(Kamma) in Theravada Buddhism
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Fragments from the Ājīvikas* Piotr Balcerowicz
DRAFT, to be published in: Hiroshi Marui; Ernst Prets (eds.): Transmission and Tradition. Proceedings of the Matsumoto Conference on the Meaning and the Role of ‘Fragments’ in Indian Philosophy. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna 201? (forthcoming) Fragments from the Âjîvikas* Piotr Balcerowicz 1. The doctrine of Âjîvikas, an ancient Indian religion and philosophical system which predates—albeit by perhaps a slight margin—the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism, is hardly known. In the period between the fourth and second centuries BCE, it was perhaps one of the most influential non-Brahmanical religions in India, second to Buddhism,1 and despite some attempts taken by a number of scholars— such as Hermann JACOBI (1880), Bunyiu NANJIO (1884), Ernst LEUMANN (1884), D.R. BHANDARKAR (1912), K.B. PATHAK (1912), Jarl CHARPENTIER (1913), B.M. BARUA (1920), A.F. Rudolf HOERNLE (1926), A. BANERJI SASTRI (1926), B.M. BARUA (1926–1927), N. AIYASVAMI SASTRI (1941), Arthur Llewellyn BASHAM (1951), Arthur Llewellyn BASHAM (1971), Haripada CHAKRABORTI (1973), S.N. GHOSAL (1979) and (1980), Pranabananda JASH (1982a) and (1982b), Gustav ROTH (1993), Johannes BRONKHORST (2000), (2003) and (2007)—we still have an * Work on this paper has been generously supported by the National Science Centre of Poland (Research Project: History of Classical Indian Philosophy: non-Brahmanic Schools, National Science Centre, 2011/01/B/HS1/04014). 1 Its followers are mentioned three times in two Aœokan edicts, i.e. in two inscriptions from Barâbâr Hill in Bihar (BLOCH (1950: 159): 1. lâjinâ piyadassinâ duvâ-ðasa-vassâbhisittenâ iyaô niggoha- kubhâ dinnâ âjîvikehi.—‘This Banyan Cave was donated to the Âjîvikas by [the king Aœoka] Favourably Disposed, who was consecrated twelve years [ago].’; 2. -
THE AJIVIKAS a Short History of Their Religion Ami Philosophy
THE AJIVIKAS A Short History of their Religion ami Philosophy PART I HISTORICAL SUMMARY Introductio n The History of the Ajivikas can broadly he divided into three periods in conformity with the three main ntasres of development through which their doctrines had passed. The general facts about these periods are summed up below with a view to indicate the precise nature of the problems that confront us in the study of each. The periods and problems are as follows: — 1. PRE-MAKKIIAM PERIOD. Problems.- -The rise of a religious order of wander- ins? mendicants called the Ajlvika from a Vanaprastha or Vaikhanasa order of the hermits, hostile alike in attitude towards the religion of the Brahmans and the Vaikhanasas, bearing yet some indelible marks of the parent asrama ; a higher synthesis in the new Bhiksu order of the three or four ilsrama* of the Brahmans. 2. MAKKHAM PERIOD. Problems.— Elevation of Ajlvika religion into a philosophy of life at the hands of Makkhali 2 THE AJIVIKAS Gosala; his indebtedness to his predecessors, relations with the contemporary Sophists, and originality of conception. 3. POST-MAKKHALI PERIOD. Problems—The further development of Ajivika religion, the process of Aryan colonisation in India, the spread of Aryan culture, the final extinction of the sect resulting from gradual transformation or absorption of the Ajivika into the Digambara Jaina, the Shivaitc and others; other causes of the decline of the faith; the influence of Ajivika religion and philosophy on Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism; determination of the general character of a history of Indian religion. 1. PKE-MAKKHALI PERIOD. -
The Mission Accomplished
TheThe MissionMission AccomplishedAccomplished Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph.D. HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. The Mission Accomplished A historical analysis of the Mahaparinibbana Sutta of the Digha Nikaya of the Pali Canon. by Ven. Pategama Gnanarama Ph. D. The Mission Accomplished is undoubtedly an eye opening contribution to Bud- dhist analytical Pali studies. In this analytical and critical work Ven. Dr. Pate- gama Gnanarama enlightens us in many areas of subjects hitherto unexplored by scholars. His views on the beginnings of the Bhikkhuni Order are interesting and refreshing. They might even be provocative to traditional readers, yet be challenging to the feminists to adopt a most positive attitude to the problem. Prof. Chandima Wijebandara University of Sri Jayawardhanapura Sri Lanka. A masterly treatment of a cluster of Buddhist themes in print Senarat Wijayasundara Buddhist and Pali College Singapore Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association 90, Duku Road. Singapore 429254 Tel: 345 6741 First published in Singapore, 1997 Published by Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association ISBN: 981–00–9087–0 © Pategama Gnanarama 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems or technologies now known or later developed, without per- mission in writing from the publisher. Cover: Mahaparinibbana; an ancient stone carving from Gandhara — Loriyan Tangai. Photograph reproduced by Mr K. C. Wong. Contents Introductory . 8 Chapter 1: The Mahaparinibbana Sutta & its Different Versions . -
