajyavāda, 93, 95, 96, 97, 128, 129. See also taints Dharmaguptaka; Theravāda ‘undetermined questions’, 78 Vibhan˙ga, xxvi, 91, 202 United Kingdom, 419, 420, 426, 428, 440–51, 456 Vietnam, 5, 224, 236, 273, 295, 376, 377, 397–8, universities, Buddhist, 190, 194, 208, 306, 407 403, 411–12, 435, 453, 482, 488, 489 unskilful/unwholesome (Pali akusala, Skt akuśala) Buddhism from beyond Asia, 426, 427, 429, actions/states of mind, 31, 42–3, 45, 57, 67, 435, 451, 454, 457 68, 83, 92, 131, 142, 162, 265, 277, 290, 321, views (Pali dit..thi, Skt dr..s.ti), 63–4, 68, 116. See also 322, 323, 324, 330 right view results of, 264, 270 eternalism and annihilationism, 13 seriousness of, 271 Mādhyamika on, 121–4 unsui (a Zen trainee), 297 of existence and non-existence, 72, 117 ‘unthinkable’ (Pali acinteyya, Skt acintya) of unity and diversity, 72 details of karma as, 42 on the existing group, 64. See also Self-identity Dharma-body as, 346 view nature of reality as, 125, 147 straightening one’s, 44 Upanis.ads, 9, 10, 11, 59, 120, 127, 148 wrong, 47

520 Index

vigour/energy (Pali viriya, Skt vīrya), 314, 321 in Pure Land schools, 255, 345–7 and austere practices, 308 in tantric Buddhism, 3, 180, 182, 228, 246, 247, as a factor of awakening, 78 312, 320, 347–57 as a perfection, 156, 158, 280 in the Tiantai school, 343 Vigraha-vyāvartanī, xxvi, 115 to arouse compassion, 154 vihāra (Pali and Skt), monastic visualized beings, nature of, 348, 353 ‘dwelling’, 238 Visuddhimagga, xxvii, 4, 100, 197, 198, 318, Vijñānavāda, 129 326, 339 Vimalakīrti-nirdeśaSūtra, 112, 167 volition/will (Pali and Skt cetanā), 56 ś ā ā ā 128 69 Vim˙ atik -k rik , xxvii, and consciousness, Vinaya (Pali and Skt, monastic discipline), xxvii, and karma, 40, 41, 43, 71, 131, 133, 265 3 14 26 88 89 95 98 198 265 287 ā ā 237 297 , , , , , , , , , , vows (Skt pran˙ idh na, Pali pan˙ idh na), , , 289–94, 302, 459 384 and forest monks, 308, 443 and pilgrimage, 258 and interest on loans, 304 ethical precepts as, 153, 269 for laity, 282 in Eastern Buddhism, 174, 246, 257, in Chinese tradition, 215, 294, 434 270, 343 in Korea, 299 of a Bodhisattva, 99, 154–5, 156, 158, 160, 165, on communal life, 310 166, 170, 205, 280, 295 on digging earth, 304 of Amitābha, 173, 174, 216, 229 on payments to monks, 303, 316 of Avalokiteśvara, 251 on political activity, 395 of Bhais.ajya-guru, 175 on sweeping, 313 of Ks.itigarbha/Jizō, 178 replacement of by Saichō, 297 of Mañjuśrī, 178 vipassanā (Pali, Skt vipaśyanā, insight) meditation, of Samantabhadra, 165 334–40. See also samatha-yāna of Śāntideva, 157 and breath, 328 of Tārā, 187 and Chan/Zen, 361, 367 tantric, 190 and Dhammakāya movement, 390 and jhāna, 326 war, 64, 272, 376, 384 and samatha, 324–5, 331, 332–4, 340–4 wealth, 275 and samatha in tantric meditation, 347, 353 and contentment, 277 and samatha yoked, 325, 367 from good actions, 40 ‘dry’ form, 325, 334, 337, 339 websites, 268, 424, 463–7 in Africa, 458 welfare activities, 197, 280, 303, 380, 381, 400, 401, in Burma, 337–8, 395 409, 411. See also engaged Buddhism, and in continental Europe, 453, 455, 456 under monks in India, 398 wisdom (Pali paññā, Skt prajñā), 15, 24, 31, 44, 49, in Sri Lanka, 380 63, 64, 103, 108, 334, 336. See also in UK, 442, 443, 444 Perfection of Wisdom Sūtras; right view in USA, 433, 439 and chant on Abhidhamma, 202 vipassanā-dhura, 305 and compassion, 22 vipassanā-yāna, 325 and compassion and skilful means, 151–3, 183 vision, Mādhyamika on, 118 and faith, 237 visionary experiences, 106, 109, 146, 147, 162, 164, and jhāna, 330, 334 166, 175, 178, 209, 253, 256, 338, 345, 346, and Mādhyamikas, 129 352, 359, 416 and Mañjuśrī, 178 between rebirths, 282 and skilful actions, 42, 265 Chan/Zen on, 362, 369 and the Dhamma-follower, 85 195 200 247 Vis.n˙u (Hindu deity), , and the Guru, as a Bodhisattva, 195, 384 and transmuted faults, 186, 205 visualization, 108, 344 and vipassanā, 324 and Chan/Zen, 372 as a perfection, 109, 156, 158, 280 in esoteric Southern Buddhism, xvii as ‘female’ to ‘male’ skilful means, 186, 190, 356 in FWBO, 446 as one of ﬁve faculties, 321