Sects & Sectarianism
Sects & Sectarianism Also by Bhikkhu Sujato through Santipada A History of Mindfulness How tranquillity worsted insight in the Pali canon Beginnings There comes a time when the world ends… Bhikkhuni Vinaya Studies Research & reflections on monastic discipline for Buddhist nuns A Swift Pair of Messengers Calm and insight in the Buddha’s words Dreams of Bhaddā Sex. Murder. Betrayal. Enlightenment. The story of a Buddhist nun. White Bones Red Rot Black Snakes A Buddhist mythology of the feminine SANTIPADA is a non-profit Buddhist publisher. These and many other works are available in a variety of paper and digital formats. http://santipada.org Sects & Sectarianism The origins of Buddhist schools BHIKKHU SUJATO SANTIPADA SANTIPADA Buddhism as if life matters Originally published by The Corporate Body of the Buddha Education Foundation, Taiwan, 2007. This revised edition published in 2012 by Santipada. Copyright © Bhikkhu Sujato 2007, 2012. Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.5 Australia You are free to Share—to copy, distribute and transmit the work under the follow- ing conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). No Derivative Works. You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. With the understanding that: Waiver—Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Other Rights—In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: o Your fair dealing or fair use rights; o The author’s moral rights; o Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. -
Strong Roots Liberation Teachings of Mindfulness in North America
Strong Roots Liberation Teachings of Mindfulness in North America JAKE H. DAVIS DHAMMA DANA Publications at the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies Barre, Massachusetts © 2004 by Jake H. Davis This book may be copied or reprinted in whole or in part for free distribution without permission from the publisher. Otherwise, all rights reserved. Sabbadānaṃ dhammadānaṃ jināti : The gift of Dhamma surpasses all gifts.1 Come and See! 1 Dhp.354, my trans. Table of Contents TO MY SOURCES............................................................................................................. II FOREWORD........................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1 Part One DEEP TRANSMISSION, AND OF WHAT?................................................................ 15 Defining the Topic_____________________________________17 the process of transmission across human contexts Traditions Dependently Co-Arising 22 Teaching in Context 26 Common Humanity 31 Interpreting History_____________________________________37 since the Buddha Passing Baskets Along 41 A ‘Cumulative Tradition’ 48 A ‘Skillful Approach’ 62 Trans-lation__________________________________________69 the process of interpretation and its authentic completion Imbalance 73 Reciprocity 80 To the Source 96 Part Two FROM BURMA TO BARRE........................................................................................ -
The Problem of Incomprehensibility of Vipāka: a Solution
The Problem of Incomprehensibility of Vipāka: A Solution Prof. Dr. Watchara Ngamchitcharoen Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Buddhist Studies, Thammasat University. Email: [email protected] Abstract Kammavipāka or vipāka is the effect of kamma. It is unthinkable or incom- prehensible (acinteyya) because the precise working out of the effects of kamma is imponderable or incomprehensible. Moreover, it cannot be shown where it is when it hasn’t yet been produced and another related problem is that kammic effects are usually referred to nāmarūpa (corporeality and mentality) but what is the kammic effect which hasn’t yet been produced but cannot be known where it is. However, the problem of the incomprehensibility of vipāka can be partly solved by explaining its nature and classification, i.e. there are 2 main kinds of vipāka, immediate and subsequent, of which the latter is further classified into primary and secondary vipāka. It is this primary vipāka that plays an important role in the working out of the vipāka of kamma, i.e. the secondary vipāka in the future. This primary vipāka is like a kammic seed, i.e. potential energy or unseen power that cannot be shown where it is and will bring about the secondary vipāka, i.e. body and mind including experience or happiness and unhappiness in the future in this life or next life. Keywords: kammavipāka, vipāka, acinteyya, unthinkable, incomprehensibility JIABU | Vol. 11 No.2 (July – December 2018) 295 Introduction Kammavipāka or vipāka is said to be unthinkable or incomprehensible. This article is an attempt to explain why it is unthinkable and how it can be understood at least in an academic way. -
Myth in Buddhism
Piya Tan SD 36.1 Myth in Buddhism Myth in Buddhism 1 Symbols and stories in our actions and the potential for good An essay by Piya Tan ©2007, 2011 Dedicated to Patrick Ong, Singapore, who loves mythology and the divine. 1 The myths we live by 1.0 DEFINITIONS 1.0.1 Theories of Buddhist myth 1.0.1.1 A myth is a story that is bigger than we are, lasts longer than we do, and reflects what lies deep in our minds and hearts, our desires, dislikes and delusions.1 When a story grows big enough, be- yond the limits of everyday imagination and language, it becomes a myth. To recognize and understand myths is to raise our unconscious2 into the realm of narrative and our senses, so that we are propelled into a clear mindfulness of what we really (the truth) and what we can be (the beauty). Such a vision of truth and beauty inspire us to evolve into true individuals and wholesome communities.3 1.0.1.2 A myth breaks down the walls of language, with which we construct our worlds of sights, sounds, smells, tastes and touches. Next, we begin to identify with these creations like a creator-God priding over his fiats. Then, we delude ourselves that we have the right to dominate others, other nations, and nature herself. Since we have deemed ourselves superior to others, we surmise that we have the right to command and rule others, to be served and indulged by them. This is the beginning of slavery and colonialism. -
Sects and Sectarianism: the Origins of Buddhist Schools
Sects & Sectarianism The origins of Buddhist schools Bhikkhu Sujato 2006 This work is copyright©2006BhikkhuSujato.All rights reserved. Permission to reprintmay be obtained on application to the author. Available for free download online at http://sectsandsectarianism.googlepages.com Available for purchase from www.lulu.com. This isat COST PRICE ONLY. Neither the author nor Lulu receives any royalties for purchases. This book must not be sold for profit. Santi ForestMonastery http://santifm1.0.googlepages.com The Sangha of bhikkhus and bhikkhunis has been made unified. As long as my children and grandchildren shall live, and as long as the sun and the moon shall shine, any bhikkhu or bhikkhuni who divides the Sangha shall be made to wear white clothes and dwell outside the monasteries. What it is my wish? That the unity of the Sangha should last a long time. King Aśoka, Minor Pillar Edict, Sāñchī Contents Foreword 1 Abstract 2 1. The ‘Unity Edicts’ 4 2. TheSaintsofVedisa 15 3. The Dīpavaṁsa 24 4. Monster or Saint? 41 5. ThreeSins&FiveTheses 54 6. More on the Vibhajjavādins 79 7. Vibhajjavāda vs. Sarvāstivāda? 89 8. Dharmagupta:TheGreekMissions 98 9. The Mūlasarvāstivādins of Mathura 113 Conclusion 122 Appendix: Chronology 125 Bibliography 128 Mahāsaṅghika Śāriputraparipṛcchā Theravāda Dīpavaṁsa The Mahāsaṅghika school diligently study the collected Suttas and teach the true meaning, because they are the source and the center. They wear These 17 sects are schismatic, yellow robes. only one sect is non-schismatic. The Dharmaguptaka school master With the non-schismatic sect, the flavor ofthe true way.Theyare there areeighteen in all. -
Good, Evil and Beyond Kamma in the Buddha’S Teaching
Good,Good, EvilEvil andand BeyondBeyond KammaKamma inin thethe Buddha'sBuddha's TTeachingeaching Bhikkhu P.A. Payutto HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Illustration by Panya Vijinthanasarn ii iii GOOD, EVIL AND BEYOND KAMMA IN THE BUDDHA’S TEACHING by Bhikkhu P. A. Payutto translated by Bruce Evans All beings are the owners of their kamma heirs of their kamma born of their kamma related to their kamma supported by their kamma … ii iii Other Works of Ven. P. A. Payutto “Bhikkhus, go now and wander for the welfare and the happiness of the many, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, welfare and happiness of gods and men. Teach the Dhamma, which is good in the beginning, good in the middle, and good in the end, with the meaning and the letter. Explain a life of continuous development that is completely perfect and pure. There are creatures with only a little dust in their eyes who will be lost through not hearing this Teaching. Having heard, some will see.” Universally acknowledged as Thailand’s foremost Buddhist scholar, Venerable P. A. Payutto’s works range widely, from detailed exposition of the Suttas and Vinaya to consideration of the problems of society, environment, economy, law, and science and technology – all of these books and talks are based on an exceptionally profound and comprehensive grasp of the Buddha’s Teaching, which is given full expression in his ‘magnum opus’, Buddhadhamma, a book of over one thousand pages. -
The Buddha and His Teachings