Index 521

as one of three ingredients of the path, 78, 82, Yogācāra school, 114, 127–38. See also Asan˙ga; 83, 84 Vasubandhu of a Buddha, 161 and Chan/Zen, 218, 221, 365, 369 three kinds of, 318 and Mādhyamikas, 116, 129, 136 women, ordination of, 298–9. See also nuns with and tantric visualizations, 348 higher ordination and Tathāgata-garbha thought, 138, 139, women, status of, 190, 284–6, 287. See also female 142–4 deities and thought-only, 133–4, 163, 166, 348, 351 Won school, 413, 433 in China, 132, 214, 216 world on consciousness, 129, 130–3 and dukkha, 52, 70 on emptiness, 132, 136, 150 and interpenetration, 146, 149 on path and goal, 136–7, 344 and karma, 163 on ‘Three-body’ doctrine, 168 and language, 120 Yogāvacara (system of esoteric Southern and One Mind, 215 Buddhism), 201–2 and Vajra-sceptre symbolism, 184 Yunnan, 200, 377, 398, 414 as ‘body’ of Vairocana, 148 as Buddha-nature, 145, 232 Zazen (Jap., sitting meditation), 231, 232, 361 as created by Avalokiteśvara, 177 Zen schools, 2, 116, 130, 145, 217, 231–2, 234, as mentally constructed, 130, 132, 133 236, 297, 312, 407, 432–4. See also Chan; as neither existent nor non-existent, 72 Cao-dong; Linji; Rinzai; Seon; Sōtō; as not unreal, 48 Thien as thought-only, 133–6 and Guanyin, 253, 254 in Buddhist cosmology. See cosmology and sexual equality, 285 of lived experience, 72 and work, 314 of lived experience is in body, 70 arts of, 235, 372–5 origin of our, 37 ethics in, 264, 269, 277, 278, 298 world mountain (Meru/Sumeru), 33, 258, 350 in Americas, 420, 426, 431, 432, 433, 435, world-systems (Pali and Skt loka-dhātu), 1, 33, 35, 457 100, 155, 161, 163, 166, 171 in Australasia and Africa, 456, 457, 458 wrathful deities, 185, 186, 192, 210, 353, 416 in Europe, 441, 442, 445, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, writing, introduction of, 203, 226, 306 455, 456 in modern Japan, 408, 409 Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang), 109, 115, 128, 214 meditation in, 319, 347, 357, 361–72, 407 monasteries and temples in, 239, 309 Yamāntaka, wrathful Bodhisattva, 186, 187, 353 offering verse of, 241 Yasutani, Hakuun, 432 ‘refuges’ in, 246 Yeshe, Thubten, 247, 438, 456, 466 rites for dead beings in, 273 yidam (Tib.) ‘chosen deity’, 348, 349, 350, 353, 354, trainees in, 303, 313 355, 356 Zhenyan (Chen-yen) school, 214, 226, 227 yoga, 19, 129, 206. See also Nāropa; six yogas of; Zhiyi (Chih-i), 215, 343 sexual yoga Zhushe (Chu-she) school, 214