TheThe BuddhaBuddha andand HisHis TTeachingseachings Venerable Narada Mahathera HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. The Buddha and His Teachings Venerable Nārada Mahāthera Reprinted for free distribution by The Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation Taipei, Taiwan. July 1998 Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammā-Sambuddhassa Homage to Him, the Exalted, the Worthy, the Fully Enlightened One Contents Introduction ................................................................................... vii The Buddha Chapter 1 From Birth to Renunciation ........................................................... 1 Chapter 2 His Struggle for Enlightenment ................................................. 13 Chapter 3 The Buddhahood ........................................................................... 25 Chapter 4 After the Enlightenment .............................................................. 33 Chapter 5 The Invitation to Expound the Dhamma .................................. 41 Chapter 6 Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ................................................ 54 Chapter 7 The Teaching of the Dhamma ..................................................... 75 Chapter 8 The Buddha and His Relatives ................................................... 88 Chapter 9 The Buddha and His Relatives ................................................. 103 iii Chapter 10 The Buddha’s Chief Opponents and Supporters .................. 118 Chapter -
Chris Wallis
Chris Wallis An Overview of Key Concepts of ‘Theravaada’ Buddhism No doer is there does the deed Nor is there one who experiences its result; Constituent parts alone roll on; Only this view is orthodox. And thus the deed, and thus the result Roll on and on, each from its cause; As of the round of tree and seed, No one can tell when they began. — Visuddhimagga This paper will attempt an overview of the key concepts of the early phase of Buddhism, generally called ‘Theravāda’ (‘the way of the elders’) but also referred to as ‘Nikāya’1 or ‘Hinayāna’ (‘the lesser vehicle’, as it was called by the second phase of Buddhism, the Mahāyāna [‘great vehicle’]). This multiplicity of names is due to the fact that the earliest phase had no distinct name for itself, there being no other kind of Buddhism for it to distinguish itself from. It generally referred to its own doctrine simply as the śāsana or teaching. (Gombrich) Scholars most commonly use the term Theravāda, which is problematic due to the fact that that term also refers to a narrower subset of early Buddhism, that of Śrī Laṅka.2 Enumerating these three referents is a foreshadowing of the rest of the paper: one way to approach an understanding of the basic tenets of Buddhism is through its lists. Thus we shall enumerate further sets of fours, fives, eight, threes, and twelve. The Four Noble Truths Any discussion of early Buddhism necessarily begins with the doctrinal cornerstone of all Buddhism, the Four Noble (ārya) Truths. The First Noble Truth is that 1 E.g., by John Strong. -
Pali Buddhist Dictionary
BuddhistBuddhist DictionaryDictionary ManualManual ofof BuddhistBuddhist TTerermsms && DoctrinesDoctrines by Ven. Nyanatiloka HAN DD ET U 'S B B O RY eOK LIBRA E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.buddhanet.net Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Buddhist Dictionary Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines Nyanatiloka Fourth Revised Edition edited by Nyanaponika Buddhist Publication Society Kandy / Sri Lanka - 2 - Buddhist Publication Society P. O. Box 61 54, Sangharaja Mawatha Kandy, Sri Lanka First Edition 1952 Second Revised Edition 1956 Third Revised & Enlarged Edition 1972 (Pub. by Frewin & Co., Ltd., Colombo) Fourth Revised Edition 1980 (Buddhist Publication Society) Reprinted 1988 ©1980 by Buddhist Publication Society ISBN – 955 – 24 – 0019 – 8 - 3 - From The Preface To The First Edition As a first attempt of an authentic dictionary of Buddhist doctrinal terms, used in the Pàli Canon and its Commentaries, this present manual will fill a real gap felt by many students of Buddhism. It provides the reader not with a mere superficial enumeration of important Pàli terms and their English equivalents, but offers him precise and authentic definitions and explan- ations of canonical and post-canonical terms and doc- trines, based on Sutta, Abhidhamma and Commen- taries, and illustrated by numerous quotations taken from these sources, so that, if anyone wishes, he could, by intelligently joining together the different articles, produce without difficulty a complete exposition of the entire teachings of Buddhism. As already pointed out by the author in the preface to his Guide through the Abhidhamma-Piñaka (Colombo 1938), there are found in the Abhidhamma Canon numerous technical terms not met with in the Sutta Canon; and again other terms are found only in the Commentaries and not in Sutta and Abhidhamma.